This document contains a series of slides presented by Doug Hall of W D Hall Company and Gene Murray of W&M Environmental Group. The slides discuss water usage and management concerns related to hydraulic fracturing operations in the Eagle Ford Shale region of Texas. Specifically, the slides address issues around fresh water availability, the role of groundwater conservation districts, water reuse and recycling, use of alternative water sources, and non-water fracturing options. The final slides propose ideas for centralized treatment of produced water from multiple operators that could then be sold for beneficial uses.
Rockland County faces increasing water demand that exceeds its sustainable supply. United Water NY proposes a desalination plant on the Hudson River in Haverstraw to produce 1.5 million gallons per day initially. Desalination is expensive and energy intensive, and the plant's waste may increase river contamination. Alternative options like developing other sources or implementing further conservation measures deserve further consideration given the plant's high costs and environmental impacts. Local governments and citizen groups have opposed the plant due to these concerns.
The document discusses the history of drought in Texas, noting that paleoclimatological evidence shows megadroughts have occurred in Texas lasting 20-40 years. It provides examples of droughts impacting Native Americans, Spanish explorers, early Texas settlers, the Civil War era, and throughout the 20th century. The most severe recent drought was in the 1950s, but the late 1980s drought was also particularly damaging, costing nearly $40 billion.
The North Fort Bend Water Authority has delivered surface water to utility districts in northeast Fort Bend County more than two years ahead of schedule. This allows the Authority to earn "early conversion credits" that can be applied to future goals for reducing dependence on groundwater. The Authority has installed over 26 miles of pipeline to connect districts to the new surface water supply from the City of Houston. By beginning the conversion earlier than required, the Authority gains a buffer against potential delays in meeting groundwater reduction targets.
There has been much public discussion and speculation lately about the feasibility of the Catahoula Aquifer as a primary water source for Montgomery County. The SJRA’s position on this issue is outlined in the documents below.
Presentation given at the San Diego County Water Authority's Water Planning Meeting on Oct. 25, 2012. To view agenda visit www.sdcwa.org/monthly-board-meeting-20
Yardx: Yield and Reliability Demonstrated in Xeriscape - Colorado Water WiseEric851q
The Yield And Reliability Demonstrated in Xeriscape (YARDX) project studied the benefits of water-conserving Xeriscape landscaping along Colorado's Front Range. 357 residential properties in 7 cities participated. The study found that properly designed and maintained Xeriscapes can save 18-50% of water compared to traditional landscapes. Xeriscape installation costs ranged from $0.90 to $1.45 per square foot. Homeowners contributed substantial labor. Water savings of around 30% were typical for new properties following a 1⁄4 low/1⁄4 moderate/1⁄2 turf design. Retrofits saved 28-32% on average. Maintenance costs were
Rockland County faces increasing water demand that exceeds its sustainable supply. United Water NY proposes a desalination plant on the Hudson River in Haverstraw to produce 1.5 million gallons per day initially. Desalination is expensive and energy intensive, and the plant's waste may increase river contamination. Alternative options like developing other sources or implementing further conservation measures deserve further consideration given the plant's high costs and environmental impacts. Local governments and citizen groups have opposed the plant due to these concerns.
The document discusses the history of drought in Texas, noting that paleoclimatological evidence shows megadroughts have occurred in Texas lasting 20-40 years. It provides examples of droughts impacting Native Americans, Spanish explorers, early Texas settlers, the Civil War era, and throughout the 20th century. The most severe recent drought was in the 1950s, but the late 1980s drought was also particularly damaging, costing nearly $40 billion.
The North Fort Bend Water Authority has delivered surface water to utility districts in northeast Fort Bend County more than two years ahead of schedule. This allows the Authority to earn "early conversion credits" that can be applied to future goals for reducing dependence on groundwater. The Authority has installed over 26 miles of pipeline to connect districts to the new surface water supply from the City of Houston. By beginning the conversion earlier than required, the Authority gains a buffer against potential delays in meeting groundwater reduction targets.
There has been much public discussion and speculation lately about the feasibility of the Catahoula Aquifer as a primary water source for Montgomery County. The SJRA’s position on this issue is outlined in the documents below.
Presentation given at the San Diego County Water Authority's Water Planning Meeting on Oct. 25, 2012. To view agenda visit www.sdcwa.org/monthly-board-meeting-20
Yardx: Yield and Reliability Demonstrated in Xeriscape - Colorado Water WiseEric851q
The Yield And Reliability Demonstrated in Xeriscape (YARDX) project studied the benefits of water-conserving Xeriscape landscaping along Colorado's Front Range. 357 residential properties in 7 cities participated. The study found that properly designed and maintained Xeriscapes can save 18-50% of water compared to traditional landscapes. Xeriscape installation costs ranged from $0.90 to $1.45 per square foot. Homeowners contributed substantial labor. Water savings of around 30% were typical for new properties following a 1⁄4 low/1⁄4 moderate/1⁄2 turf design. Retrofits saved 28-32% on average. Maintenance costs were
Hard water is water with high mineral content. It does not pose health risks but can cause issues for industrial equipment by forming scale. Water softening removes calcium and magnesium ions to reduce hard water's effects. Hard water reacts with soap to form precipitates rather than lather, and deposits scale in pipes and appliances. Water softening is commonly used to address these problems.
The WHCRWA is planning for its 2020 conversion milestone which will require bringing surface water from Houston's northeast water purification plant near Lake Houston, a more difficult route than for the 2010 conversion. Engineers are surveying and acquiring easements for a 9-mile water line from the plant and a 30-mile line crossing Harris County. The 2020 conversion will also require 75 miles of distribution lines and expansion of the northeast plant. While construction is years in the future, planning work is underway to meet the 2020 deadline of 70% surface water usage.
This document reviews using renewable energy for water desalination, specifically reverse osmosis desalination powered by hybrid renewable energy systems. It provides an overview of global and domestic desalination capacities and trends. Saudi Arabia relies heavily on desalination for its water needs due to limited freshwater resources. While fossil fuels currently power most desalination, renewable energy sources like solar and wind offer a cleaner alternative. The review analyzes various studies on combining renewable sources like solar, wind, and hybrid systems to power desalination processes.
Drill Bit Manufacturer Cuts Water Use by 88 PercentEric851q
Drill bit manufacturer Security DBS achieved an 88% reduction in water consumption per unit produced over 3 years through various water conservation efforts. They established an environmental engineering department in 1992 to reduce water, stormwater, and sewer usage. Efforts included eliminating stormwater discharges, converting once-through cooling to recycling systems, and working with the Texas Water Development Board to identify additional savings opportunities. As a result, water consumption dropped from 32 million gallons in 1992 to 14.4 million gallons in 1996.
Amr fadlelmawla desalination-kuwait (1)Nidaa Majali
This document discusses Kuwait's water sector and the key role of desalination. It provides details on Kuwait's water balance, the history and operations of its large desalination industry, challenges facing the sector including increasing demand and modernization needs, and opportunities to address challenges through reforms and further private sector involvement. Desalination is described as critical and resilient against climate change impacts for Kuwait and other Gulf nations.
the necessity of large flow calibration systems for water main systems for th...AquaSPE AG
The attached presentation discusses the necessity of large flow calibration systems for water main systems for the determination of leakage losses, and the quantities of processed water that can be saved through the combination of distribution-side minimization of leakage losses and consumer-side conservation -- and why it makes little sense to put costly recycled and/or desalinated water into water mains that continue to leak.
Sprayed Away: Seven Ways to Reduce Texas’ Outdoor Water UseDanousis85z
Texas is the fastest growing state and faces increasing pressure on its limited water supplies. Outdoor water use, primarily for landscape irrigation, increases dramatically in the summer and accounts for about half of total municipal water usage. Implementing various conservation strategies like improving irrigation systems, incentivizing water-efficient landscaping, enacting watering ordinances, and expanding education programs could reduce outdoor water usage by 25% on average across 18 major Texas cities, saving over 147 million gallons per day. Doing so would benefit both utilities and customers by decreasing costs and better preserving water resources for the future.
The document discusses issues around produced water from energy development and opportunities for water reuse. It notes that produced water volumes can be significant, especially from unconventional sources like coal bed methane. While fracking uses a small percentage of total water, agricultural use is much larger. Produced water reuse projects could help address water shortages, but regulatory hurdles around water rights and discharge standards must be overcome. Treatment technologies are improving and customized approaches may enable wider reuse of produced water in the future.
Water Wise: Residential Landscape and Irrigation Guide for Western ColoradoKaila694m
This guide provides best practices for residential water conservation and irrigation in western Colorado. It discusses the importance of being good water stewards given the region's arid climate and finite water resources. The guide covers topics like understanding local soil types, selecting drought-tolerant plants, designing efficient irrigation systems, and using evapotranspiration data to determine optimal watering amounts to prevent overwatering and the pollution of local waterways. The overall goal is to educate residents on landscape and watering practices that save both water and money while preserving the environment.
Wastewater Treatment Trends in the 21st Century - George Tchobanoglous, Unive...marcus evans Network
George Tchobanoglous, University of California, Davis - Speaker at the marcus evans Water & Wastewater Management Summit, held in Summerlin, NV, May 3-4, 2012, delivered his presentation on Wastewater Treatment Trends in the 21st Century
NY: A Green Infrastructure Approach - Onondaga Creek Water QualitySotirakou964
This document summarizes a report on improving water quality in Onondaga Creek through green infrastructure approaches. It provides background on combined sewer overflows polluting the creek and discusses planning efforts to reduce stormwater runoff volumes. The report selects a site for modeling green infrastructure techniques, including bioswales, curb cuts, rain gardens, blue roofs, and permeable surfaces. It analyzes costs and recommends the designed approaches as sustainable and cost-effective alternatives to traditional sewer infrastructure expansion.
The document discusses the history of drought in Texas based on paleoclimatological records. It notes that megadroughts have occurred in Texas lasting 20-40 years, including some in the 1100s-1200s and late 1500s. When the Spanish explorer Cabeza de Vaca arrived in Texas in the 1530s he encountered a population suffering from a drought of at least two years. Droughts also impacted settlers and colonies in the 1600s-1800s. The most severe drought on record was in the 1950s, but several major droughts have occurred since, including costly multi-year droughts in the 1980s and the current ongoing drought beginning in 2010.
This is the presentation delivered by Amanda Cronin, of Washington Water Trust, on the Nisqually Water Banking Feasibility Study at the January 15 2010 Nisqually River Council Meeting.
Water Recycling and Conservation: Advocacy and Public PolicyJennifer Perkins
I recently had the opportunity to speak at the 21st International Petroleum Environmental Conference on Water Recycling Advocacy and Public Policy. Water is a critical, finite resource and it's incumbent on all of us to find ways to ensure we have enough.
This document provides an overview of global trends in seawater desalination and WWF's position on the issue. It notes that while desalination capacity is increasing rapidly around the world, significant environmental impacts and economic costs remain unresolved. WWF believes desalination should only be pursued where there is a genuine need to increase supply, and only after fully considering more environmentally-benign alternatives like water conservation and efficiency. Large desalination projects require thorough assessment of both economic and environmental impacts prior to approval.
The document provides an overview of major desalination projects and trends in California. It discusses the recently completed Carlsbad Desalination Project, the largest desalination plant in the Western Hemisphere, as well as proposed projects in the Bay Area, Monterey Peninsula, Huntington Beach, Santa Cruz, and Sand City. Regulatory hurdles and the high energy costs associated with desalination in California are also mentioned.
The Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County have a long history of water reuse and operate 11 wastewater treatment plants that treat over 500 million gallons per day of wastewater. Approximately 200 million gallons per day of treated water is recycled for reuse purposes, with the number of reuse sites increasing. Challenges for recycled water distribution include the high cost of infrastructure and balancing daily and seasonal supply and demand.
States Take a Closer Look at Rainwater Harvesting - USAD6Z
1. Several states are regulating or considering regulating rainwater harvesting as water becomes more scarce and its collection grows in popularity.
2. Washington state law currently requires permits for rainwater collection but lacks clear guidelines around exemption thresholds.
3. The Department of Ecology plans to draft rules that would exempt small rainwater collection systems from permits while prioritizing permits for larger systems to encourage stormwater management.
This document analyzes water usage in multi-unit complexes (MUCs) in Saskatoon. It finds that high-rise MUCs have seen decreasing water usage while low-rise usage first increased and then decreased. MUCs with fewer units tend to use more water per unit. Areas with many MUCs do not necessarily have high per-unit usage. Retrofitting MUCs to reduce usage can be cost-effective. Surveys found MUCs do not prioritize conservation but open to initiatives. Partnering with other groups on rebates could incentivize retrofitting and reduce water usage.
Recycling produced water and brackish groundwater in the oil field 2014Clean Water Strategies
This document discusses recycling produced water and brackish groundwater in the Texas oil field. It notes that produced water is a byproduct of oil and gas extraction and contains high levels of total dissolved solids. Recycling produced water and brackish groundwater could help address water shortages as the state's population grows 82% by 2060. Treatment can allow reuse of this water in fracking operations. A centralized facility could treat large volumes of produced and brackish water cost effectively for reuse in the oil field. However, such facilities face risks from fluctuating oil prices and regulations. Overall, the document argues that a combination of produced water and brackish groundwater is a better long-term water source for
On September 24, 2014, Kenneth Cook from WaterCentric joined us at the North Texas Commission offices to discuss Texas Water Rights and Alternative Sourcing. The North Texas Commission Webinar Series, Topic: North Texas, is presented by Verizon.
Hard water is water with high mineral content. It does not pose health risks but can cause issues for industrial equipment by forming scale. Water softening removes calcium and magnesium ions to reduce hard water's effects. Hard water reacts with soap to form precipitates rather than lather, and deposits scale in pipes and appliances. Water softening is commonly used to address these problems.
The WHCRWA is planning for its 2020 conversion milestone which will require bringing surface water from Houston's northeast water purification plant near Lake Houston, a more difficult route than for the 2010 conversion. Engineers are surveying and acquiring easements for a 9-mile water line from the plant and a 30-mile line crossing Harris County. The 2020 conversion will also require 75 miles of distribution lines and expansion of the northeast plant. While construction is years in the future, planning work is underway to meet the 2020 deadline of 70% surface water usage.
This document reviews using renewable energy for water desalination, specifically reverse osmosis desalination powered by hybrid renewable energy systems. It provides an overview of global and domestic desalination capacities and trends. Saudi Arabia relies heavily on desalination for its water needs due to limited freshwater resources. While fossil fuels currently power most desalination, renewable energy sources like solar and wind offer a cleaner alternative. The review analyzes various studies on combining renewable sources like solar, wind, and hybrid systems to power desalination processes.
Drill Bit Manufacturer Cuts Water Use by 88 PercentEric851q
Drill bit manufacturer Security DBS achieved an 88% reduction in water consumption per unit produced over 3 years through various water conservation efforts. They established an environmental engineering department in 1992 to reduce water, stormwater, and sewer usage. Efforts included eliminating stormwater discharges, converting once-through cooling to recycling systems, and working with the Texas Water Development Board to identify additional savings opportunities. As a result, water consumption dropped from 32 million gallons in 1992 to 14.4 million gallons in 1996.
Amr fadlelmawla desalination-kuwait (1)Nidaa Majali
This document discusses Kuwait's water sector and the key role of desalination. It provides details on Kuwait's water balance, the history and operations of its large desalination industry, challenges facing the sector including increasing demand and modernization needs, and opportunities to address challenges through reforms and further private sector involvement. Desalination is described as critical and resilient against climate change impacts for Kuwait and other Gulf nations.
the necessity of large flow calibration systems for water main systems for th...AquaSPE AG
The attached presentation discusses the necessity of large flow calibration systems for water main systems for the determination of leakage losses, and the quantities of processed water that can be saved through the combination of distribution-side minimization of leakage losses and consumer-side conservation -- and why it makes little sense to put costly recycled and/or desalinated water into water mains that continue to leak.
Sprayed Away: Seven Ways to Reduce Texas’ Outdoor Water UseDanousis85z
Texas is the fastest growing state and faces increasing pressure on its limited water supplies. Outdoor water use, primarily for landscape irrigation, increases dramatically in the summer and accounts for about half of total municipal water usage. Implementing various conservation strategies like improving irrigation systems, incentivizing water-efficient landscaping, enacting watering ordinances, and expanding education programs could reduce outdoor water usage by 25% on average across 18 major Texas cities, saving over 147 million gallons per day. Doing so would benefit both utilities and customers by decreasing costs and better preserving water resources for the future.
The document discusses issues around produced water from energy development and opportunities for water reuse. It notes that produced water volumes can be significant, especially from unconventional sources like coal bed methane. While fracking uses a small percentage of total water, agricultural use is much larger. Produced water reuse projects could help address water shortages, but regulatory hurdles around water rights and discharge standards must be overcome. Treatment technologies are improving and customized approaches may enable wider reuse of produced water in the future.
Water Wise: Residential Landscape and Irrigation Guide for Western ColoradoKaila694m
This guide provides best practices for residential water conservation and irrigation in western Colorado. It discusses the importance of being good water stewards given the region's arid climate and finite water resources. The guide covers topics like understanding local soil types, selecting drought-tolerant plants, designing efficient irrigation systems, and using evapotranspiration data to determine optimal watering amounts to prevent overwatering and the pollution of local waterways. The overall goal is to educate residents on landscape and watering practices that save both water and money while preserving the environment.
Wastewater Treatment Trends in the 21st Century - George Tchobanoglous, Unive...marcus evans Network
George Tchobanoglous, University of California, Davis - Speaker at the marcus evans Water & Wastewater Management Summit, held in Summerlin, NV, May 3-4, 2012, delivered his presentation on Wastewater Treatment Trends in the 21st Century
NY: A Green Infrastructure Approach - Onondaga Creek Water QualitySotirakou964
This document summarizes a report on improving water quality in Onondaga Creek through green infrastructure approaches. It provides background on combined sewer overflows polluting the creek and discusses planning efforts to reduce stormwater runoff volumes. The report selects a site for modeling green infrastructure techniques, including bioswales, curb cuts, rain gardens, blue roofs, and permeable surfaces. It analyzes costs and recommends the designed approaches as sustainable and cost-effective alternatives to traditional sewer infrastructure expansion.
The document discusses the history of drought in Texas based on paleoclimatological records. It notes that megadroughts have occurred in Texas lasting 20-40 years, including some in the 1100s-1200s and late 1500s. When the Spanish explorer Cabeza de Vaca arrived in Texas in the 1530s he encountered a population suffering from a drought of at least two years. Droughts also impacted settlers and colonies in the 1600s-1800s. The most severe drought on record was in the 1950s, but several major droughts have occurred since, including costly multi-year droughts in the 1980s and the current ongoing drought beginning in 2010.
This is the presentation delivered by Amanda Cronin, of Washington Water Trust, on the Nisqually Water Banking Feasibility Study at the January 15 2010 Nisqually River Council Meeting.
Water Recycling and Conservation: Advocacy and Public PolicyJennifer Perkins
I recently had the opportunity to speak at the 21st International Petroleum Environmental Conference on Water Recycling Advocacy and Public Policy. Water is a critical, finite resource and it's incumbent on all of us to find ways to ensure we have enough.
This document provides an overview of global trends in seawater desalination and WWF's position on the issue. It notes that while desalination capacity is increasing rapidly around the world, significant environmental impacts and economic costs remain unresolved. WWF believes desalination should only be pursued where there is a genuine need to increase supply, and only after fully considering more environmentally-benign alternatives like water conservation and efficiency. Large desalination projects require thorough assessment of both economic and environmental impacts prior to approval.
The document provides an overview of major desalination projects and trends in California. It discusses the recently completed Carlsbad Desalination Project, the largest desalination plant in the Western Hemisphere, as well as proposed projects in the Bay Area, Monterey Peninsula, Huntington Beach, Santa Cruz, and Sand City. Regulatory hurdles and the high energy costs associated with desalination in California are also mentioned.
The Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County have a long history of water reuse and operate 11 wastewater treatment plants that treat over 500 million gallons per day of wastewater. Approximately 200 million gallons per day of treated water is recycled for reuse purposes, with the number of reuse sites increasing. Challenges for recycled water distribution include the high cost of infrastructure and balancing daily and seasonal supply and demand.
States Take a Closer Look at Rainwater Harvesting - USAD6Z
1. Several states are regulating or considering regulating rainwater harvesting as water becomes more scarce and its collection grows in popularity.
2. Washington state law currently requires permits for rainwater collection but lacks clear guidelines around exemption thresholds.
3. The Department of Ecology plans to draft rules that would exempt small rainwater collection systems from permits while prioritizing permits for larger systems to encourage stormwater management.
This document analyzes water usage in multi-unit complexes (MUCs) in Saskatoon. It finds that high-rise MUCs have seen decreasing water usage while low-rise usage first increased and then decreased. MUCs with fewer units tend to use more water per unit. Areas with many MUCs do not necessarily have high per-unit usage. Retrofitting MUCs to reduce usage can be cost-effective. Surveys found MUCs do not prioritize conservation but open to initiatives. Partnering with other groups on rebates could incentivize retrofitting and reduce water usage.
Recycling produced water and brackish groundwater in the oil field 2014Clean Water Strategies
This document discusses recycling produced water and brackish groundwater in the Texas oil field. It notes that produced water is a byproduct of oil and gas extraction and contains high levels of total dissolved solids. Recycling produced water and brackish groundwater could help address water shortages as the state's population grows 82% by 2060. Treatment can allow reuse of this water in fracking operations. A centralized facility could treat large volumes of produced and brackish water cost effectively for reuse in the oil field. However, such facilities face risks from fluctuating oil prices and regulations. Overall, the document argues that a combination of produced water and brackish groundwater is a better long-term water source for
On September 24, 2014, Kenneth Cook from WaterCentric joined us at the North Texas Commission offices to discuss Texas Water Rights and Alternative Sourcing. The North Texas Commission Webinar Series, Topic: North Texas, is presented by Verizon.
Ensuring a Safe, Sustainable Future Water Supply--Case StudyTeresa Long
By 2060, water usage in Texas is projected to exceed available supply due to population growth. An additional 8.5 million acre-feet of new water sources per year will be needed. The document examines strategies proposed by the Texas Water Development Board to meet future demand, including increasing conventional sources by 60%, conservation by 24%, and developing alternative sources like desalination, brackish groundwater desalination, rainwater harvesting, aquifer storage and recovery, reuse, and emerging technologies to supply the remaining 16%. A diverse combination of solutions must be implemented to ensure a sustainable water supply for the state.
Austin Water is engaged in aggressive water conservation and climate programs aimed at reducing water use and addressing the water-energy nexus, while continuing to provide reliable and sustainable water and wastewater service to customers. The programs include: mandatory watering restrictions; installation of renewable energy at plants and facilities; and implementing employee ideas to save energy in operations – all while dealing with the worst drought since the historic drought of the 1950s.
The newsletter provides information on:
1) The link between energy and water usage, and how producing energy requires water while treating water uses energy.
2) Details of an Australian study tour where delegates learned about the severe drought's impacts in Australia and progressive water management practices.
3) New clients and team members at Acequia, including expanded operations in South Texas and strategic research partnerships.
This document investigates co-locating a desalination plant with the Joslin Steam Electric Station in Point Comfort, Texas to provide a drought-proof water supply for regions L and N. A reverse osmosis desalination plant is proposed that would treat 180 million gallons per day of seawater to produce 90 million gallons per day of drinking water and reject hypersaline water. Reject water and solids from pretreatment would be returned through the existing plant discharge. Environmental impacts were found to be minimal. The estimated cost of the desalinated water is $1.75 per 1000 gallons. Combining this supply with 100,000 acre-feet of existing surface water supply would provide 200,000 acre-feet
Finding Water Through Rain introduces several
conservation alternatives in rainwater and stormwater
management. These concepts include greenway
acquisition, wetlands, cisterns, pervious concrete,
earthworks, native plants and green roofs. By
implementing these practices Atlanta could use rainwater
more efficiently.
The City of Big Spring Texas was in severe drought and running out of fresh water. Augmenting freshwater supplies with purified wastewater was the best economical solution. Purifying wastewater to better-than-drinking standards flipped the cost of operating a wastewater plant to a revenue generator, simply by adding more treatment technology. This presentation, from the Florida Water Resources Conference, explains the rationale for selecting UV Oxidation as part of the proven treatment train.
Florida Water Resources Conference on Big Spring Texas Freshwater Augmentatio...Terrance (Terry) Keep
The City of Big Spring Texas was in severe drought and running out of fresh water. Augmenting freshwater supplies with purified wastewater was the best economical solution. Purifying wastewater to better-than-drinking standards flipped the cost of operating a wastewater plant to a revenue generator, simply by adding more treatment technology. This presentation, from the Florida Water Resources Conference, explains the rationale for selecting UV Oxidation as part of the proven treatment train.
Regional Water Issues and Solutions 110729markshively
The document discusses regional water issues and potential solutions in Colorado. It covers the region's geology, climate, history of water usage and legal framework. It also examines current challenges like declining groundwater levels and the need to balance various stakeholders. The document proposes expanding surface water supplies, increasing water conservation and reuse, and developing regional solutions through cooperation between local authorities.
- Produced water from oil and gas extraction poses high costs for transportation and disposal, but also presents an opportunity for beneficial use if desalinated.
- Advances in desalination technology, particularly reverse osmosis, have the potential to make treatment of lower-salinity produced waters cost-effective by allowing deep-well injection of concentrate without an EPA permit.
- A study in Texas found that about 1/3 of produced waters have salinities below 10,000 mg/L, making them candidates for desalination, with potential annual cost savings of millions for operators if treatment and beneficial use were implemented on a large scale.
The document discusses various low impact development programs in multiple cities that help manage stormwater and protect water resources through the use of green infrastructure. It provides examples of green roofs, permeable pavement, rainwater harvesting, bioretention swales, and other natural drainage systems that have significantly reduced stormwater runoff volumes and peak flows in cities like Chicago, Portland, Seattle, Toronto, and Vancouver. It also discusses the Anacostia Waterfront Corporation in Washington D.C. that has established comprehensive environmental standards for development projects, including innovative stormwater retention requirements.
Opportunities & Limitations of ASR as a Water Management Strategy in Texas - ...TWCA
The document discusses opportunities and limitations of Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) as a water management strategy in Texas. It provides an overview of ASR, including the three step process of recharge, storage, and recovery. It discusses how recent legislation (HB 655) in 2015 has positively changed ASR regulations in Texas. Several existing ASR projects in Texas are presented that utilize ASR for long-term storage/banking and seasonal storage/peak demand management. Potential benefits of ASR including storm water management are discussed.
This document discusses desalination and membrane technologies in the United States. It provides background on desalination processes and issues, outlines the federal role in research and adoption, and examines energy, environmental, and cost concerns constraining wider adoption. The federal government primarily supports desalination research and development, while local governments are responsible for building and operating facilities. Key issues for Congress include the appropriate federal role and how to balance supporting research while protecting public health and the environment.
This document discusses the impacts of hydraulic fracturing or "fracking" on water quality and drought conditions. It provides background on fracking processes and chemicals used. It also summarizes recent drought conditions across the US and their effects. The document expresses concerns that fracking poses risks to water supplies by contaminating groundwater and exacerbating water scarcity issues. It notes various protests and studies that have linked fracking to water pollution and earthquakes.
Gray vs. Green: The Role of Watershed-scale Green Infrastructure Systems for ...Mcrpc Staff
This document discusses the role of green infrastructure systems for managing wastewater at a watershed scale. It begins by outlining the historical patterns of water movement through uplands and lowlands, and how contemporary development has reversed these patterns. It then describes various green infrastructure strategies that can replicate natural hydrology, including green roofs, porous pavements, bio-retention systems, rainwater harvesting, wastewater recycling, and native landscaping. The document provides examples of these strategies and concludes by discussing a new paradigm in wastewater treatment using lagoons and floating mats of bacteria to polish wastewater in a low-cost, low-energy manner.
Adapting to a Changing Climate: A Local Restoration Case StudySam Rosen
This document summarizes a stream restoration project along Mulhockaway Creek in Union Township, NJ that was undertaken to address flooding and water quality issues exacerbated by climate change. The project involved installing meanders and structures to slow water flow, raising the stream bed to reconnect it to its floodplain, stabilizing banks with vegetation, and replacing an undersized culvert with an arch culvert to improve water passage. The $500,000 project helped protect water supplies and was funded partly by an EPA grant. Stream restoration projects can boost resiliency to floods and storms while reducing pollution and treatment costs.
As drought continues in Texas and other western states, desalination is often discussed as a solution to water scarcity but presents issues. Desalination requires significant electricity which in Texas primarily comes from fossil fuel plants that use large amounts of water. However, Texas has abundant wind and solar resources that could power desalination with negligible water usage and emissions. Recent studies show opportunities for wind and solar to power desalination plants. Solar in particular provides economic, health and seasonal benefits as costs fall and technology like solar-powered desalination becomes more efficient. The drought in Texas requires a suite of solutions including water conservation, reuse and treating brackish water with renewable energy to maximize new resources rather than relying on any single approach
Similar to Hall murrayaapgdeg savingmoneyconservingfreshwater (20)
4. Drought spurring 2011
fracking concerns
(San Antonio Express-News, 2011)
Oil’s Growing
Water availability, not Thirst for
contamination, Water (WSJ Dec 6, 2011)
worries residents
above Eagle Ford
Shale (CC Caller, 2011)
Karnes County drought nearing
most severe stage (mySouTex.com 2011)
W D Hall Company Austin, Texas 4
5. 2012
Growing water needs pit agriculture
against recreation Houston Chron. July 16, 2012
Water use for hydraulic fracturing in Texas
2008 = 36,000 ac/ft; 2011 = 81,500 ac/ft
125% increase (TX Oil & Gas Assoc., 2012)
Boom Promises 20,000 New Jobs but
Shortages Too
KATE GALBRAITH (July 14, 2012, Texas Tribune)
W D Hall Company Austin, Texas 5
6. 2013
Collaborative conservation key to ensuring
adequate resources (Andrew Sansom, Feb 2, 2013)
Drought puts drain on
Eagle Ford Shale Going Full Speed Ahead
(CC Caller, Feb 7, 2013) water supplies for power
plants
(Houston Chronicle, Feb 6, 2013)
Texas study finds increase in use of water
used for fracking (Texas Tribune, Jan 15, 2013
For Texas
Legislature, what a
difference no rain
Texas Legislature: Group pursues reuse
makes (StateImpact, Feb 5, 2013) of water from fracking
(San Angelo Stand Times, Feb 16, 2013)
W D Hall Company Austin, Texas 6
16. Is There Enough Water to Expand
Development of the Eagle Ford
Shale?
And the answers are:
Water Yes – required volumes exist in the region
Fresh groundwater No
supply concerns where drilling intensity is high in rural counties.
fresh groundwater may not always be where it is needed
W D Hall Company Austin, Texas 16
17. Who directly impacts the availability of
groundwater for E&P operations?
Land Owners
Groundwater Conservation Districts (GCDs)
Railroad Commission
W D Hall Company Austin, Texas 17
19. The water Sheriff is the General Manager of the
local Groundwater Conservation District
And the District Board of Directors
A water well used solely to supply water to a
drilling rig for oil and gas is exempt from obtaining
a drilling permit from the GCD
Big question – Is a frac water supply well exempt?
W D Hall Company Austin, Texas 19
20. What are they?
Desired future conditions are the desired,
quantified condition of groundwater resources
such as:
water levels
water quality
spring flows, or
Volumes
for a specified aquifer within a management area
at a specified time or times in the future.
W D Hall Company Austin, Texas 20
22. Options
Onsite treatment for reuse/recycling of flowback
and produced water
Use of alternate water supplies
Non-water hydraulic fracturing options
Opportunities to be smart, cost effective and develop good
relationships with local communities
W D Hall Company Austin, Texas 22
23. Onsite treatment for reuse/ recycling of
flowback and produced water
Railroad Commission has permitted a number of
Mobile Produced Water Treatment Companies for
work in the Eagle Ford
Treatment choices
For reuse (clean brine/TSS removal (some blending with
fresh groundwater) – reuse in fracs
For recycling (clean water/TSS and TDS removal); sold for
other uses?
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24. Onsite treatment for reuse/ recycling of
flowback and produced water
General water management expenses for E&P operations
Clean water supply acquisition costs
Water supply transport cost
Pipeline costs
Vacuum trucks to remove waste water
Trucks cost to transport produced water to SWD well
SWD well fees
E&P operators are paying $3-$8/bbl to convert produced
water to clean water + acquisition, storage and transportation
costs
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25. Onsite treatment for reuse/ recycling of
flowback and produced water
Pros
Lower water acquisition costs
Reduced disposal costs
Reduced use of fresh water
Reduced environmental impact from transport and disposal
Fewer truck trips
Former waste stream becomes part of supply chain
Adding water to the hydrologic system!
Cons
COST - If fresh groundwater is abundant and locally available from water
wells, treatment and reuse / recycling is not usually economical
Increased environmental risks from additional site treatment operations
W D Hall Company Austin, Texas 25
26. Use of alternate water supplies
From municipal wastewater system to industry – Crystal City,
Pleasanton, Kenedy, Poth,
From industrial wastewater systems to other industry users –
San Miguel Electric Coop, Gonzalez Southern Clay
Before either municipal and industrial wastewaters are used for hydraulic fracturing,
the transaction will need authorization from TCEQ.
Brackish groundwater – Is being used!
Brackish groundwater has 1000 to 10,000 mg/l TDS.
Both brackish and saline water (> 10,000 mg/l TDS) can be used for hydraulic
fracturing.
Brackish groundwater is plentiful in many parts of Texas.
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28. Non-water hydraulic fracturing options
Providers and users in the Eagle Ford
GasFrac Energy Services, Inc. – uses liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) instead of water
Chimera Energy – exothermic reactions instead of water, metal oxides create heat that expands and
cracks the shale
Baker Hughes – VaporFrac uses CO2 or nitrogen instead of water
eCORP Stimulation Technologies - uses propane (Frio County)
Users - Blackbrush Oil & Gas and Jadela Oil
Pros – water conservation; reduce costs for water wells; more compatible with formation’s gas;
quicker completions with no flowback water; wells can be placed into production faster; fewer
additives required; reduced formation damage; cost saving where water isn’t available; helps lift
reservoir fluids; no clay swelling; allows more gas to escape.
Cons – LPG cost – 50% premium over traditional fracking companies;; Safety compared to water
fracs? Potential for the propane to ignite; TBD. Closed pressurized (nitrogen) system, hot zone;
smaller jobs than water fracs; open hole vs plug and perf; logistics of NGL delivery; fluid availability.
Slow to catch on for some reason?
W D Hall Company Austin, Texas 28
30. $$$$$-Saving and Revenue
Generating Water Management
Ideas
Operate centralized treatment facilities
for produced water from multiple operators and leases
which can be sold for a variety of beneficial uses
W D Hall Company Austin, Texas 30
31. Yes if:
There are sufficient quantities and appropriate locations of
produced water that are available to treat
These quantities are available for greater than 5 years
Local fresh water costs increase and available supply
decreases
The facility operation costs are predictable and controlled
The facility stays flexible with cost-effective treatment
technology
The costs to transport water for re-sale are reasonable
The facility has the right to re-sell the treated/recycled water
The commercial facility saves $$$$ for E&P operators
Operator obtains regulatory and community approval
and more!
W D Hall Company Austin, Texas 31
33. Water for hydraulic fracturing used in Region L counties
In 2011- 17,500 ac/ft or 136 million bbls (Nicot, 2012, Table 15)
Salt water injected/ disposed of in non-productive zones in Region L
counties
In 2011 – 70,417 ac/ft or 546 million bbls (W-14 data from existing wells in
Railroad Commission files)
The potential exists for use of produced water in Region L to fulfill
needs of most hydraulic fracturing operations in Region L
W D Hall Company Austin, Texas 33
34. What Does a Stationary, Commercial Produced Water
Reuse/Recycling Facility Look Like?
W D Hall Company Austin, Texas 34
36. High Sierra’s
Pinedale Anticline
facility in Wyoming
treats 60,000 bpd
of frac water
W D Hall Company Austin, Texas 36
37. Red Desert Reclamation, Wyoming
20,000 bpd of produced and flowback water
W D Hall Company Austin, Texas 37
38. Location – close to produced water generators (> 100 wells) from multiple E&P
operators and treated water users (within approx. 25 – 50 mile radius)
Size – 100 to 300 acres; security fencing
Lined ponds and tanks for water storage (500,000 bbls or more); berms for water
control
Facilities and Equipment – truck loading/ unloading and washing, treatment
equipment (able to treat at least 30,000 to 50,000 bpd), office and laboratory,
maintenance shop, living accommodations, communication towers, water pumps and
pipelines, chemical storage sheds, fresh water well, brackish water well, and SWD well?
And a waste storage area.
Smart logistical management and process monitoring (software): in-out water
volumes, inventory, lab analysis and results, storage and transport/ distribution
services; equipment performance
Reliable communications and reporting for business, technical, and
regulatory needs
W D Hall Company Austin, Texas 38
39. STW Resources to build two
facilities to treat produced
water in Texas, US
(Water-Technology.net - February 6. 2013)
One facility to be located in Upton County in West Texas and the second
will be in the Eagle Ford in South Texas
Polk Breaks Ground at
Recycling Facility in Eagle Ford
(Rigzone, Feb 14, 2013)
This commercial, stationary recycling facility owned by Polk Operating,
LLC will remediate oil-based drilling fluid and cuttings. The 200 acre site
will also include a full-service salt water disposal facility and recycling of
produced water.
W D Hall Company Austin, Texas 39
40. Better pricing from economies of scale of a large, off-lease facility
Reduce the time E&P companies need to be concerned about
treatment of flowback and produced water on their sites
Less onsite water handling and storage costs; reduced labor costs
More economical and flexible treatment options at the commercial
site
Fewer concerns with spill and leakage control on the well site
Lower SWD well disposal volumes and costs
Remediation costs – prevent or minimize costs for spills/leaks
Possibility for dependable/reliable access to predictable quality of
water for hydraulic fracturing
W D Hall Company Austin, Texas 40
41. “The results of our economic analysis show that, over the long-
term, the large volumes of water managed in the development and
production of shale resources justify investments in water
treatment infrastructure.”
“Lifecycle water management in the development and production of
shale resources presents a significant opportunity for cost
savings.”
Water Management Economics in the Development and Production of Shale Resources,
International Association of Energy Economics, 2012, Christopher J Robart, Pac West Consulting
Partners, Houston, TX.
W D Hall Company Austin, Texas 41
42. Approval of stationary, commercial water recycling facilities
Complete the RRC permit application (New in 2013)
What about the issue of air emissions? Communicate with TCEQ
W D Hall Company Austin, Texas 42
43. Is Produced Water a Reliable Revenue Source for Commercial
Treatment Facility Owners? What needs to happen?
Approval of centralized, stationary, commercial water recycling facilities
Approval to collect and combine produced water from
different operators and leases
Looks promising in proposed regs
W D Hall Company Austin, Texas 43
44. Approval of centralized, stationary, commercial water recycling facilities
Approval to collect and combine produced water from different operators
and leases
Decide who owns the water once it leaves the lease and goes
to the commercial recycling facility
Appears the RRC will look to the owner of the commercial
facility for liability responsibilities
Still not sure who has the right to sell water
W D Hall Company Austin, Texas 44
45. Approval of centralized, stationary, commercial water recycling facilities
Approval to collect and combine produced water from different operators
and leases
Decide who owns the water once it leaves the lease and goes to the
commercial recycling facility
Agreement on analytical measurements and procedures
required to document the quality of water when it leaves the
recycling facility
How clean is clean? How clean does it need to be for intended
uses? And how do you know?
TBD
W D Hall Company Austin, Texas 45
46. Approval of centralized, stationary, commercial water recycling facilities
Approval to collect and combine produced water from different operators
and leases
Decide who owns the water once it leaves the lease and goes to the
commercial recycling facility
Agreement on analytical measurements and procedures required to
document the quality of water when it leaves the recycling facility
Decide if owners of the commercial recycling facility can sell
water to users other than oil and gas E&P operations
Depends on the intended usage
W D Hall Company Austin, Texas 46
47. Approval of centralized, stationary, commercial water recycling facilities
Approval to collect and combine produced water from different
operators and leases
Decide who owns the water once it leaves the lease and goes to the
commercial recycling facility
Agreement on analytical measurements and procedures required to
document the quality of water when it leaves the recycling facility
Decide if owners of the commercial recycling facility can sell water to
users other than oil and gas E&P operations
Besides E&P operations, what are acceptable uses of water
from stationary, commercial water reuse/recycling facilities?
Not acceptable for drinking or for watering edible crops
What is OK? Dust control? Boiler feed water? Fire control? Livestock
watering? Wildlife habitat? Aquaculture? Irrigation? Vehicle washing?
W D Hall Company Austin, Texas 47
48. Approval of centralized, stationary, commercial water recycling facilities
Approval to collect and combine produced water from different operators
and leases
Decide who owns the water once it leaves the lease and goes to the
commercial recycling facility
Agreement on analytical measurements and procedures required to
document the quality of water when it leaves the recycling facility
Decide if owners of the commercial recycling facility can sell water to users
other than oil and gas E&P operations
What are the current restriction on use of water from centralized, stationary,
commercial water recycling facilities?
Will it be necessary to involve TCEQ in approvals for reuse of
the recycled produced water?
Signs point to YES (30 TAC Chapter 210E)
Especially if for reuse in non-oilfield situations
W D Hall Company Austin, Texas 48
49. Approval of centralized, stationary, commercial water recycling facilities
Approval to collect and combine produced water from different operators
and leases
Decide who owns the water once it leaves the lease and goes to the
commercial recycling facility
Agreement on analytical measurements and procedures required to
document the quality of water when it leaves the recycling facility
Decide if owners of the commercial recycling facility can sell water to users
other than oil and gas E&P operations
What are the current restriction on use of water from centralized, stationary,
commercial water recycling facilities?
Will it be necessary to involve TCEQ in approvals for reuse of the recycled
produced water?
What about financial incentives for operators or recyclers?
The drum beat has begun. Texas Water Recycling Association
(TWRA) – new in 2013
W D Hall Company Austin, Texas 49
50. Technology development (Produced water treatment &
management)
Reliable water chemistry data – before and after treatment
Collaboration with RWPD and GCDs
Tax incentives
Pioneer investors and solid financial analysis
Focus on reducing water transport and storage costs
Legislative changes and Regulatory rules updates
All required for recycling and profitable sale of treated produced
water to conserve fresh groundwater in South Texas.
Bottom Line:
Water is jobs, pure and simple
W D Hall Company Austin, Texas 50
51. Thank You
For more information / brainstorming:
Doug Hall
W D Hall Company
Austin, Texas
512-306-8444
W D Hall Company Austin, Texas 51
Editor's Notes
Thank you.Fresh groundwater is the primary source of water supply for hydraulic fracturing operations in the Eagle Ford Shale in South Texas. Here’s the problem – Why should we pump up to 9 million gallons from the Carrizo aquifer, use it one time, and inject it into a deep salt water disposal well?This doesn’t make sense to me. Not when there are good alternatives. My goal is to find ways to “Stretch Out” the fresh water resources in Texas.
The Eagle Ford Shale underlies approximately 25 counties in South and Southeast Texas at depths to the top of the producing zones ranging from 4,000 to 14,000 ft. It stretches for about 400 miles from Laredo into East Texas. The subsurface reservoir is about 50 miles wide. Here is San Antonio, Houston , Corpus Christi, and Laredo.
Here is an interesting view of the Eagle Ford Shale boom from space!This night picture shows gas flares and lights from the recent and ongoing drilling operations.
Here is a sprinkling of headlines about water in Texas over the past 3 years. Even In the early days - all the way back to 2011 - The concerns and issues were about groundwater availability.
In 2012 the researchers began to see that hydraulic fracturing was using more groundwater than previously expected.Jobs in Eagle Ford related towns were a plus. Irrigation was beginning to get a lower priority in some places.
2013 has started out with a call to Legislators for help with the Texas water situation.The drilling has picked up and recognition of the need to for more communication about use of groundwater is growing.
Location – San Antonio, Corpus Christi, LaredoCities in the development area – Carrizo Springs, Asherton, Big Wells, Catarina, Cotulla, Dilley, Christina, Tilden, Kenedy, Karnes City, Three Rivers, Gonzalez, Advantage – Oil, wet gas (condensate) and dry gas
The number of future wells to be drilled in the Eagle Ford varies widely!The University of Texas Bureau of Economic Geology is evaluating the number of wells that can be expected in the Eagle Ford Shale. This figure shows some of the assumptions that are part of the forecast.The drainage area is roughly 50 to 60 acres.Ultimately the number of wells at a single pad – a lot!
This drilling plan by Rosetta Resources for the Eagle Ford may be easier to visualize. This still shows lots of wells requiring lots of water!Each requires 4 to 9 million gallons of fresh water or an alternative for placing the proppant and cracking the brittle shales.One question - Will these wells be fractured and then fractured again a couple years later?
The big question – Is there enough water to expand development of the Eagle Ford Shale? I think there is. But there are a lot of players and priorities to consider including increased population, competing users, and the ongoing drought.I recommend that operators get to know the local Regional Water Planning Group supported by the TWDB. South Texas has Regions L, M and N. These groups will develop the water use policies. Regional Water Planning Groups can and will impact development of the Eagle Ford Shale I also recommend that operators look for ways to “stretch out” freshwater resources in the development areas, i.e., look for alternatives
Here is a map of the Texas Water Development Board’s Regional Water Planning Groups (RWPGs).Region L is right in the center of the Eagle Ford Shale development area and is one of the 16 regional water planning groups established by the Texas Water Development Board (TWDB) to develop a regional water plan as required by Senate Bill 1, 75th Legislative Session.
The primary water policy planning group in the South Texas Eagle Ford Area is Region L.20 and ½ CountiesParticipants include members representing: Counties; the Public; Water Districts; Industries; River Authorities; Small Business; Environment groups; Electric Generating Utilities; Water Utilities; Municipalities; and, Agriculture. And TWDB.
The water planning process usually begins with a projection of future population in the areaThe population of the South Central Texas Region was 2.04 million in 2000 and is projected to be 4.3 million in 2060. More people means increase municipal water supply needs.As you can see, the Region L planners anticipate municipal water supply shortages in the future. The shaded counties are projected to have needs exceeding supply.
Irrigation is already a big user in the area and will continue to be. Consideration of these factors and forecasts is the responsibility of the Regional Water Planning Groups. Source – Strain on water resources
The ongoing drought is a real problem and concern in South Texas.2010 – Not much of a problem2011 – Exceptional and extreme drought in South Texas2012 – Still the most extreme drought conditions through much of the Eagle Ford Shale development area
A number of water supply analyses have been completed and presented.Railroad Commission Eagle Ford Task Force report on water availability In a recent study by the Bureau of Economic Geology for the TX O & G Assoc., the researchers found that in Dimmit, Webb, and LaSalle counties – all in the Eagle Ford Shale – more than 50% of total water use is mostly for hydraulic fracturing.Population growth will accompany and be accelerated by development of oil and gas resources. If population growth is desirable, solutions must be found for managing water to enable continuing hydrocarbon production.
What to the GCDs do?Develop a groundwater management planPlanning is mandated by Chapter 36 of the Texas Water CodeRegulation is optionalSome of the Goals of the Groundwater Management PlanEfficient use of GWPrevent wasteAddress drought conditionsAddress conservationThey estimate the amount of usable GW availableAddress water supply needs developed by the RWPGCoord with RWPGs, State Agencies, and other GCDs
Oversees the management of the DistrictPermit and register certain water wells; Maintain well recordsMay limit groundwater production based on tract size or spacing of wellsMay buy and sell, transport and distribute GWMay acquire land by use of eminent domainMay conduct surveys, do research or establish monitoring programsMay require permits for transfer of GW out of the District
The DFCs are a consensus reached among the general managers of the GCS within a larger groundwater management area based on groundwater modeling conducted by the TWDB.These DFCs could very well limit the amount of fresh groundwater available for E&P operations.Desired future conditions have to be physically possible, individually and collectively, if different desired future conditions are stated for different geographic areas overlying an aquifer or subdivision of an aquifer.
This flowback and produced water is usually very salty and unsuitable for disposal in lakes, rivers or aquifers. Therefore it is often trucked to SWD wells. The amount of truck traffic going in and out of a drilling location is high – as many as 1000 to 1500 trips in with fresh water and 200 to 300 trips out to the disposal well. Research by AWI and GWI revealed that that in the US, beneficial use accounts for approximately 200 million bbls per year of all produced water managed by oil and gas companies. The total amount of produced water per year in the US is estimated at 21 billion bbls/yr. The total reused is less than 1% of the total produced.FQ – E&P operators are paying $3-$4/ bbl to convert produced water to clean water.
This flowback and produced water is usually very salty and unsuitable for disposal in lakes, rivers or aquifers. Therefore it is often trucked to SWD wells. The amount of truck traffic going in and out of a drilling location is high – as many as 1000 to 1500 trips in with fresh water and 200 to 300 trips out to the disposal well. Research by AWI and GWI revealed that that in the US, beneficial use accounts for approximately 200 million bbls per year of all produced water managed by oil and gas companies. The total amount of produced water per year in the US is estimated at 21 billion bbls/yr. The total reused is less than 1% of the total produced.FQ – E&P operators are paying $3-$4/ bbl to convert produced water to clean water.
There is enough water underground to supply Texas for 176 years but it’s too brackish for drinking. 3,000 – 10,000 mg/l TDSApproximately 2.7 billion acre-ft of brackish groundwater exist in Texas (TWDB, 2003). It can be found in 85% of the state’s major and minor aquifers in all 16 RWPGs.However that brackish water – even before treatment - my be fine for hydraulic fracturing operations. (StateImpact Texas, Nov 28, 2011)Brackish GW is attractive for several reasons:The water source is reliable, even during droughtsThe cost of treatment facilities are becoming more competitiveBrackish water treatment facilities can be developed and implemented in relatively short periods of time.The estimated amount of brackish groundwater in Region L is 417 million ac/ft (TWDB)
How Much Produced Water Is Generated? Produced water is by far the largest volume byproduct or waste stream associated with oil and gas exploration and production. Approximately 21 billion bbl (barrels; 1 bbl = 42 U.S. gallons) of produced water are generated each year in the United States from nearly a million wells. This represents about 57 million bbl/day, 2.4 billion gallons/day, or 913,000 m3/day (Clark and Veil 2009).More than 50 billion bbl of produced water are generated each year at thousands of wells in other countries. Early in the life of an oil well, the oil production is high and water production is low. Over time the oil production decreases and the water production increases. Another way of looking at this is to examine the ratio of water-to-oil:Worldwide estimate – 2:1 to 3:1U.S. estimate – 5.1 to 8:1, because many U.S. fields are mature and past their peak production (Clark and Veil 2009), although the ratio may be even higher.Many older U.S. wells have ratios > 50:1At some point the cost of managing the produced water exceeds the profit from selling the oil. When this point is reached, the well is shut in.
The new Texas Water Recycling Association would like to have a say in the debate. - 2013