The document summarizes Benazir Bhutto's visits to the USA and Iran in 1995 as Prime Minister of Pakistan. It discusses Pakistan's geopolitical situation and relationships with other countries. The key points are:
1) Bhutto visited the USA and Iran to discuss important issues for Pakistan like Kashmir and Afghanistan, but experts believed the USA would prioritize its relationship with India over Pakistan.
2) Bhutto's visit to Iran had the wrong agenda of trying to improve US-Iran relations instead of focusing on Muslim unity against foreign interference.
3) Muslim countries need to prioritize unity over pursuing relationships with non-Muslim powers that historically have exploited and undermined them.
How Americans are loved in Vietnam despite a brutal war? How China has to secure global leadership amid so many internal and external challenges? How China is eager to claim a global leadership - while living with Few Friends but with more Rivals? What are the prospective Political Reforms that follows the full commitment to UNIVERSAL HUMAN VALUES, CAN GIVE CHINA A WIDER GLOBAL RECOGNITION AND ACCEPTABILITY FOR ITS GLOBAL LEADERSHIP.
This document discusses the transition from a bi-polar world dominated by the US and USSR to a multi-polar world with multiple power centers emerging. It notes China and Russia's increasing economic and military power and their efforts to assert influence globally. The US is taking steps like its Asia-Pacific policy to maintain primacy but power is shifting. The future could see more stability or conflict between states as they adjust to the new dynamic, complex multi-polar system. Pakistan is also adjusting its foreign policy to address security and economic concerns in the changing world order.
This document discusses challenges facing continued American global leadership in the 21st century. It outlines geopolitical tensions between countries like China, Japan, and South Korea over disputed islands that could undermine American alliances. Ongoing financial crises in Western Europe and the Middle East also threaten American strategic interests. While America has contributed greatly to human progress, its image has been damaged by issues like the Iraq war and treatment of veterans. The upcoming 2012 presidential election will be important for addressing these challenges and improving America's global standing through strengthened alliances, balanced policies, and moral leadership.
NARENDRA MODI’S AND XI JINPING’S HISTORIC ROLES AMID THREATS AND CHALLENGESKeshav Prasad Bhattarai
Includes- Contradictions in India and China Relations ,India and China: Living with the Common Threats of Terrorism and Joint Responsibility of Modi and Jinping
1. William Henry Seward, an American politician in the 19th century, correctly predicted that the Pacific Ocean would become increasingly important globally due to rising trade and commerce between countries like the US and China.
2. Seward played a key role in expanding American influence and territory in the Pacific, including securing Alaska and Hawaii for the US. He also advocated for infrastructure like the transcontinental railroad to better connect the US to the Pacific coast.
3. In recent decades, Seward's vision of increased importance of the Pacific has come to pass, with the US and China emerging as the two dominant powers in the region due to their large and growing economies and trade relationships. Both countries are asserting their influence through diplomatic
Pakistan – the problems and solutions regarding terrorism and 4thGWZaid Hamid
4th Generation War is the latest weapon being deployed against the Muslim world to dismember Muslim countries in the greater middle east. This mode of War fare is least understood by the policy makers, leaders, and the media. Here BrassTacks brings a comprehensive presentation for the policy makers on this illusive subject.
This document discusses the promises and paradoxes of North and South Korea. It summarizes that while North Korea has gained status and bargaining power through its rocket launch, it remains one of the most impoverished countries. In contrast, South Korea has achieved remarkable economic success and a strong democracy. However, the relationship between the two Koreas remains troubled due to their opposing political and economic systems, maintaining regional tensions. The successes and failures of countries ultimately depend on the quality of their leadership. While South Korea benefited from visionary leaders who transformed its economy, North Korea has not had such leadership and its people suffer from deprivation.
The document provides an overview of United States-Pakistan relations from 1947 to 2016. Some key points covered include:
- The initial years after Pakistan's independence saw it adopt a pro-Western stance and ally with the US against the Soviet Union.
- Relations strengthened under Ayub Khan from 1958-1969 as Pakistan joined regional defense pacts and received increased US aid.
- Tensions arose under Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto from 1971-1979 as the US opposed Pakistan's nuclear program.
- The 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and seizure of the Grand Mosque in Mecca renewed US interest in improving relations with Pakistan.
How Americans are loved in Vietnam despite a brutal war? How China has to secure global leadership amid so many internal and external challenges? How China is eager to claim a global leadership - while living with Few Friends but with more Rivals? What are the prospective Political Reforms that follows the full commitment to UNIVERSAL HUMAN VALUES, CAN GIVE CHINA A WIDER GLOBAL RECOGNITION AND ACCEPTABILITY FOR ITS GLOBAL LEADERSHIP.
This document discusses the transition from a bi-polar world dominated by the US and USSR to a multi-polar world with multiple power centers emerging. It notes China and Russia's increasing economic and military power and their efforts to assert influence globally. The US is taking steps like its Asia-Pacific policy to maintain primacy but power is shifting. The future could see more stability or conflict between states as they adjust to the new dynamic, complex multi-polar system. Pakistan is also adjusting its foreign policy to address security and economic concerns in the changing world order.
This document discusses challenges facing continued American global leadership in the 21st century. It outlines geopolitical tensions between countries like China, Japan, and South Korea over disputed islands that could undermine American alliances. Ongoing financial crises in Western Europe and the Middle East also threaten American strategic interests. While America has contributed greatly to human progress, its image has been damaged by issues like the Iraq war and treatment of veterans. The upcoming 2012 presidential election will be important for addressing these challenges and improving America's global standing through strengthened alliances, balanced policies, and moral leadership.
NARENDRA MODI’S AND XI JINPING’S HISTORIC ROLES AMID THREATS AND CHALLENGESKeshav Prasad Bhattarai
Includes- Contradictions in India and China Relations ,India and China: Living with the Common Threats of Terrorism and Joint Responsibility of Modi and Jinping
1. William Henry Seward, an American politician in the 19th century, correctly predicted that the Pacific Ocean would become increasingly important globally due to rising trade and commerce between countries like the US and China.
2. Seward played a key role in expanding American influence and territory in the Pacific, including securing Alaska and Hawaii for the US. He also advocated for infrastructure like the transcontinental railroad to better connect the US to the Pacific coast.
3. In recent decades, Seward's vision of increased importance of the Pacific has come to pass, with the US and China emerging as the two dominant powers in the region due to their large and growing economies and trade relationships. Both countries are asserting their influence through diplomatic
Pakistan – the problems and solutions regarding terrorism and 4thGWZaid Hamid
4th Generation War is the latest weapon being deployed against the Muslim world to dismember Muslim countries in the greater middle east. This mode of War fare is least understood by the policy makers, leaders, and the media. Here BrassTacks brings a comprehensive presentation for the policy makers on this illusive subject.
This document discusses the promises and paradoxes of North and South Korea. It summarizes that while North Korea has gained status and bargaining power through its rocket launch, it remains one of the most impoverished countries. In contrast, South Korea has achieved remarkable economic success and a strong democracy. However, the relationship between the two Koreas remains troubled due to their opposing political and economic systems, maintaining regional tensions. The successes and failures of countries ultimately depend on the quality of their leadership. While South Korea benefited from visionary leaders who transformed its economy, North Korea has not had such leadership and its people suffer from deprivation.
The document provides an overview of United States-Pakistan relations from 1947 to 2016. Some key points covered include:
- The initial years after Pakistan's independence saw it adopt a pro-Western stance and ally with the US against the Soviet Union.
- Relations strengthened under Ayub Khan from 1958-1969 as Pakistan joined regional defense pacts and received increased US aid.
- Tensions arose under Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto from 1971-1979 as the US opposed Pakistan's nuclear program.
- The 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and seizure of the Grand Mosque in Mecca renewed US interest in improving relations with Pakistan.
Us pak relation after killing of osama bin ladenPintu Khan
The document discusses the history and current state of relations between Pakistan and the United States. It notes that the killing of Osama bin Laden may significantly impact the U.S.-Pakistan relationship going forward. Most Pakistanis disapprove of the U.S. raid and see bin Laden's death as a bad thing. Many also believe relations between the two countries will worsen as a result. However, if handled properly, bin Laden's death could be an opportunity to improve collaboration between the U.S. and Pakistan.
This document provides a summary of the state of Pakistan in 1971 after losing East Pakistan and the half of the country. It describes the political chaos, economic slump, frustration, and uncertainty facing the country. It introduces Zulfikar Ali Bhutto as the new leader of Pakistan who gave the nation hope with his inspiring speech. It outlines how Bhutto launched major political, economic, social, and administrative reforms to save the country from total collapse and rebuild it. However, Bhutto faced opposition from entrenched interests like feudal landlords, religious conservatives, and corrupt bureaucrats. The document provides an overview of Bhutto's vision and early efforts to establish a new Pakistan.
The document discusses US-China foreign policy relations and decision making processes. It examines the relationship between the two countries across several issues including security, currency exchange, financial matters, and human rights. It also analyzes cultural differences between China and the US that influence their relationship, as well as political ideologies like neoconservatism that shape US foreign policy approaches toward China. Containment versus engagement strategies for China's rise are also debated. Overall, the relationship remains complex due to differing political systems between the US and China.
1) The document discusses China's "One Belt, One Road" initiative to build infrastructure connecting China to Asia, Africa, and Europe through a network of roads and railways.
2) It aims to develop local economies along the route and challenge U.S. global influence by expanding China's economic power.
3) However, China cannot yet match U.S. military power globally, so it must compete economically through initiatives like this one.
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto dedicated his life to serving the people of Pakistan and establishing the country as a stable, independent nation. As prime minister in the 1970s, he helped rebuild Pakistan after its breakup by establishing peace with India, developing the economy, and creating a new constitution. However, his efforts to pursue an independent foreign policy and acquire nuclear technology led to an international conspiracy against him. In 1977, he was overthrown in a military coup, imprisoned, and eventually executed after a flawed trial. His death made him a martyr for democracy in Pakistan and opposition to the military dictatorship that has ruled the country since his overthrow.
Pakistan initially pursued a policy of non-alignment during the Cold War, receiving invitations from both the US and USSR. However, Pakistan ultimately joined the US bloc due to its need for military and economic assistance, ideological alignment with Western democracy, and the US's willingness to help resolve the Kashmir dispute versus the USSR's neutral stance. While US aid provided benefits, it also damaged relations with other Muslim states and led the USSR to increase support for India. In later decades Pakistan sought to diversify its alliances, improving ties with both the USSR and China while reducing dependence on the US.
The document summarizes the aftermath of the Gulf War from the perspective of people in the Middle East. It states that while the U.S. celebrated bringing troops home, people in the Middle East, especially Iraqis, were mourning enormous losses as the U.S. dropped over 90,000 tons of explosives on Iraq. Hundreds of thousands of Iraqi deaths went unreported. After the war, Shiites in the south and Kurds in the north revolted against Saddam Hussein's rule but were brutally suppressed. The Middle Eastern people feel anger, sadness, and humiliation over the war and its outcome, which they had no voice in deciding. They are left with economic disasters, arms proliferation, and ongoing
1) The document discusses Pakistan's foreign policy and alliances in the 1960s under President Ayub Khan. It describes how Pakistan initially aligned closely with the US but then began developing relations with other countries like China and the Soviet Union, which angered the US.
2) It outlines US pressure and threats to cut economic assistance if Pakistan did not change its foreign policy. This came to a head during the 1965 India-Pakistan war, when Pakistan accepted a ceasefire under pressure from the international community, especially the US.
3) The document criticizes Pakistan's submission to external pressures and demands during this time period and argues the country should pursue its national interests instead of trying to please international powers like the US
Internal Dynamics of Pakistan and its Impact on National SecurityFarooq Ahmad Butt
This document discusses the internal dynamics and security situation within Pakistan. It outlines several divisive forces like religious extremism, sectarian violence, ethnic separatist movements, and provincial tensions that are destabilizing Pakistan and impacting its national security. The Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan, Balochistan conflict, urban terrorism in Karachi, and center-province relations are highlighted as major challenges. The document also notes Pakistan's economic problems and how militancy has exploited poverty. It warns that if the internal chaos continues, Pakistan risks a fate similar to Yugoslavia through balkanization.
This document outlines a presentation on US foreign policy. It discusses key policies and interventions, including the Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, Eisenhower Doctrine and containment during the Cold War. It also examines more recent policies towards Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria and debates around intervention. The presentation covers the goals of US foreign policy and analyzes specific case studies to understand America's approach to global engagements over time.
The Civil War began in 1861 due to longstanding differences between the Northern and Southern states over issues like states' rights, slavery, and economics. Abraham Lincoln was elected president in 1860, and several Southern states seceded to form the Confederate States of America. When Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina in 1861, the Civil War began. While the South had some advantages in leadership and tactics, the North had a stronger economy, more population and resources, and ultimately prevailed. Key battles like Gettysburg, Vicksburg, and Atlanta turned the tide in favor of the Union, and the war ended in April 1865 with Confederate General Robert E. Lee's surrender to Union General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court
The document provides an overview of the Middle East 7th grade social studies curriculum, including units on the causes of conflicts in the Middle East, ancient civilizations, and case studies on ongoing conflicts in Israel, Afghanistan, and Iran. It discusses the historical roots and religious/cultural factors contributing to tensions, as well as some attempts at peacemaking and possible solutions.
The document discusses tensions between the US and China. It notes that while the economies of the two countries have become intertwined, there are also fears of a new Cold War or even hot war breaking out due to strategic competition and China's military buildup. Underlying issues are China's economic rise which has seen its companies expand into new markets, as well as uncertainty over where the relationship between the two powers may lead as China challenges US influence in Asia and globally.
This document contains an introduction to a compilation of interviews given by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, the former Prime Minister of Pakistan. It provides context about Bhutto rebuilding Pakistan in the aftermath of its defeat and partition in 1971. The interviews cover the period from 1972 to 1973 and discuss Bhutto's vision for Pakistan, the challenges the country faced both domestically and internationally, and his efforts to restore the economy, strengthen democratic institutions, and regain Pakistan's standing in the world. The compilation aims to document this important period of Pakistan's history for new generations.
The document discusses several issues related to conflicts in Southeast Asia, including oppressive regimes in Myanmar and other countries, sovereignty disputes between countries in the region, and intra-state conflicts within countries. It describes human rights abuses and oppression of minority groups by the military regime in Myanmar. It also outlines territorial disputes between Indonesia and East Timor, the Philippines and Malaysia, and Malaysia and Singapore. Civil conflicts within Myanmar and other Southeast Asian countries over separatist and autonomy issues are also summarized.
This chapter provides background on the Bhutto family's ancestral home of Sindh province in Pakistan. It describes Sindh as a harsh land dominated by feudal landlords and brutal feudal systems that oppressed tenant farmers. The Bhutto clan originated in this environment and context of Sindh's history, which involved conquest and settlement by various foreign groups, creating a racially diverse population over centuries. The chapter establishes the Bhuttos as part of the local elite and landed gentry that ruled over poor tenant farmers in the Larkana district of Sindh province for generations.
Southern African Peace and Security Studies (SAPSS) is an academic journal established in 2012 to serve as a forum for discussion on issues surrounding conflict, peace, security (whether regional, national, local or human) and political (in)stability in the region. It is to be the flagship publication for the Southern African Centre for Collaboration on Peace and Security (SACCPS).Published twice a year (in June and December) as an open access journal, it is freely available online, and includes academic articles, policy briefs and book reviews.
The journal aims to publish rigorous theoretical and empirical research in all areas of peace and security studies in Africa, with a particular focus on practical policy-oriented research. The journal will also address evolving developments within the discipline. Each issue will normally contain a mixture of peer-reviewed research articles, policy briefs and reviews. Articles should address critical themes or case analyses and must be contextualized within the scholarly and policy literature and existing debates on peace and security in Africa.
Why another oil shock wave will lead to economic doomsday?SUN&FZ Associates
The world had survived the first Oil Embargo ShockWave. It has survived the second Oil Price ShockWave. Will it be able to absorb the third? I don’t think so. The first ShockWave was unexpected. The second was engineered. And… the third will be well planned, far more precise, smooth and flawless.
Pakistan’s independence day message to government and people of pakistanSUN&FZ Associates
The document discusses issues facing Pakistan, including careless rulers who are protected by constitutional immunity, self-serving public servants, and socially irresponsible corporate conglomerates. Key articles in the constitution, such as 248 and 99, are criticized for making the government unaccountable and encouraging corruption. This has hurt Pakistan's sovereignty and economic development, increased poverty and debt levels, and weakened law enforcement. The roots of these issues can be traced back to the country's founding and various martial law regimes over the decades.
Design thinking refers to a creative process that is used to solve complex problems and find desirable solutions. This document discusses design thinking from three perspectives: 1) Bruce Mau, a graphic designer, sees it as mapping the power and promise of design to plan desired outcomes across many fields. 2) Business advisor Daniel Pink sees it as a way to foster innovation through empathy, integrative thinking, and optimism. 3) Roger Martin, dean of the Rotman School of Management, sees it as combining empathy, creativity, and rationality to match people's needs with what is technologically feasible and strategically viable.
Design thinking refers to a creative process that is used to solve complex problems and find desirable solutions. This document discusses design thinking from three perspectives: 1) Bruce Mau, a graphic designer, sees it as mapping the power and promise of design to plan desired outcomes. His "Massive Change Exhibition" explored paradigm shifts in areas like transportation, health, and energy. 2) Business advisor Daniel Pink sees design thinking as a way to encourage innovation through experimentation and collaboration. 3) Roger Martin, dean of the Rotman School of Management, sees design thinking as integrating creativity into business strategy and operations.
Us pak relation after killing of osama bin ladenPintu Khan
The document discusses the history and current state of relations between Pakistan and the United States. It notes that the killing of Osama bin Laden may significantly impact the U.S.-Pakistan relationship going forward. Most Pakistanis disapprove of the U.S. raid and see bin Laden's death as a bad thing. Many also believe relations between the two countries will worsen as a result. However, if handled properly, bin Laden's death could be an opportunity to improve collaboration between the U.S. and Pakistan.
This document provides a summary of the state of Pakistan in 1971 after losing East Pakistan and the half of the country. It describes the political chaos, economic slump, frustration, and uncertainty facing the country. It introduces Zulfikar Ali Bhutto as the new leader of Pakistan who gave the nation hope with his inspiring speech. It outlines how Bhutto launched major political, economic, social, and administrative reforms to save the country from total collapse and rebuild it. However, Bhutto faced opposition from entrenched interests like feudal landlords, religious conservatives, and corrupt bureaucrats. The document provides an overview of Bhutto's vision and early efforts to establish a new Pakistan.
The document discusses US-China foreign policy relations and decision making processes. It examines the relationship between the two countries across several issues including security, currency exchange, financial matters, and human rights. It also analyzes cultural differences between China and the US that influence their relationship, as well as political ideologies like neoconservatism that shape US foreign policy approaches toward China. Containment versus engagement strategies for China's rise are also debated. Overall, the relationship remains complex due to differing political systems between the US and China.
1) The document discusses China's "One Belt, One Road" initiative to build infrastructure connecting China to Asia, Africa, and Europe through a network of roads and railways.
2) It aims to develop local economies along the route and challenge U.S. global influence by expanding China's economic power.
3) However, China cannot yet match U.S. military power globally, so it must compete economically through initiatives like this one.
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto dedicated his life to serving the people of Pakistan and establishing the country as a stable, independent nation. As prime minister in the 1970s, he helped rebuild Pakistan after its breakup by establishing peace with India, developing the economy, and creating a new constitution. However, his efforts to pursue an independent foreign policy and acquire nuclear technology led to an international conspiracy against him. In 1977, he was overthrown in a military coup, imprisoned, and eventually executed after a flawed trial. His death made him a martyr for democracy in Pakistan and opposition to the military dictatorship that has ruled the country since his overthrow.
Pakistan initially pursued a policy of non-alignment during the Cold War, receiving invitations from both the US and USSR. However, Pakistan ultimately joined the US bloc due to its need for military and economic assistance, ideological alignment with Western democracy, and the US's willingness to help resolve the Kashmir dispute versus the USSR's neutral stance. While US aid provided benefits, it also damaged relations with other Muslim states and led the USSR to increase support for India. In later decades Pakistan sought to diversify its alliances, improving ties with both the USSR and China while reducing dependence on the US.
The document summarizes the aftermath of the Gulf War from the perspective of people in the Middle East. It states that while the U.S. celebrated bringing troops home, people in the Middle East, especially Iraqis, were mourning enormous losses as the U.S. dropped over 90,000 tons of explosives on Iraq. Hundreds of thousands of Iraqi deaths went unreported. After the war, Shiites in the south and Kurds in the north revolted against Saddam Hussein's rule but were brutally suppressed. The Middle Eastern people feel anger, sadness, and humiliation over the war and its outcome, which they had no voice in deciding. They are left with economic disasters, arms proliferation, and ongoing
1) The document discusses Pakistan's foreign policy and alliances in the 1960s under President Ayub Khan. It describes how Pakistan initially aligned closely with the US but then began developing relations with other countries like China and the Soviet Union, which angered the US.
2) It outlines US pressure and threats to cut economic assistance if Pakistan did not change its foreign policy. This came to a head during the 1965 India-Pakistan war, when Pakistan accepted a ceasefire under pressure from the international community, especially the US.
3) The document criticizes Pakistan's submission to external pressures and demands during this time period and argues the country should pursue its national interests instead of trying to please international powers like the US
Internal Dynamics of Pakistan and its Impact on National SecurityFarooq Ahmad Butt
This document discusses the internal dynamics and security situation within Pakistan. It outlines several divisive forces like religious extremism, sectarian violence, ethnic separatist movements, and provincial tensions that are destabilizing Pakistan and impacting its national security. The Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan, Balochistan conflict, urban terrorism in Karachi, and center-province relations are highlighted as major challenges. The document also notes Pakistan's economic problems and how militancy has exploited poverty. It warns that if the internal chaos continues, Pakistan risks a fate similar to Yugoslavia through balkanization.
This document outlines a presentation on US foreign policy. It discusses key policies and interventions, including the Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, Eisenhower Doctrine and containment during the Cold War. It also examines more recent policies towards Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria and debates around intervention. The presentation covers the goals of US foreign policy and analyzes specific case studies to understand America's approach to global engagements over time.
The Civil War began in 1861 due to longstanding differences between the Northern and Southern states over issues like states' rights, slavery, and economics. Abraham Lincoln was elected president in 1860, and several Southern states seceded to form the Confederate States of America. When Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina in 1861, the Civil War began. While the South had some advantages in leadership and tactics, the North had a stronger economy, more population and resources, and ultimately prevailed. Key battles like Gettysburg, Vicksburg, and Atlanta turned the tide in favor of the Union, and the war ended in April 1865 with Confederate General Robert E. Lee's surrender to Union General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court
The document provides an overview of the Middle East 7th grade social studies curriculum, including units on the causes of conflicts in the Middle East, ancient civilizations, and case studies on ongoing conflicts in Israel, Afghanistan, and Iran. It discusses the historical roots and religious/cultural factors contributing to tensions, as well as some attempts at peacemaking and possible solutions.
The document discusses tensions between the US and China. It notes that while the economies of the two countries have become intertwined, there are also fears of a new Cold War or even hot war breaking out due to strategic competition and China's military buildup. Underlying issues are China's economic rise which has seen its companies expand into new markets, as well as uncertainty over where the relationship between the two powers may lead as China challenges US influence in Asia and globally.
This document contains an introduction to a compilation of interviews given by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, the former Prime Minister of Pakistan. It provides context about Bhutto rebuilding Pakistan in the aftermath of its defeat and partition in 1971. The interviews cover the period from 1972 to 1973 and discuss Bhutto's vision for Pakistan, the challenges the country faced both domestically and internationally, and his efforts to restore the economy, strengthen democratic institutions, and regain Pakistan's standing in the world. The compilation aims to document this important period of Pakistan's history for new generations.
The document discusses several issues related to conflicts in Southeast Asia, including oppressive regimes in Myanmar and other countries, sovereignty disputes between countries in the region, and intra-state conflicts within countries. It describes human rights abuses and oppression of minority groups by the military regime in Myanmar. It also outlines territorial disputes between Indonesia and East Timor, the Philippines and Malaysia, and Malaysia and Singapore. Civil conflicts within Myanmar and other Southeast Asian countries over separatist and autonomy issues are also summarized.
This chapter provides background on the Bhutto family's ancestral home of Sindh province in Pakistan. It describes Sindh as a harsh land dominated by feudal landlords and brutal feudal systems that oppressed tenant farmers. The Bhutto clan originated in this environment and context of Sindh's history, which involved conquest and settlement by various foreign groups, creating a racially diverse population over centuries. The chapter establishes the Bhuttos as part of the local elite and landed gentry that ruled over poor tenant farmers in the Larkana district of Sindh province for generations.
Southern African Peace and Security Studies (SAPSS) is an academic journal established in 2012 to serve as a forum for discussion on issues surrounding conflict, peace, security (whether regional, national, local or human) and political (in)stability in the region. It is to be the flagship publication for the Southern African Centre for Collaboration on Peace and Security (SACCPS).Published twice a year (in June and December) as an open access journal, it is freely available online, and includes academic articles, policy briefs and book reviews.
The journal aims to publish rigorous theoretical and empirical research in all areas of peace and security studies in Africa, with a particular focus on practical policy-oriented research. The journal will also address evolving developments within the discipline. Each issue will normally contain a mixture of peer-reviewed research articles, policy briefs and reviews. Articles should address critical themes or case analyses and must be contextualized within the scholarly and policy literature and existing debates on peace and security in Africa.
Why another oil shock wave will lead to economic doomsday?SUN&FZ Associates
The world had survived the first Oil Embargo ShockWave. It has survived the second Oil Price ShockWave. Will it be able to absorb the third? I don’t think so. The first ShockWave was unexpected. The second was engineered. And… the third will be well planned, far more precise, smooth and flawless.
Pakistan’s independence day message to government and people of pakistanSUN&FZ Associates
The document discusses issues facing Pakistan, including careless rulers who are protected by constitutional immunity, self-serving public servants, and socially irresponsible corporate conglomerates. Key articles in the constitution, such as 248 and 99, are criticized for making the government unaccountable and encouraging corruption. This has hurt Pakistan's sovereignty and economic development, increased poverty and debt levels, and weakened law enforcement. The roots of these issues can be traced back to the country's founding and various martial law regimes over the decades.
Design thinking refers to a creative process that is used to solve complex problems and find desirable solutions. This document discusses design thinking from three perspectives: 1) Bruce Mau, a graphic designer, sees it as mapping the power and promise of design to plan desired outcomes across many fields. 2) Business advisor Daniel Pink sees it as a way to foster innovation through empathy, integrative thinking, and optimism. 3) Roger Martin, dean of the Rotman School of Management, sees it as combining empathy, creativity, and rationality to match people's needs with what is technologically feasible and strategically viable.
Design thinking refers to a creative process that is used to solve complex problems and find desirable solutions. This document discusses design thinking from three perspectives: 1) Bruce Mau, a graphic designer, sees it as mapping the power and promise of design to plan desired outcomes. His "Massive Change Exhibition" explored paradigm shifts in areas like transportation, health, and energy. 2) Business advisor Daniel Pink sees design thinking as a way to encourage innovation through experimentation and collaboration. 3) Roger Martin, dean of the Rotman School of Management, sees design thinking as integrating creativity into business strategy and operations.
Human beings, irrespective of their colors, creeds and nationalities and religions, need to be reminded that they are the sons and daughters of Adam and the Eve. The “Flood of Noah” had dispersed and relocated them in different geo-environmental zones which influenced their appearances, their languages, their life styles and ultimately their beliefs and their faiths too. I do not find myself prepared for a minute to believe that the Muslims, the Jews, the Christians, the Hindus and the Buddhists are justified in behaving like enemies of each other only because they practice different religions. Religions are nothing but different sets of Divine Manuals regarding an individual’s “conduct of day-to-day business of life” influencing every aspect of human behavior in this world. Does the God, who has created this universe and whatever is in it, depend on His own creation to impose His will in the name of religion on mankind, by force? He has all the power in the universe to do that Himself. But He did not opt for that. His last message Quran, through his last messenger Muhammad (PBUH) categorically and strictly prohibits that. Islam is a religion that truly and literally means PEACE. Muslims are allowed to go to war with a set of exemplary precautionary instructions only when war is extremely necessary and unavoidable to maintain and create a genuine environment of peace. If this is true and it is true then why are the Muslims treated like enemies of the non-Muslims and the Muslims treat the non-Muslims as their enemies? Why they are suspicious of the intentions of each other? It is ironic that a “Cruel Inhuman System of Exploitation” has been imposed on the people of the Muslim countries internally by a “Group of Exploiters” in the name of secularism, moderation, toleration and “Unregulated Free Economy” with the blessings of their “External Supporters” who are obviously justified in doing so in the strategic interest of their respective countries. Majority of the people in the Muslim countries are helpless and the only weapon available to them is frustration visibly dominated by hatred for their rulers, politicians, bureaucrats, businessmen, army generals and the foreign heads of states and the governments who support them. The most genuine embarrassing question, therefore, is how to put an end to this exploitation and consequently the frustration and hatred which is an obvious outcome of the realities on ground?
Ever accelerating pace of globalization has opened a window of opportunity for innovative entrepreneurs to jump from spring board of their locally retained markets into promise lands of globally acclaimed high ranking business heavens. The other name of these business heavens is Emerging Markets. It is now a known fact that the growth advantage in emerging markets, if other things remain the same, is expected to translate into 62% of global growth. Multinationals expect about 70 percent of the world’s growth over the next few years to come from emerging markets, with 40 percent emanating from just two countries: China and India. In addition to growth rate advantage, expanding middle-class consumer base, impressive Doing Business regulatory reforms, more than half of $55 billion of global middle-class spending will come from Asia Pacific.
The ground realities demand caution in weighing the perceptions.
This document discusses stages of economic development and income thresholds used to classify countries. It makes two key observations. First, it questions the lack of clarity and rationale for the income thresholds used by organizations like the UN, World Bank and IMF to distinguish between developing and developed countries. As an alternative, it proposes letting data determine the thresholds. Second, it argues that a trichotomous version with three categories of development may better capture countries in transition phases between developing and developed. The document also lists various financial and economic hotspots around the world in 2010 and early 2011.
The document provides a historical perspective on the creation of Pakistan and makes several key points:
1. The Muslim leaders of pre-partition India failed to adequately plan for the post-independence governance and development of Pakistan by not conducting thorough evaluations of the natural and human resources of the territories that would comprise Pakistan.
2. Scholars had prophetically predicted the fall of Dhaka and questioned the logic and viability of Pakistan's creation, but these warnings were not heeded.
3. Immediately after partition, Pakistan lacked essential frameworks like a formal constitution, development plans, and a strong financial base to effectively govern itself as an independent nation.
4. These historical oversights and failures to
Emerging markets are expected to drive the majority of global growth in the coming years. Their growth advantage stems from expanding middle classes, regulatory reforms improving the ease of doing business, and an emphasis on innovation. However, unemployment and income inequality pose risks and must be addressed to ensure stability. Entrepreneurs and financial institutions could help by focusing on literacy, jobs, and reducing social and economic disparities through an independent initiative promoting sustainable development.
The document discusses leadership changes in China and the US and the challenges in the relationship between the two countries. It summarizes Xi Jinping's diplomatic visit to the US in February as he prepared to take over leadership in China. While there are disagreements, both countries recognize their economic interdependence and the importance of cooperation. The leadership transitions in both countries will shape how China-US relations are redefined during a time of global challenges.
PAKISTAN - United States Relations ($2 BillionYearFrom 911 Attacks)VogelDenise
The relations between Pakistan and the United States began in 1947 when Pakistan gained independence. Pakistan initially sought to establish close ties with both the US and Soviet Union, but ultimately aligned with the US due to economic and military assistance from the US and shared opposition to Soviet influence in the region. Throughout the Cold War era, the US viewed Pakistan as a strategic ally and anti-communist partner, providing substantial aid. However, tensions arose at times due to Pakistan's internal political conflicts and wars with India. The relationship has been both cooperative and strained at different points in both countries' histories.
Success of Jinnah and Zia in Pakistan and failure of others.M Akram Niazi
1) The document analyzes why religious leaders like Jinnah and Zia had success in Pakistan while more recent non-religious leaders like Musharraf and Zardari have failed.
2) It attributes the success of Jinnah and Zia to their strong commitment to Islam and serving the interests of Muslims, which gained them trust and support among the people.
3) In contrast, leaders like Musharraf and Zardari are seen as lacking ideology and insincerity towards Islam and the people. Their policies are argued to have destabilized Pakistan and damaged its institutions and integrity.
The document is an introduction to "The Pakistan Papers" written by former Pakistani Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto while imprisoned awaiting a court decision that could sentence him to death. The introduction provides background on Bhutto's overthrow by a military coup in 1977 and imprisonment. It summarizes that Bhutto is accused of conspiring to murder a political opponent, but his real crimes, according to his enemies, were nationalizing industries, enacting land reforms, and attempting to obtain nuclear power for Pakistan. Bhutto faces a possible death sentence as the military regime is determined to eliminate him by any means.
The document is an introduction to "The Pakistan Papers" written by former Pakistani Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto while imprisoned awaiting execution. It provides background on Bhutto's overthrow by the military, his conviction on murder charges, and the suppression of his document. The introduction summarizes that Bhutto modernized Pakistan but faced opposition from entrenched interests. It argues his trial was politically motivated and calls for his case to be judged by "world public opinion" and "the Higher Court of Mankind."
The document summarizes the context surrounding former Pakistani Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's imprisonment by the military junta led by General Mohammad Zia-ul Haq. Bhutto has been sentenced to death for conspiring to murder a political opponent, though the introduction asserts this is pretextual and that the true reason is to eliminate Bhutto for empowering workers and challenging entrenched interests. The introduction outlines Bhutto's reforms that threatened Pakistan's traditional power structures and his commitment to developing Pakistan's economy and nuclear power. It claims a vast international conspiracy involving Kissinger aims to destabilize the region by removing leaders like Bhutto promoting independence and modernization.
The document summarizes the evolving relationship between Pakistan and the United States over several decades. It notes that initially Pakistan sought an alliance with the US due to strategic interests and anti-communist stance. However, the US often pursued its own interests through carrot and stick diplomacy. Tensions emerged over Pakistan's nuclear program and the US cut off aid at various points. After 9/11, cooperation increased significantly as Pakistan supported the US war on terror, but tensions remained over issues like drone strikes and challenging Pakistan's sovereignty.
This document provides a summary of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's accomplishments as the leader of Pakistan in the aftermath of its defeat in the 1971 war and the loss of East Pakistan. It describes how Bhutto took charge of a demoralized and unstable nation in crisis and worked to restore stability and self-confidence. Through ambitious political, economic, and social reforms, he established the foundations for the new state of Pakistan and saved it from total ruin. However, he faced significant opposition from entrenched feudal interests and reactionary forces attempting to undermine his progressive agenda. Despite immense challenges, the document credits Bhutto with successfully guiding Pakistan towards democracy, social justice, and economic prosperity through his leadership and vision.
This document provides a summary of the state of Pakistan in 1971 after losing East Pakistan and the half of the country. It describes the political chaos, economic slump, frustration, and uncertainty facing the country. It introduces Zulfikar Ali Bhutto as the new leader of Pakistan who gave the nation hope with his inspiring speech. It outlines how Bhutto launched major political, economic, social, and administrative reforms to save the country from total collapse and rebuild it. However, Bhutto faced opposition from entrenched interests like feudal landlords, religious conservatives, and corrupt bureaucrats. The document provides an overview of Bhutto's vision and early efforts to establish a new Pakistan.
pakistan foreign policy: challenges & opportunities by shamshad ahmad khanipipk
This document discusses the challenges and opportunities in Pakistan's foreign policy. It outlines 4 major constants in Pakistan's foreign policy since independence: quest for security and survival; troubled relationship with India; reliance on the West for support; and solidarity with the Muslim world. Pakistan has faced exceptional challenges that have influenced its foreign policy priorities. These include an unstable geopolitical environment, threats from India, and domestic political instability. The document argues that Pakistan must strengthen itself domestically to pursue a strong and effective foreign policy.
The document provides an overview of Pakistan's foreign policy from its independence in 1947 through the post-9/11 period. Some key points:
- Pakistan initially pursued a policy of positive neutrality but later aligned with Western alliances during the Cold War. The loss of East Pakistan in 1971 led Pakistan to adopt a bilateral foreign policy.
- Pakistan's geostrategic location between India, China, Central Asia and the Middle East gives it strategic importance. Its foreign policy aims to protect national interests and ensure security and stability.
- Post-9/11, Pakistan allied closely with the US but also faced sanctions for its nuclear program. Tensions increased after the US withdrawal from Afghanistan and the Taliban regained control
1. The document discusses Pakistan's foreign policy and alliances from the 1960s. It analyzes Pakistan's shifting relations with major world powers like the US, China, and India under President Ayub Khan.
2. Ayub Khan initially aligned Pakistan closely with the US, but later sought to develop relations with China and others, angering the US. The US then pressured Pakistan to improve ties with India instead in order to undermine Pakistan's relations with China.
3. At Tashkent in 1966, Pakistan agreed to a ceasefire with India despite being in a stronger position, losing strategic gains. This was seen as making unnecessary sacrifices to restore relations with the US, which did not improve as hoped
1) The document discusses Pakistan's foreign policy and alliances in the 1960s under President Ayub Khan. It describes how Pakistan initially aligned closely with the US but then began developing relations with other countries like China and the Soviet Union, which angered the US.
2) It outlines US pressure and threats to cut economic assistance if Pakistan did not change its foreign policy. This came to a head during the 1965 India-Pakistan war, when Pakistan accepted a ceasefire under pressure from the international community, especially the US.
3) The document criticizes Pakistan's decision to accept the ceasefire, arguing that no nation should forsake its national interests simply to appease international opinion or powers like the US
- Pakistan's foreign policy since 1947 has been guided by principles of peace, friendship and non-interference laid out by Jinnah. It initially sought close ties with Western countries like Britain and the US for security and economic assistance against the threat posed by India.
- Pakistan joined US anti-communist alliances but its relations with the US fluctuated depending on US relations with India and the Soviet Union. The US assistance to Pakistan increased during the Cold War but it also strengthened ties with India.
- Pakistan developed close strategic ties with China from the 1950s onward as its relations with the Soviet Union deteriorated. The China-Pakistan friendship remains a key principle of Pakistan's foreign policy.
President Obama made his first visit to India from November 6-9, 2010. There were high expectations around strengthening economic ties, addressing security issues like terrorism, and supporting India's rise on the global stage. Obama announced new trade deals worth $10 billion and addressed both houses of the Indian parliament, expressing support for addressing Pakistan's terrorism issues and backing India's bid for a permanent UN Security Council seat. While some concerns around the US-Pakistan relationship remained, the visit achieved progress on economic, security, and strategic cooperation, and both sides were optimistic about the future of the US-India partnership.
This document provides historical context on Afghanistan and discusses how the country's borders and modern identity were shaped by external powers in the late 19th century. It argues that the Afghan Taliban emerged from a "broken, shattered social order" resulting from overly rapid modernization experiments in the late 20th century that disrupted the traditional multi-layered Afghan society. It highlights how early 20th century modernizers like Mahmud Tarzi influenced King Amanullah Khan's reforms but also alienated religious and tribal leaders due to changes like abolishing the veil for women and opening co-ed schools. The document stresses that understanding this historical context is key to comprehending recent events in Afghanistan.
The document summarizes the history of Pakistan-US relations from 1947 to the present. It discusses the various defense agreements signed between the two countries during the Cold War era and periods of cooperation as well as tensions, particularly related to Pakistan's nuclear program. Key events covered include Pakistan's involvement in US intelligence operations during the Cold War, the impact of regional conflicts like the 1965 and 1971 Indo-Pakistan wars, imposition of sanctions under presidents Carter and Reagan, and Pakistan's role in the Soviet-Afghan war.
The document summarizes the key causes that led to the separation of East Pakistan and the fall of Dhaka in 1971. The main causes included Hindu influence in the economy, the failure of Muslim League leadership to address East Pakistani concerns, delays in the constitution process that increased tensions, the imposition of a centralized presidential system instead of a more autonomous federal structure, Sheikh Mujeeb's six point agenda that demanded more autonomy, and the power struggle between Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Sheikh Mujeeb which exacerbated tensions and weakened Pakistan politically. International factors like Soviet support for India and the war between India and Pakistan also contributed to the separation of East Pakistan.
If World War III were to begin, most defence and political experts the most likely place will be Kashmir and between Nuclear powers India and Pakistan. Everyone seems to sense this, yet the two countries remain locked in a dangerous confrontation. The main flashpoint is Kashmir.
What are the origins of the problem and what keeps the fire of conflict raging?
Having no legal right to claim Kashmir but desiring it all costs, a belligerent and aggressive Pakistan has waged four very costly and unsuccessful wars on India seeking to wrest control of Kashmir from India by force. Pakistan's greatest military and political supporter always has been America. Why?
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Hang together or you will be hanged individually
1. ZHK
1995
“Hang together or You Will
be Hanged Individually”
Benazir Bhutto’s Visits to USA and Iran
Experts of international relations feel that irrespective of
Pakistan’s regional GDP of US$820.1 billion which is the highest
in South Asia, Americans and US Allies, in view of their most
disappointing experiences in Iran and Iraq, will never allow
Pakistan to become a regional investment center to cover the
markets of affluent but troubled Gulf, potentially very dangerous
Central Asian Republics and poor in average per capita income
but large mass of consumers in South Asia. Their territory of
priority is India because they can rely on India against China and
Muslim countries of Central Asia and the Gulf region. They want
to bring India at par with China in military and economic
strength to have a reliable strong ally in the fastest growing
economic region of the world. The only One Point Agenda for bi-
lateral and multi-lateral dialogue between Muslim heads of state
and governments must be Unity at Any Cost! Muslim countries
must immediately discuss their genuine and in-genuine
differences among themselves either directly or through
impartial Muslim countries. Only unity will enable them to
survive in the post cold-war twenty first century. They must
remember Malaysian Prime Minister’s advice, though for a
different reason and from a different platform, “it is better to
hang together instead of getting hanged individually.”
Zahid Hussain Khalid
Daily The Muslim
ZHK 1995
2. Benazir Bhutto’s Visits to USA and Iran
Published in Daily The Muslim’s issues of April 6, and November 5, 1995
PM’s VISIT TO USA
Prime Minister of Pakistan’s anxiously awaited visit to the United States of America and in
post cold-war era is very important for Pakistan as far as the precise determination of
country’s future role in world politics is concerned. How the country is expected to benefit
from the visit depends on Prime Minister’s comprehension of global and regional demands of
rapidly changing world, with the changes in economic priorities. The priorities are not yet
clear due to a very cautious attempt to form geo-economic groups. It is, therefore, timely
and necessary to have a look at Pakistan’s political and diplomatic performance in the past.
A careful analysis of Pakistan’s pre and post-partion events indicates that the country’s civil
and military rulers miserably failed to comprehend and to take advantage of Pakistan’s ideal
geographical location. This failure was an outcome of immediate post partition economic
and security concerns that had made Pakistan a very vulnerable and fragile independent
state. With the passage of time the rulers were expected to put the country on the path to
economic self-reliance and indefatigable defense capability. Former President Ayub Khan’s
economic policies had successfully laid the foundation of a strong heavy industrial base and
his military leadership, irrespective of 1965 war’s controversial outcome, had established
the surprisingly remarkable defense capability of Pakistan beyond any doubt. Ayub Khan’s
book “Friends NOT Masters” was a formal pledge to run foreign affairs of Pakistan on its
own, without any foreign interference as a sovereign independent state that clearly meant a
change in Pakistan’s internal and external policies. Ayub Khan was fortunately blessed with
Pakistan’s best brains as far as his cabinet was concerned. Country’s foreign, economic,
defense and other important ministries wee undoubtedly in good hands. As soon as Ayub
3. Khan’s book “Friends NOT Masters came out, cracks started appearing in his cabinet and he
started losing his best men. The best of them all was Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. He was a visionary
political genius, an outstanding expert on international affairs, an orator par excellence and
very popular in and outside Pakistan. After independence, he was the first politician who
brought the people to the streets clapping and dancing on each sentence that he uttered in
public rallies. An outstanding army general was humiliatingly defeated by Zulfiqar Ali
Bhutto’s personal political charisma.
It is generally believed and rightly or wrongly propagated that Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto made two
blunders: One before coming into power and the other after coming into power. First was
his refusal to sit in opposition and second was his well intentioned but untimely and
unorganized nationalization of industries and utility services. First blunder, allegedly,
resulted in the disintegration of Pakistan and second blunder destroyed the countries
economic base and forced Pakistan’s outstanding tycoons to invest outside Pakistan.
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, conscious of the outcome of these blunders, worked very hard, seriously
and devotedly to efficiently run the internal and external affairs of what remained of
Pakistan. He “picked up the pieces” and left no stone unturned to make Pakistan an ideal
truly independent state. He gave Pakistan a unanimous constitution, signed Simla
agreement, brought prisoners of war back honorably and shifhted the country’s foreign
policy tilt from non-Muslim developed world to Arab world which opened doors of
employment and affluence on Pakistan’s skilled and un-skilled workers and developed a soft
corner for Pakistan and the people of Pakistan in the hearts of the leaders and the peoples
of the Muslim countries. Then came the energy crisis, the formation of Organization of
Islamic Countries (OIC) and an awareness of the real strength of the Muslim world which
were intolerable developments for the anti-Muslim powers. Another unacknowledged and
unknown but remarkable achievement of Bhutto was and understanding with Sardar
Dawood of Afghanistan on the issue of Durand Line which was an indication of the expected
4. elimination of a buffer between Pakistan, Iran and Soviet Union. Sardar Dawood had to
immediately pay the price for this understanding and Bhutto had to wait for his turn.
Bhutto’s pro-China stance in United Nations and initiatives to acquire nuclear capability for
Pakistan at any cost were disliked in the west. The pre-cold war enemies “unanimously”
decided to eliminate the Muslim brains behind the energy crisis! Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was one
of the most obvious targets! An artificial crisis was created and he was removed from power
and ultimately lost his life too. Two events of regional and global significance strengthened
the hands of General Zia-ul-Haque who replaced Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. First event was, Iran’s
Islamic revolution, which in a way was an almost equally important event for the non-
Muslim developed world as energy crisis and the second was Soviet Union’s occupation of
Afghanistan. After the removal of Reza Shah Pahlavi, America had lost a reliable man in the
Gulf and Soviet move was another major economic and security risk in the region. The
Americans had no choice but to support Iraq against Iran and Pakistan against Soviet
presence in Afghanistan. The leaders of Iraq and Pakistan enjoyed America’s outright
support militarily, financially and politically. Iran remained unhurt and Afghanistan was
liberated before Soviet disintegration to witness an internal civil/armed struggle for political
power as I had predicted in 1988. Iraq’s maneuvered occupation of Kuwait paved the way
for the deployment of the troops of allied powers resulting in “permanent US military
presence” in Gulf. From where, America and American allies can conveniently safeguard
their economic interests and take direct action against Iran after over-powering Iraq at any
moment they like. Now America does not need a reliable policeman like Reza Shah Pahlavi
to watch super power’s interests in the Gulf. Similarly, the disintegration of the Soviet Union
has reduced the importance of Pakistan as a frontline state and Afghanistan as a buffer zone
to naught. Now, with this background in view, what does Pakistan expect from United
States for which so much importance is accorded to Prime Minister’s visit to America?
Pakistan, at the moment, has three major and genuine areas of concern:
5. The first and foremost is unrest, Indian armed atrocities and painful violation of human
rights in occupied Kashmir.
Second and equally important is the perpetual bloody armed struggle for political power in
Afghanistan.
And…the third is the inexcusable unwillingness of America to hand over already paid for F-
16 aircraft or to refund the money.
No one, either in opposition or in power, can deny the need for a serious top level dialogue
between America and Pakistan on these important issues. These issues have aroused anti-
American sentiments in Pakistan, created hurdles in the smooth functioning of SAARC and
ECO and invisibly but definitely hurt Pakistan’s armed forces in the sense that they must get
the weapons for which the government has already made the payment in hard cash to up-
grade Pakistan’s defense capability. It is believed that Benazir Bhutto is quite competent in
diplomatic skill to convince the American leaders to take these issues seriously and to do
something to help Pakistan for their early settlement. But does Pakistan’s interest coincide
with the regional and global interests of America too? The success of Benazir’s visit depends
on the answer to this question in the affirmative. Experts of international relations feel that
irrespective of Pakistan’s regional GDP of US$820.1 billion which is the highest in South
Asia, Americans and US Allies, in view of their most disappointing experiences in Iran and
Iraq, will never allow Pakistan to become a regional investment center to cover the markets
of affluent but troubled Gulf, potentially very dangerous Central Asian Republics and poor in
average per capita income but large mass of consumers in South Asia. Their territory of
priority is India because they can rely on India against China and Muslim countries of
Central Asia and the Gulf region. They want to bring India at par with China in military and
economic strength to have a reliable strong ally in the fastest growing economic region of
the world. They will definitely agree to extend a helping hand in the endeavors for the early
6. settlement of issues mentioned earlier but not from Pakistan’s point of view but from India’s
perspective. Therefore, Benazir is advised to play her cards very carefully. No doubt, we are
smart enough to understand what is happening around us but we are not smart enough to
understand what moves Americans have in mind. This is what history of Pak-America
relations teaches us.
Now let us see what the Holy Quran says about expectations from non-Muslims. In Sura
Toba (Repentance) or Bara’at (Immunity) the God Almighty warns: “How (can there be such
a league) seeing that if they get an advantage over you, they respect not in you the ties
either of kinship or of covenant? With (fair words from) their mouths they entice you, but
their hearts are averse from you; and most of them are rebellious and wicked.” This is what
Benazir has to remember in view of past experiences in 1965 Indo-Pak War, in 1971 Fall of
Dacca, American attitude after Soviet retreat from Afghanistan and America’s refusal to
deliver pre-paid military merchandise. Is America trustworthy?
PM’s TIMELY VISIT TO IRAN
Prime Minister of Pakistan’s visit to Iran is as timely and as important as her last visit to the
United States of America. Her cautiously worded diplomatic statements regarding Pakistan’s
willingness to become a frontline state against “Islamic Fundamentalism,” consequent
diplomatically invisible quiet resentment in pro-Iran circles and Iran’s instant pro-India
diplomatic tilt clearly conveyed the message that Benazir’s statement was not taken lightly.
With this background in view it was expected that Benazir’s diplomatic advisor’s had
realized the nature and seriousness of the harm done and now they would seriously try to
convince Iran that the Prime Minister was misunderstood. But unfortunately, Sardar Asif
Ahmed Ali’s confirmation, that Pakistan with America’s “prior consent” and “appreciation” is
willing to initiate a diplomatic effort to bring “rapprochement” between U. S. and Iran
indicates that the Prime Minister is visiting Iran with a “partially” Wrong Agenda!
7. The only One Point Agenda for bi-lateral and multi-lateral dialogue between Muslim heads of
state and governments must be Unity at Any Cost! Muslim countries must immediately
discuss their genuine and in-genuine differences among themselves either directly or
through impartial Muslim countries. Only unity will enable them to survive in the post cold-
war twenty first century. They must remember Malaysian Prime Minister’s advice, though
for a different reason and from a different platform, “it is better to hang together instead of
getting hanged individually.”
(ADDENDUM: It was a prophetic advice. First Saddam Hussain was hanged after a
court trial, Qaddafi was brutally murdered by a disorderly mob in a street and now
Syrian President is the target…It is not difficult to guess who the next two are?)
American designs against the Muslim Ummah are clearly visible. Her strategically designed,
diplomatically engineered and geo-economically disastrous military presence in the Gulf
region, her eyes on the port of Gawadar for strategic military and economic reasons and her
most condemnable behavior in a purely commercial military transaction i=with Pakistan
clearly proves that USA, irrespective of her highly inexcusable delay in announcing her
willingness to pay our money back, is more unreliable than an enemy.
Instead of a serious effort to get out of American evil influence, our government intends to
prepare ground for revival of USA’s relations with Iran! This is the biggest diplomatic joke of
the century. What are our diplomatic priorities? Why are we desperately trying to turn
Pakistan into an American Embassy in the region? Thanks to United States of America’s
conspiracies, the entire Muslim world, as an Ummah, is oblivious of its present and future
role in emerging regional and global social, political, diplomatic and economic scenarios.
Muslim countries are not capable of defending themselves. Economically, most of them have
become almost bankrupt or are on their way to bankruptcy. If it is not true then what
American forces are doing in the Gulf? Why Pressler and Brown Amendments are as well
8. known in Pakistan as the Eighth Amendment? Why Yasser Arafat has embraced Rabin? Why
our economic policies are dictated by IMF and the World Bank? These are very disturbing
but timely questions.
The foreign office has tries to give an impression that Pakistan’s initiative to bring
rapprochement between Iran and the USA resembles Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s successful
historical effort “to end the gulf between China and the United States of America.” They
forget that the purpose of ZAB’s effort was to prepare ground for China’s membership of the
UNO which was not only in the interest of Pakistan but was also the urgent need of the hour
too. He wanted to put a check on, if not an end to, unjust American Soviet Union’s political
and diplomatic exploitation of the UNO. He was never convinced that Muslim countries could
expect social, political and economic justice from a diplomatic circus and speakers club
called the United Nations. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s most remarkable achievement was his
success in bringing Muslim countries on a common platform called the Organization of
Islamic Countries (OIC) with an objective to discuss and solve the problems of the Muslim
Ummah without involving or depending on the non-Muslim countries and powers. Today, the
OIC has turned into a white elephant. What conclusive role did it play in bringing an end to
Iran-Iraq War? Why the Gulf Cooperation Council had to buy American military assistance to
get Kuwait liberated? Why Yasser Arafat had to go to Washington to sign an agreement with
Israel? Why Muslim forces are fighting in Bosnia as UN forces instead of OIC forces? What
role is OIC playing in bringing to an end the civil war in Afghanistan? What help is the OIC
extending to Kashmiris in their war of survival against the Indian army? The Prime Minister
must discuss these questions with Muslim heads of states and governments to find their
answers. Who are the UNO and the USA to impose sanctions on Iraq, Libya and Iran? If any
Muslim country has done anything wrong, it is the OIC’s responsibility to see that the
country is advised to correct itself. Only the OIC must be authorized to announce sanctions
against Muslim countries in the event of non-compliance.
9. After the expected natural demise of communism, Islam and the Muslim World have
become targets of America and Europe’s conspiracies. Therefore, the Muslim Ummah from
Nile to Kashghar has become the frontline Ummah. The anti-Muslims call the true believers
of the genuine faith Fundamentalists. There are two mutually antagonistic groups in today’s
world, Islamists and anti-Muslim Fundamentalists. The anti-Muslim Fundamentalists have
declared war against Islam and the Islamists. Those Muslim heads of states and
governments who think that they can win genuine support of the anti-Muslim
Fundamentalists for the perpetuation of economic plunder and political exploitation are
living in a paradise of fools. Their days are numbered in Muslim countries. With this brief
background in view, the Prime Minister is better advised to go to Iran with the following
proposed three point diplomatic agenda
1. What role Iran and Pakistan can jointly play to bring an end to the civil war in
Afghanistan and Indian atrocities in the disputed territory of Kashmir? This point will
automatically cover bi-lateral and regional economic prospects
2. Iran and Iraq must initiate dialogue to resolve their differences in the larger interest of
the Muslim Ummah. How can Pakistan be of help?
3. Iran, Iraq and countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council in general and Saudi Arabia and
Kuwait in particular must immediately negotiate and sign a No War Pact declaring Gulf a
No War Zone. The proposed Pact will prepare ground for the repatriation of American
forces from the Gulf which are destroying the economy of the Gulf countries and are a
constant threat to their independence too.
Iranians know it better than us to decide when it will be in their interest to normalize
relations with United States of America and how. We must try to get out of the internal and
external mess we are in due to American influence.