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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.

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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram. Learning objectives: 1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography 2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG 3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II) 4. Differentiate between intervals and segments 5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG 6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle 7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph 8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained 9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range 10. Define the mean QRS vector 11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system) 12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG 13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation 14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance Study Resources: 1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition 2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition 3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition 4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/ 5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition 6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/ 7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics

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