The document provides a high-level overview of the Haitian relief organization called HATI in 3 sentences. It discusses the organization's goal of providing humanitarian aid and disaster relief to Haiti. The summary also mentions that the document contains images, documentation, and other information related to HATI's relief efforts.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
24. Hati terletak di bawah rusuk, di bagian kanan atas perut. Anda tak dapat hidup tanpa
hati.
Ukuran Hati
Ukuran hati cukup besar,kira-kira sebesar bola untuk rugby (American football).
Fungsi Hati
Hati merupakan salah satu organ tubuh terpenting,memiliki lebih dari 500 fungsi. Beberapa
diantaranya meliputi melawan infeksi,memproses makanan yang telah di serap dari usus,
memproduksi getah empedu, senyawa yang berfungsi penting dalam sistem pencernaan
makanan,menyaimpan zat besi,vitamin dan bahan – bahan kimia lain yang penting
mengontrol tingkat atau kadar lemak,glukosa atau gula dan asam aminu dalam darah dan
detoksifikasi atau membuang zat – zat racun dalam tubuk. Selain itu Hati berfungsi mengatur
komposisi darah,terutama jumlah gula,protein,dan lemak yang masuk dalam peredaran
darah.hati juga mrnyingkirkan bili rubin dari darah untuk kemudian di keluarkan melalui
feses.
Penyakit Hati
Penyakit hati (hepatitis) adalah suatu penyakit yang menyerang liver. Medis belum
mengetahui secara jelas penyebab penyakit hati. Namun, orang yang menderita hepatitis
kemungkinan:
1. Mempunyai satu di antara beberapa kelainan, di antaranya adalah infeksi jaringan
liver yang disebabkan oleh virus
2. Memiliki sejarah sakit pada fungsi hati akibat keracunan
3. Pernah mengalami kerusakan fungsi hati karena darah tidak tersuplai dengan baik ke
organ-organ lain
4. Sistem imunitas tubuh yang kacau sehingga menyebabkan kinerja hati tidak optimal
5. Mengalami trauma pada jaringan abdomen di area liver.
A. Virus penyebab hepatitis:
1. Epstein Barr Virus
2. VaricellaChickenpox
3. Cytome galovirus (CMV)
B. Gejala-gejala:
1. Demam tinggi
2. Diare berkepanjangan
3. Otot-otot yang sakit dan nyeri
4. Kehilangan gairah dan berat badan turun drastis
25. 5. Sering mengigau
C. Hepatitis dibagi menjadi tiga golongan:
1. Hepatitis A
Hepatitis ini disebabkan oleh virus hepatitis A (HAV) dan banyak diderita oleh anak-anak.
Virus menyebar melalui feses dan air kencing, atau alat makan yang terinfeksi oleh virus
tersebut. Efek yang ditimbulkan oleh jenis hepatitis ini memang tidak besar, tapi diharapkan
ibu-ibu terus memantau kesehatan anak-anaknya.
2. Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B disebabkan oleh virus Hepatitis B (HBV) yang memiliki jangkauan lebih lebar
dalam penyebarannya.
1. Virus ini menyebar melalui darah, sperma, cairan vagina, air mata, dan urin.
2. Tranfusi darah yang telah terkontaminasi virus hepatitis juga bisa menularkan
hepatitis B.
3. Penggunaan bersama-sama alat suntik narkoba memungkinkan seseorang tertular
hepatitis B.
4. Aktivitas seksual yang tidak sehat juga bisa memicu terjadinya hepatitis jenis ini
5. Ibu yang terinfeksi virus Hepatitis B juga bisa menularkan kepada janinnya.
3. Hepatitis C
Hepatitis C disebabkan jika terjadi kontak darah langsung antara seorang penderita dengan
orang lain. Gejala-gejala yang ditimbulkan hampir mirip dengan penderita hepatitis A dan B.
Namun sudah menjurus kepada penyakit liver kronis. Jika ini diderita seseorang, salah satu
jalan menyembuhkannya adalah dengan transplantasi liver.
Hepatitis C bisa terjadi karena:
1. Bertukar alat saat memakai narkoba
2. Pemakaian alat tato yang tidak higienis
3. Transfusi darah yang sudah tercemar virus hepatitis
4. Transmisi antara ibu ke janin.
5. Kontak seks yang tidak sehat
Pencegahan :
1. Bergaya hidup sehat dan menjaga higienitas alat-alat pribadi.
2. Selalu waspada terutama saat minum di restoran atau ketika berenang di kolam
26. umum.
3. Mengontrol selalu air minum agar minumlah air yang telah direbus
4. Selalu mencuci tangan sebelum makan, terutama setelah melakukan aktivitas dari
toilet
5. Bersihkan WC atau kamar mandi dengan cairan antiseptik.