Health Care Reform
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- Medicare is a social insurance program that provides health coverage to individuals aged 65 and older as well as those who are permanently disabled, regardless of income or health status. It covers over 43 million Americans. - Medicare spending is projected to increase substantially by 2030 as the number of people enrolled is expected to rise from 46 million to 78 million. However, the program is facing financial challenges as costs are expected to exceed funding levels by 2019. - Medicaid provides health coverage to over 74 million low-income individuals, including children, pregnant women, elderly, and disabled. Each state administers its own Medicaid program within federal guidelines.
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a PriMer
The Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured provides information
and analysis on health care coverage and access for the low-income population,
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MEDICAID
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Key Information on the Nation’s
Health Coverage Program for Low-Income People
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Introduction…….........................................................................................1
The Medicaid program is the largest health insurance program in the U.S., covering millions of
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benefits for children are uniquely c ...
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and payment. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) expands Medicaid significantly beginning in 2014.
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Medicaid is the main publicly financed health coverage program for low-income Americans,
most of whom lack access to the private health insurance system. Medicaid is also the dominant
source of coverage for nursing home and community-based long-term services and supports.
The program provides core support for the health centers and safety-net hospitals that serve
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Running Head MEDICARE POLICY OF 2019MEDICARE POLICY.docx
Running Head: MEDICARE POLICY OF 2019
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Medicare Policy of 2019
Maria Williams
Southern New Hampshire University
05/10/2020
Medicare Policy of 2019
Purpose
The purpose of the Medicare program is to provide health insurance for people who have attained 65 years of age and over. Medicare is also intended to assist people below 65 years but have specific disabilities through health insurance. The health insurance program is also aimed at increasing affordable quality healthcare services among people across all age groups affected with End-Stage Renal Disease (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2020). People with a disability aged below 65 are also eligible for Medicare.
Scope
The scope of Medicare includes provision of health insurance coverage for the aforementioned populations. It concerned with the health interests of minority or underrepresented individuals such racial or ethnic minority groups, rural populations, the disabled, and members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) (CMS, 2020). The Ministry of Health (MOH) CMS office actively takes part in health-policy development, regulations, planning, and coordination of minority healthcare initiatives through stakeholder engagement (CMS, 2020). Besides, the CMS of Minority health researches, collects, and analyzes data to identify target groups and identify healthcare disparities; eliminate barriers to affordable healthcare; and develop appropriate solutions (CMS, 2020). Medicare is also applied to collect data and share knowledge on the quality, access, and costs of the available healthcare services relating to minority groups and the eligible populations.
Stakeholders
The main stakeholders of the Medicare healthcare program are healthcare workers and institutions such as physicians and nurse managers, and public and private healthcare facilities. Other stakeholders include health insurance companies; pharmaceutical firms and suppliers of the required healthcare resources such as wheelchairs; government institutions and healthcare organizations such as the MOH, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (CMS, 2020). Beneficiaries such as minority groups and races, and the eligible populations such as people of age 65 and older, and disabled individuals aged below 65 years are also part of the Medicare stakeholders.
Constituents
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Scope
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Constituents
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Affordable Care Act Summary
Provisions of the act are phased in over ten years.
2010
National temporary high risk pool for those denied coverage.
>82,000 previously uninsured persons gained coverage including more than 250 in Nebraska
Young adults up to 26 y.o. covered under parents’ plans.
>3 million previously uninsured young adults covered, including 18,000 in Nebraska
No lifetime or annual limits on coverage
105 million people benefit, including 700,000 in Nebraska
No denial by insurers of children for pre-existing conditions
No co-payments for preventive care
10-12 million have accessed preventive care, including approximately 360,000 in Nebraska
Tax credits for small employers (<25 employees) to provide health care coverage.
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$250 rebate for Medicare beneficiaries in Part D coverage gap (doughnut hole)
4 million seniors benefited in 2010 including 26,072 in Nebraska
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Comparative Effectiveness Research Grants
Prevention Research and Service Grants
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2011
Grants to employ and train primary care nurse practitioners
No co-pay for Medicare preventive services including comprehensive risk assessment and prevention plan
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them.
Requires insurers to maintain Medical loss ratios or 80 (small group) or 85% (large group). Provides for states
to review and approve premium rate increases
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million since 2010 because of donut hole rebates or discounts.
10% Medicare & Medicaid bonus for primary care physicians and general surgeons in shortage areas
Increase Medicare payments to hospitals in low cost areas
Increased funding for Community Health Centers
Nebraska Community Health Centers have received >$19 million in additional funding
2012
Bonus payments to high quality Medicare Advantage plans
Incentive Medicare and Medicaid payments to Accountable Care Organizations that demonstrate quality and
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Medicare or Medicaid – which has greater impact in Florida?
Above is the answer of 2 peer. I need a response for them
PEER 1
Medicare and Medicaid are the greatest insurance programs run by the government. However, they are operated and funded by different parts of the government and primarily serve different groups. Medicare is run by the federal government and mainly provide health coverage to individual aged 65 years and above and those with disability. Medicaid entails collaboration between the state and federal government and provides health coverage to low-income. However, there are those how meet dual eligible criteria. Therefore, as a state and federal-run program Medicaid has greater effects on state governments. State governments co-fund the program and are expected to match federal funding.
From modest beginnings in 1965, Medicaid has grown significantly from $5.3 billion four decades ago, to $449 billion in 2013. In Florida, Medicaid expenditures have grown by 33% between 2012 and 2016. In 2016, the combined state and federal spending on Medicaid increased by 22%. Over these years, the federal government has provided between 55% and 60% of Medicaid funding. During the same time, Medicaid has growth to more than 75% of the Medicare expenditure and its share of national health expenditure has almost doubled. Following the passage of the Affordable Care Act, 2010, states were requested to expand their Medicaid program (Sutter, 2016). According to Ward (2020), the expansion of the Medicaid program has met significant resistant because of its presumed impact on state budgets. Florida is one of the states that have failed to expand its Medicaid plan under the Affordable Care Act. Some stakeholders argue that expanding the illegibility criteria is likely to have significant fiscal implications. Florida is among the states with the highest personal healthcare spending, ranking 5th nationwide. According to Buettgens (2018), the growing Medicaid expenditure are not necessarily driven by increased coverage, but also by changing medical needs, changes in demographics, and other factors affecting consumption of health care services. The debate on the cost implications of expanding Medicaid are likely to persist, but is evident that more Americans have health insurance.
PEER2
More often individuals tend not to understand the difference between Medicare in addition to Medicaid. Regardless of them providing assistance to the senior citizens as well as the disabled ones in catering for most of the expenses that are health-related. Medicare is basically a type of health insurance for the people who are disabled, senior or anyone who is known to be suffering from a failure of the kidney which is considered to be permanent. Additionally, it is financed via the contributions of tax security which is contrary to the Medicaid (Hu and Mortensen, 2018).
Florida Medicaid is basically a program that depends on the necessities with benefits whic.
ObamaCare: Why Should You Care?
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This is another student post to which i have to react adding some extra information related this post.
short answers.
The current American model (ACA) is based on private healthcare. Americans lack universal access to health, so they depend on private insurance for health care. There are three ways to get coverage in the US: through a job - companies with more than 50 full-time workers must pay for part of the policy - buying it individually or, in the case of people without resources and older age 65, through two public programs.
In the present year, 2020, the Covid-19 pandemic has brought into sharp focus the need for health care reforms that promote universal access to affordable care.
About half of Americans receive health coverage through their employer, and with record numbers filing for unemployment insurance, millions find themselves without health insurance in the midst of the largest pandemic in a century. Even those who maintain insurance coverage may find care unaffordable. (King, 2020)
Before the pandemic, research showed that more than half of Americans with employer-sponsored health insurance had delayed or postponed recommended treatment for themselves or a family member in the previous year because of cost. The loss of jobs, income, and health insurance associated with the pandemic will greatly exacerbate existing health care cost challenges for all Americans. (King, 2020)
The pandemic has wreaked havoc on the country's health system but at the same time has exposed the serious shortcomings of the American health system. However, it should not be hidden that before this event a health reform was necessary in which universal access to quality care for all Americans was guaranteed.
An adequate reform could be based on the Canadian health model, much like the British health model. In both countries, the health system is financed by the government and is based on five principles: it is accessible to all regardless of income, it offers complete services, it is publicly managed, and it is universally accessible to citizens and permanent residents. However, in the Canadian model some services such as dental and vision services are not covered. (Thomson, 2012)
Clearly, no health model will be 100% perfect and mishaps may arise along the way that must be addressed and improved, but health is a right that all people must have and a country that is a world power such as the United States, with excellent management can achieve a quality health system that is truly affordable for each and every one of its habitants.
10 essential health benefits in the ACA
Ambulatorypatient services
Emergencyservices
Hospitalization
Maternityand newborn care
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Rehabilitativeand habilitative services and devices
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MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
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Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
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Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Drug Discovery and Development .....
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
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This ppt are composed by upendra pal to provide help future optometrist of india
KDIGO 2024 guidelines for diabetologists
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Hemodialysis: Chapter 3, Dialysis Water Unit - Dr.Gawad
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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Physiology of Special Chemical Sensation of Taste
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Are There Any Natural Remedies To Treat Syphilis.pdf
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Alcohol_Dr. Jeenal Mistry MD Pharmacology.pdf
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidade
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidadeProf. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdf
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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