Optimization of Blasting Parameters in open cast mines
HDPEnanocomposite
1. 1
and
Aerospace Engineering
Ashby Building
Stranmillis Road
Belfast
BT9 5AH
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
Final Year Project Technical Report
Project 3B
AER3021
Fabrication and Characterization of Novel Boron Nitride/Polymer nanocomposite
Author: Sayed Asif Iqbal [40110295]
Project Supervisor: Dr Dan Sun
Programme: BEng Aerospace Engineering
Date: 18th
March 2016
3. 3
List of Symbols and Abbreviations
BN Boron Nitride
HDPE High density Polyethylene
eV Electron Volts
h-BN Horizontal Layered Boron Nitrite
BNNs Boron Nitride nanosheets
BNNTs Boron Nitride nanotubes
CNT Carbon nanotubes
SR Stretching Ratio
Wt% Percentage weight
QUB Queen’s University Belfast
CS Crosshead speed
Tm Melting temperature
Tc Crystallization temperature
Xc Crystallinity content
Impr Improvement
5. 5
comparisons will be obtained and investigated. Result analysis will later be discussed to provide
better reasoning and understanding of the micro structural behavior.
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 BN Nanofillers
After the evolution of Rubber technology at roughly 1800s, synthetic polymers started being
fabricated and just prior to world war II, this industry started to grow introducing different arrays
of materials referred to as ‘Plastics’. These pallets or powders are produced by mechanical blending
or melt state mixing procedures [6]. Boron nitride nanocomposites, a structural analogue of carbon
precursors, were first fabricated at the late 90s. Instead of carbon atoms linked in chains, boron
and nitrogen atoms are joined up alternatively [7]. With at least one dimension in between the
scale of 1 to 100 nanometers, these extraordinary and flexible forms of nanostructures can be
formed into various structural arrangements e.g. nanotubes, nanosheets, nanohorns, spherical
nanoparticles, etc[ 8].
Fig 2.1: TEM image of BN Nanosheets
The layered nature and planar networks between the BN hexagons allow such flexibility to produce
nanosized BN which is much superior in various properties compared to the traditional microsized
BN fabricated years ago. BN nanostructures are equipped with novel properties intrinsically which
6. 6
includes wider bandgap up to 6 eV, anti-oxidation and structural ability, high thermal conductivity
and great mechanical properties [8]. In contrast with the aforementioned attributes which are quite
similar to corresponding carbon materials, boron nitride analogues possess several unique features
that makes them quite significant in modern world. These structures, unlike carbon
nanocomposites, are white or transparent in color due to its wide bandgap so can be dyed
depending on different requirements [8]. Moreover, the carbon precursors are observed to lower
the electrical insulation of polymers, whereas BN nanostructures are dielectric in nature that
strengthen its use as gate layers and remarkable use in electronic packaging. In recent years,
nanosized BN as shown in figure 2.1 are produced with very high aspect ratio, thermal conductivity
up to thousands of Wm-1
K-1
(when used as nanofillers) and tremendous material strength [8].
2.2 BN Nanofillers in contrast with Carbon precursors
BN nanosheets are comprised of one or few layers of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN). After the rise
of Graphene in the year of 2005, the first pure monolayer h-BN was originated in a mechanically
milled residue[9]. So far, various methods are implemented including ball milling [11], mechanical
cleavage [10], the reaction between boric acid and urea[13-14] and high energy electron beam
irradiation [12]. Ultrathin nanosheets are produced from chemical vapor disposition (CVD) method
[9]. Whereas the ‘chemical blowing’ method is considered to be the simplest of all due to its catalyst
and substrate-free route [9]. Besides, it not only gives the luxury to obtain larger lateral dimensions
of BN nanosheets that aids research to be carried out regarding its electrical and mechanical
behaviors, but also can be used later on to produce strong polymer composites [9]. The CVD
method is widely used to produce both BN nanosheets and nanotubes: one or few layers of BN
sheets rolled up to nanoscale. Figure 2.1 represents a brief tabular comparison between graphene,
BNNSs, CNT and BNNTs [8]:
7. 7
Fig 2.2: Comparison between graphene, BNNSs, CNT and BNNTs properties in different fields in a
nutshell [8].
2.3 Polymer processing Techniques
In the plastic processing industry, injection moulding is widely used to process polymer composites
due to its cost-effective way of processing three-dimensional and complex thermoplastics at
greater quantities [16]. However, the parts and equipment like hopper, feed throat, barrel, etc. are
expensive to maintain and it’s costly to operate the machine as well. With series of procedures,
polymers are processed via injection moulding. The plastic pallets are fed to the injection unit
where it is heated by the barrel and melted the by the sheer force of the revolving screw. Later the
melted polymers are pushed into the mould section where the shape of the plastic is altered by
heating and cooling in various different ways. Other moulding techniques like blow and rotational
moulding are also used.
Techniques like extrusion and injection moulding are worth mentioning. Conventional extrusion
processes are material intensive techniques where the polymers are manipulated in molten
state[6]. This is considered as the state of the art technique till date because it is specialized to
produce final product from raw polymers. The mechanism is quite simple where the nanofillers are
dispersed into the polymer matrix by melt mixing [6]. An archetypal extruder can be of two types:
single screw and twin screw extruder. Both extrusion processes have horizontal barrels with
adjustable temperature cores, a hopper to collect the raw materials, extruder and die section. Raw
8. 8
materials are taken down and then crushed and melted by the rotating screw(s) in the extruder,
thus dispersing the additives into the polymer matrix [17]. The final products then exit through the
end of the barrel or die section. The screw speed is alterable to maintain smooth mixing and
dispersion into the polymer matrix, even if the melt solution gets too viscous due to more addition
of nanofillers[18].
The screw(s) inside the barrel play(s) crucial role in mixing the raw materials. Single-screw extrusion
process implies the barrel containing one screw rotating only in order to blend the raw polymers in
few different stages. The screw, when analyzed, is seen to have different depths along its length
and can be classified into three sections carrying out different functions in each region. The feed
section screw will simply rotate and take up the raw materials into the compression section which
has lesser screw depth [18]. This change in depth not only allows to apply pressure and compress
the polymers, but also squeezes the air bubble and send them back to the previous section of the
rotating screw. The polymers are sharply and gradually melt mixed and then conveyed to the meter
section where the screw depth is lowest and is constant throughout the section. Temperature in
each section will differ throughout the process to depending on the melt characteristics of the
materials. The metering screw zone will homogenize the melt until fed to the die section which has
constant temperature and pressure conditions [19]. Moreover, the die section will filter and
separate by getting rid of extraneous material and letting the expected product polymer to extrude
out.
For twin-screw extrusion system, two screws are rotated in different syntaxes to serve the purpose.
The two collaborating screws can be positioned into four types of screw systems including co-
rotating/counter-rotating intermeshed and co-rotating/counter rotating non-intermeshed. For
intermeshing screws attached together, flow patterns are not allowed to pass in-between the
screws. But for non-intermeshing arrangements small clearance is observed where the flow
patterns are compared with the figure-of-eight [18]. Operation variables like heat generation and
mixing efficiency are enhanced to get optimized outputs.
2.4 Dispersion of Nanofillers into Polymer matrix
As far as dispersing nanofillers into polymer matrix are concerned, dispersion properties or types
depend directly on the shear forces exerted by the screw(s) system. Two types of dispersion are
listed as dispersive and distributive mixing. Dispersive mixing is concerned with the process where
9. 9
the screws exert high shear forces which breaks large clusters into small ones by overcoming
interacting forces and dispersing them throughout the solution. Whereas distributive mixing, on
the other hand, is referred to take place in a low shear exertion system where the weak forces
interacting between the nanofillers, distributing them uniformly through the melt. Screw
geometries are responsible for the amount of shear force exerted to the mixture which, therefore
high shear forces are crucial to achieve dispersive mixing. However, high shear forces are
responsible for breaking the clusters into finer ones, but this type of flow is not enough as we are
required to disperse the nanofillers as well. Applying high shear forces by altering screw geometries
is only half the job done, other main flow type is solely required referred to as elongation plays a
great role in uniform dispersion [20]. Higher extensional elongation can be applied to the
nanoparticles in the polymer melt in the twin screw extrusion process. It is also observed that high
screw speed and longer mixing time is the key to better morphology of the nanocomposites
obtained.
2.5 Post-extrusion stretching
Biaxial and uniaxial stretching takes place in the extrusion process where the nanoparticles and the
polymer while in melt state. Not only that during post processing, a sample cut from the extruded
sheet can be taken and stretched in solid state in one or both direction in the x, y plane. It is
significant to observe that the post-extrusion stretched nanocomposites had different properties
compared to that of un-stretched ones. In a research carried out by the School of Aerospace and
Mechanical Engineering, QUB on biaxial stretching [21] of polymer nanocomposites, novel
enhanced properties were observed. With a temperature between 145-150 degrees being set up,
a 76mm×76mm×1mm compression moulded sheet of PET/clay nanocomposite is biaxially
stretched at 1.5, 2.5, 3 and 3.5 stretching ratios and loaded at the strain rate of 8 and 16s-1. Each
test were repeated twice to get a better approximation of the results. The forces and displacement
at x, y plane were recorded by the help of Labview Data Logging Package. Looking at the results, it
concludes that higher strain rates were driving a higher yield stress of the sample [21]. Moreover,
addition of clay as a filler were contributing to greater entanglement of the molecules. Higher yield
stress at lower temperature was also observed as nanofilled composite materials are more sensitive
to temperature. Under X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, it is monitored that the d-spacing in the
PET/clay lattice is noted to reduce at the strain rate of 1.5. Besides, the d-spacing slightly increased
with higher strain rates which was still lower than that of the unstretched sheet. So this overall
decrease took place because of the compression of the clay particles (nanofillers) due to stretching
10. 10
[21].
In TEM analysis, the stretched and unstretched samples are compared under ultrahigh
magnification where it is observed that on stretching it is evident that the delamination of
nanofillers were resulting to stack up and align the particles. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
were used to examine the crystallinity of the test sample. It was observed that the crystallinity was
increasing with higher strain rates but it also concluded that greater crystallinity doesn’t contribute
to higher mechanical strength [21]. It is also seen that the tensile strength only increases, when the
sample is stretched and the highest strength is achieved at the highest strain rate of 3.5, also giving
rise to the break stress. This is described and associated with the better unity of the polymer due
to temperature application and stress exertion. It is also very important to notice that the effect on
modulus is not observed until the sample was stretched up to SR 2.5. This happens because the
degree of alignment of the molecules are only articulated at this very stage. This rate might differ
from different starting material to form the nanocomposite [21].
Unlike biaxial stretching, uniaxial stretching is similar but the sample is either stretched along the
length or perpendicular to the length. In terms of uniaxial stretching, equipment like two
dimensional wide angle x-ray scattering (2D-WAXS) fit to serve the purpose to characterize the
sample after it is stretched. DSC is also used in biaxial stretching characterization. The process is
quite similar to biaxial stretching as the sample is uniformly heated and but stretched at one
direction only. Hence by the help of all state of the art equipment, like WAXS and DSC, the sample
uniaxial stretched sample is characterized in terms of thermal or mechanical strengths.
11. 11
3.0 Methodology
The mechanisms equipped in QUB to produce boron nitride/high density polyethylene
nanocomposite sheets and preparing them for characterization processes are shown in Fig 3.1:
Fig 3.1: Preparation plan for high density polyethylene/boron nitride nanocomposites samples
3.1 Materials
3.1.1 Polymers and Nanoparticles
Non hazardous and odorless High density polyethylene, ordered from Safripol, were used as a
polymer matrix for this project. These pallets were grounded prior to twin-screw melt mixing
process in order to ensure a homogenous mix. Boron Nitride powder, molecular weight of
24.82g/mol, were procured from Sigma-Aldrich in order to be used as filler material to produce
BN/HDPE nanocomposite sheets, of approximately 1mm thickness, through an industrially relevant
processing route called twin-screw extrusion.
3.2 Pre-Melt-Mixing Processes
Five transparent plastic bags were labelled initially with an intent to classify different percentage
of filler composition to be mixed with the polymer matrix. Both materials were weighed manually
using the available laboratory scale equipment in the Material processing hall at QUB. Five
compositions were pre-melt-mixed at 0 wt%, 0.1 wt%, 0.2 wt%, 0.5 wt% and 1 wt% BN powders
with HDPE pallets. Five plastic bags containing the aforementioned composition of BN powder with
HDPE pallets were well shaken up for few minutes. Safety measures like disposable face masks and
HDPE(Polymer)
Pallets
Boron Nitride
Powder
Melt Mixing in
QUB Twin-screw
extruder
Extruded
Sheet
Cut
Samples
Characterization
15. 15
3.4.1.2 Uniaxial stretching at elevated temperature conditions
BN/HDPE composite dumbbell shaped specimens of 1mm thickness and 75mm length were also
exposed to higher temperature conditions and uniaxially stretched to detect temperature
responsive variations in material behavior. The temperature conditions were controlled by a box
shaped environmental chamber along with an in-built fan wrapped around the Instron 5564
universal tester crossheads where the maximum elongation was limited to 60mm due to structural
constraints or limitations.
The gauge length was reduced to 25mm to accommodate the samples to be pulled up to the
stretching ratio of 3. Crosshead speed were adjusted according to the strain rate of 4/s. The samples
were loaded and the temperature was raised to 125°C and stretched under aforementioned
parameters and later allowed to cool down back to room temperature normally. Three samples
from each of five total compositions are tested to minimize errors. Figure 3.6 below shows the
environmental chamber equipment and a stretched sample. Strength and elongation values
formulated during the process were extracted for benchmarking and analysis.
Fig 3.6: Environmental chamber (left), Stretched specimen (right)
3.4.2 Thermal Analysis
Percentage of crystallinity of the BN/HDPE nanocomposite samples were investigated by DSC
(Differential Scanning Calorimetry) using a Perkin-Elmer DSC model 6 under inert nitrogen
atmosphere. Uniaxially stretched and unstretched samples were taken and cut into small samples,
17. 17
Fig 4.1: Variation of Young’s Modulus and Yield Stress observed in Tensile test at room
temperature
The elastic modulus of pure HDPE samples was measured to be 100.17 MPa and according to the
graphical representation, these values were observed to increase with increasing wt% of filler
boron nitride upto 0.1 wt% BN, but decrease dramatically with higher filler compositions. The
moduli values were seen to increase 2.4% for 0.1 wt% BN, 1.1% for 0.2 wt% BN, decrease afterwards
to 5.5% for 0.5 wt% BN and 3.3% for 1 wt% BN with respect to unfilled pure HDPE samples. All these
values are the result of the 85rpm rotation speed used during twin-screw extrusion fabrication
process. The elastic modulus would have been different if different screw speeds were used during
the fabrication process due to different degree of filler distribution into the polymer matrix. Higher
screw speeds would add up to higher shear forces at increasing mixing energy input that would
have triggered the modulus values. However, there is a significant increase of 2.4% in tensile
modulus at 0.1 wt% BN and the highest value achieved was 1024.56 MPa from these samples. The
increase in modulus is indicative of good particle dispersion at the loading level of 0.1 wt% BN that
resulted higher stiffness. Moreover, the significant elastic modulus drop at higher BN loadings is
suspected to result due to the increase in particle agglomeration. This kind of behavior is suspected
because the materials were melt-mixed and extruded straight to sheets of 1mm thickness rather
than extruding them into pallets and preparing the samples after compression molding.
Besides, the yield stress values were seeming to drop as well with increasing filler composition of
BN. The stress values are observed to drop by 1.2% at 0.1 wt% BN, 1.19% at 0.2 wt% BN, 4.7% at
0.5 wt% BN and 6.1% at 1 wt% BN with respect to neat unfilled HDPE samples. This indicates that,
18. 18
the stress level at which the filled polymers ceased to behave elastically decreased with higher filler
composition, probably due to creation of microvoids resulting from phase separation of BN/HDPE
interface [23]. This can also result from lesser restriction on molecular mobility or decreased
entanglement of molecules.
By increasing the crosshead speed to 500mm/min the samples were also examined to detect
mechanical behavior in complete deformation process. The breaking stress is discovered to
increase till 0.1 and 0.2 wt% BN with contrasting value drops at other two higher BN compositions.
This might be attributed to the structural orientation of the molecules and non-uniform filler
dispersion on higher BN loadings. On the other hand, strain to failure percentage data on different
filler composition is scrutinized to show very low fluctuations except 0.1 wt% BN. The bar charts
below depict the breaking stress and strain fluctuations:
Fig 4.2: Effect of addition of BN fillers on breaking stress and strain values
Its is very vital to note that all these aforementioned tensile tests were carried out under normal
room temperature conditions. On the other hand, samples were also subjected to elevated
temperature condition of 125°C by stretching them up to the ratio of three and strain rate of 4/s.
With respect to the tensile test carried out at room temperature, both Young’s modulus and yield
stresses are observed to decrease in high magnitudes with high temperature conditions. Both the
filler and polymer matrix materials are observed to be highly responsive to temperature and strain
rates while stretched and the parameters used in both scenarios are very different from each other
that generated such significant variation in the extracted values presented at figure 4.3 below:
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Fig 4.3: Variation of Young’s Modulus and Yield Stress observed in Tensile test at 125°C
Young’s Modulus(MPa)
At rtp, cs 5mm/m At 125°C, sr=3 Drop(%)
100 HDPE 1000.17 28.75 97.12
0.1 wt% BN 1024.56 24.73 97.58
0.2 wt% BN 1010.83 23.88 97.63
0.5 wt% BN 944.72 24.45 97.41
1 wt% BN 966.70 26.56 97.25
Yield Stress(MPa)
100 HDPE 26.10 2.77 89.38
0.1 wt% BN 25.77 1.91 92.59
0.2 wt% BN 25.79 2.39 90.73
0.5 wt% BN 24.88 2.47 90.07
1 wt% BN 24.52 2.46 89.96
Table 4.1: Effect of temperature and strain rate on tensile properties
It is observed that both young’s modulus and yield stress dropped remarkably with increasing
temperature and strain rate conditions up to 97.63% and 90.73% respectively. It is also discovered
that under elevated temperature conditions that filled HDPE samples were characterized to have
lower elastic modulus with respect to the unfilled samples. It is believed that the drop in both of
these mechanical parameters is related to the fall in strain hardening rate of the materials. It is
expected that the temperature applied were close to the glass transition temperature of HDPE
where molecular segmental motions were activated and less force was required for deformation
as elastic modulus is basically a measure of stiffness or hardness. HDPE is a semi crystalline polymer
where the main crystalline regions break down close to the melting temperatures. It is indicative of
the partial polymer chain rotations that resulted such a high drop in the elastic modulus. It is also
detected that at high temperature the variation or standard deviation between the moduli values
are also decreased substantially with a similar pattern in the stress at yielding stage.
20. 20
4.2 Thermal Analysis
For DSC examination, the stretched and unstretched samples were taken up and tested to measure
percentage crystallinity of five different BN loadings for unstretched and three BN composition for
stretched samples. Melting and crystallization behavior for these samples were extracted and
presented in figure 4.4. The thermograms of the unstretched samples are compared within
different phases that refers to the first heating cycle, cooling down in the same rate and heating
again for second time to delete thermal history and to check if the bulk polymer may have changed
fundamentally or not.
It is clearly visible on figure 4.4 that the crystallization endotherms have changed its shape with
increasing BN filler addition as the crystallization peaks get wider due to the change in crystal type
and perfection. This can happen because less perfect crystallites melt partially at low temperatures
making the average crystal shape larger [24]. And at higher temperatures the molecular chains are
more mobile producing more crystallites and making the average crystal size smaller. These
recrystallized crystallites are also detected to have higher melting peaks corresponding to higher
BN loadings due to the formation of more perfect crystals with greater dimensions and lesser
deformity.
Fig 4.4: Crystallization exotherms of unstretched samples
The addition of BN have contributed to slight improvement in percentage crystallinity with respect
to the unfilled neat HDPE. Highest improvement in crystallinity for unstretched samples are found
to be 67.05% for 0.2 wt% BN loading which enhanced the unfilled HDPE up to 9.58%. At higher filler
24. 24
5.0 Conclusions
• Young’s Modulus for tensile testing at room temperature have increased highest up to 2.4%
at 0.1wt%BN resulted from good particle dispersion, and decreased up to 5.5% at
0.5wt%BN loading levels suspected due to higher particle agglomeration. Yield stresses
were measured to drop at all higher BN loading levels with the highest of 6.1% at 1wt%BN.
Breaking stresses at higher crosshead speed showed similar patterns with young’s modulus
whereas percentage strain at break got barely affected with different BN loading levels.
• Both BN and HDPE were observed to be highly responsive to temperature and strain rates
as both young’s modulus and yield stress values dropped significantly attributed to the
decreasing strain hardening rate of the materials while subjected to 125°C. At such
conditions the standard deviations of the moduli values were very low compared to that of
lower room temperature settings.
• For unstretched samples, addition of BN fillers have triggered a slight improvement in the
crystallinity contents. Highest Xc was measured to be 67.05% at 0.2wt%BN. Moreover, with
higher BN loadings than 0.2wt% the crystallinity content were measured to drop indicating
the difficulty to disperse the filler material in the polymer matrix in melt-mixing.
• For uniaxially stretched at high temperature samples, highest Xc among all other
crystallinity content were measured to be 74.8% at 1wt% BN. This is attributed to the better
ordering of the crystallites pattern that enabled better alignment of the fillers with the
HDPE molecular chains. BN addition and high temperature stretching had both collectively
contributed to the improvement in crystallization content.
25. 25
6.0 Recommendation of further work
• The samples selected for this project includes small percentage (0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and 1) of BN
loadings to be added with HDPE that implies the difficulty to compare characterized
parameters. With such small composition of fillers, little interference might add up to
higher margin of error that makes difficult to draw conclusions. Higher BN loadings
composite materials like 5wt%, 10wt% and 20wt% can be processed by twin screw
extrusion process.
• Regardless of the fact that we are dealing with lower or higher compositions, different
screw speeds can be applied while melt mixing to detect the effect of screw speed in
mechanical and thermal properties of the fabricated composite material.
• The samples can also be stretched biaxially and tested later by DSC to see the change of
crystallinity content, melting and crystallization peaks with respect to uniaxially stretched
samples.
• The uniaxially stretched samples which were tested in DSC can be later tested again at
Instron till breaking or totally deforming the sample at room temperature to measure the
difference in young’s modulus, yield stress and other vital elongation values with respect
to the unstretched samples.
26. 26
6.0 References
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3. John, M.J. and Thomas, S., “Natural Polymers: Composites”, Royal Society of Chemistry,
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4. Peacock, A.J. and Calhoun, A.R., “Polymer Chemistry: Properties and Application”, Hanser
Gardner Publications, 2006.
5. Twardowski, T.D., “Introduction to Nanocomposite Materials: Properties, Processing,
Characterization”, DEStech Publications, pp. 2-3, 2007.
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1161-1169.
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nitride nanotubes. Science, 1995. 269(5226): p. 2
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nitride nanotubes and nanosheets Journal of Material Chemistry C, 2014(2): p. 13.
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17. Crawford, R. J., (1998), “Plastics Engineering”, 3rd edition, BH., Oxford.
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Edition, Wiley Interscience.
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Appendix A Project Management
Project Title Fabrication and Characterization of Novel BN/HDPE nanocomposites
Supervisor Dr Dan Sun Student Sayed Asif Iqbal
Date And Time 16/11/2015 Location Ashby(06.035)
Review of actions from previous meeting
Progression of reading more papers about the topic. Lab induction attended along with gaining
lab access. BN powders ordered from Sigma Alrich.
Discussions, Decisions, Assignments
Few aspects of the confusions arised from the research papers are clarified. Guidance about
progress report is provided. Contents to be written are suggested.
Agreed actions and completion dates
Progress report is to be completed and submitted by 20th
of November
Date and time of
next meeting
23/11/15
Project Title Fabrication and Characterization of Novel BN/HDPE nanocomposites
Supervisor Dr Dan Sun Student Sayed Asif Iqbal
Date And Time 23/11/2015 Location Ashby(06.035)
Review of actions from previous meeting
Progress report handed in.
Discussions, Decisions, Assignments
Sample preparation using single/twin screw extrusion method using different percentage of BN
powders. Multiples samples are to be prepared for stretching and distinguished. Get 5 samples
each for different tests.
Agreed actions and completion dates
Get the sample size dimensions used in a previous study of such kind
Date and time of
next meeting
30/11/15
29. 29
Project Title Fabrication and Characterization of Novel BN/HDPE nanocomposites
Supervisor Dr Dan Sun Student Sayed Asif Iqbal
Date And Time 1/12/2015 Location Ashby(06.035)
Discussions, Decisions, Assignments
Quantities of samples to be formed (six for each). Use SEM to analyze morphology of the
stretched and unstretched samples.
Agreed actions and completion dates
Contact Physics building to Book SEM
Complete sample cutting before next meeting
Date and time of
next meeting
8/12/15
Project Title Fabrication and Characterization of Novel BN/HDPE nanocomposites
Supervisor Dr Dan Sun Student Sayed Asif Iqbal
Date And Time 14/12/2015 Location Ashby(06.035)
Discussions, Decisions, Assignments
Cut more dumb-bell-shaped samples for tensile testing along the machine direction. Try
different strain rates at higher temperature condition.
Agreed actions and completion dates
Meet Dr. Beatriz to discuss about characterization
Book Instron and DSC
Date and time of
next meeting
25/01/2016
Project Title Fabrication and Characterization of Novel BN/HDPE nanocomposites
Supervisor Dr Dan Sun Student Sayed Asif Iqbal
Date And Time 25/01/2016 Location Ashby(06.035)
Review of actions from previous meeting
Additional tensile test samples were cut.
Discussions, Decisions, Assignments
Availability of the test equipments. Biaxial samples to be cut.
Agreed actions and completion dates
Contract Dr. Richao to see how tensile tests are done
Understand DSC procedures
Date and time of
next meeting
02/02/2016
Project Title Fabrication and Characterization of Novel BN/HDPE nanocomposites
Supervisor Dr Dan Sun Student Sayed Asif Iqbal
Date And Time 02/02/2016 Location Ashby(06.035)
Review of actions from previous meeting
Instron booked for 9th
February
Discussions, Decisions, Assignments
Biaxial stretching procedures. DSC procedures
Agreed actions and completion dates
Contract Dr. Richao to see how tensile tests are done
Understand DSC procedures
Date and time of
next meeting
16/02/2016
30. 30
Project Title Fabrication and Characterization of Novel BN/HDPE nanocomposites
Supervisor Dr Dan Sun Student Sayed Asif Iqbal
Date And Time 16/02/2016 Location Ashby(06.035)
Review of actions from previous meeting
Tensile tests carried out. More samples are cut for biaxial stretching
Discussions, Decisions, Assignments
Choice of protocol for DSC procedures
Agreed actions and completion dates
Finish biaxial stretching as soon as possible
Date and time of
next meeting
01/03/2016
Project Title Fabrication and Characterization of Novel BN/HDPE nanocomposites
Supervisor Dr Dan Sun Student Sayed Asif Iqbal
Date And Time 01/03/2016 Location Ashby(06.035)
Review of actions from previous meeting
Biaxial stretching were attempted several times, but couldn’t be carried out due to technical
difficulties. DSC done for 8 samples in total
Discussions, Decisions, Assignments
Comparison of stretched and unstretched samples. Mechanical, thermal and structural analysis
suggestions were given out by the supervisor. Conclusion and future recommendations are to
be included in the final year technical report.
Agreed actions and completion dates
Write up final technical report within 18th
march 2016
Date and time of
next meeting
Appendix B Turnitin Originality Check