This document summarizes a study on water infrastructure management in Harding, South Africa. The study developed a GIS database of the town's water network, including an asset register and failure risk scores. A hydraulic model was also created to analyze system performance. The model found some pressures and velocities outside normal standards. An infrastructure replacement plan was proposed, identifying over 6,000 meters of pipes for replacement. Replacement costs were estimated at over 6 million Rand. The study concluded that integrating GIS, modeling, and asset management can help water authorities in South Africa better plan for aging infrastructure challenges.
Flood Mapping via HEC-RAS Model and ArcGISLengthong KIM
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Flood Mapping via HEC-RAS Model and ArcGISLengthong KIM
This research was taken place along the lower Mekong river reach part in Cambodia. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the HEC-RAS performance whether it eligible for Cambodia flood studies or not.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
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Develop a replicable integrated model (methodology) for evaluating the extent and development potential of renewable (non-renewable) groundwater resources in arid lands, with the Eastern Desert of Egypt as a pilot site.
The model will be replicable for similar arid areas; North of Sudan, Tibesty, Yemen, and Saudi Arabia.
Building national capacities.
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Currently, it is assumed that a given emission unit is in operation at its maximum capacity every hour of the year. However, assuming constant maximum emissions is overly conservative for facilities such as power plants that are not in operation all the time at full load. A better approach is the use of the Monte Carlo technique to account for emission variability. Another conservative assumption in NAAQS modeling relates to combining predicted concentrations from AERMOD with maximum or design concentrations from the monitor. A more reasonable approach is to combine the 50th percentile background concentration with AERMOD values.
The inputs to AERMOD can be obtained by more accurate source characterization studies. Such is the case of building dimensions commonly calculated with BPIP. These dimensions tend to overstate the wake effects and produce significantly higher concentrations especially for lattice structures, elongated buildings, and streamlined structures. An Equivalent Building Dimensions (EBD) study can be used to inform AERMOD with more accurate downwash characteristics.
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EPA is under a Court order to complete the remaining SO2 designations for the rest of the country in three additional rounds. On March 20, 2015 the EPA released an updated guidance for 1-hr SO2 area designations. The two options included are compliance through dispersion modeling or ambient monitoring. Of these two options, dispersion modeling is the fastest and most cost effective one to characterize SO2 air quality. However, this compliance demonstration can be challenging given that AERMOD tends to produce overly conservative concentration estimates. Source characterization techniques and probabilistic techniques may be used to achieve compliance with the 1-hour NAAQS. Three advanced methods discussed: 1) Equivalent Building Dimensions (EBD); 2) Emission Variability Processor (EMVAP); 3) 50th Percentile Background Concentrations.
Using Physical Modeling to Refine Downwash Inputs to AERMOD at a Food Process...Sergio A. Guerra
Demonstrating compliance with air quality standards using dispersion modeling is increasingly difficulty because of significant tightening National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) that has occurred in the last decade. Compliance with these standards is usually demonstrated using AERMOD, EPA’s standard model for assessing air quality impacts from industrial sources. However, AERMOD often produces higher predictions of air quality impacts due to the inherent conservative (high) assumptions and simplifications in its formulation. A specific situation involves the calculations used to assess the impacts of air flow downwash around buildings. Although the theory used to estimate these effects was developed for a limited set of building types, these formulae are applied indiscriminately to all types of buildings in a conservative fashion, often leading to significant overpredictions of downwash effects.
This presentation covers the basics of wind tunnel modeling and how it can be used to correct downwash induced overpredictions to achieve compliance. The presentation will also describe the setup and execution of wind tunnel modeling at a food processing facility to develop improved downwash parameters and increase the accuracy of dispersion modeling results.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Fairfax County Wastewater Collection Asset Management Program Oct 2020Fairfax County
This is an overview of the Wastewater Collection Division Asset Management Program including program roadmap, asset risk framework, technology, decision support system, on-going and upcoming efforts.
Objectives:
Develop a replicable integrated model (methodology) for evaluating the extent and development potential of renewable (non-renewable) groundwater resources in arid lands, with the Eastern Desert of Egypt as a pilot site.
The model will be replicable for similar arid areas; North of Sudan, Tibesty, Yemen, and Saudi Arabia.
Building national capacities.
Probabilistic & Source Characterization Techniques in AERMOD ComplianceSergio A. Guerra
The short term NAAQS are more stringent and traditional techniques are not suitable anymore. The probabilistic nature of these standards also opens the door to modeling techniques based on probability. Source characterization studies can also be used to refine AERMOD’s inputs to be more accurate and achieve reductions of more than half. This presentation will cover these compliance methods.
Currently, it is assumed that a given emission unit is in operation at its maximum capacity every hour of the year. However, assuming constant maximum emissions is overly conservative for facilities such as power plants that are not in operation all the time at full load. A better approach is the use of the Monte Carlo technique to account for emission variability. Another conservative assumption in NAAQS modeling relates to combining predicted concentrations from AERMOD with maximum or design concentrations from the monitor. A more reasonable approach is to combine the 50th percentile background concentration with AERMOD values.
The inputs to AERMOD can be obtained by more accurate source characterization studies. Such is the case of building dimensions commonly calculated with BPIP. These dimensions tend to overstate the wake effects and produce significantly higher concentrations especially for lattice structures, elongated buildings, and streamlined structures. An Equivalent Building Dimensions (EBD) study can be used to inform AERMOD with more accurate downwash characteristics.
Complying with EPA's Guidance for SO2 DesignationsSergio A. Guerra
EPA is under a Court order to complete the remaining SO2 designations for the rest of the country in three additional rounds. On March 20, 2015 the EPA released an updated guidance for 1-hr SO2 area designations. The two options included are compliance through dispersion modeling or ambient monitoring. Of these two options, dispersion modeling is the fastest and most cost effective one to characterize SO2 air quality. However, this compliance demonstration can be challenging given that AERMOD tends to produce overly conservative concentration estimates. Source characterization techniques and probabilistic techniques may be used to achieve compliance with the 1-hour NAAQS. Three advanced methods discussed: 1) Equivalent Building Dimensions (EBD); 2) Emission Variability Processor (EMVAP); 3) 50th Percentile Background Concentrations.
Using Physical Modeling to Refine Downwash Inputs to AERMOD at a Food Process...Sergio A. Guerra
Demonstrating compliance with air quality standards using dispersion modeling is increasingly difficulty because of significant tightening National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) that has occurred in the last decade. Compliance with these standards is usually demonstrated using AERMOD, EPA’s standard model for assessing air quality impacts from industrial sources. However, AERMOD often produces higher predictions of air quality impacts due to the inherent conservative (high) assumptions and simplifications in its formulation. A specific situation involves the calculations used to assess the impacts of air flow downwash around buildings. Although the theory used to estimate these effects was developed for a limited set of building types, these formulae are applied indiscriminately to all types of buildings in a conservative fashion, often leading to significant overpredictions of downwash effects.
This presentation covers the basics of wind tunnel modeling and how it can be used to correct downwash induced overpredictions to achieve compliance. The presentation will also describe the setup and execution of wind tunnel modeling at a food processing facility to develop improved downwash parameters and increase the accuracy of dispersion modeling results.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Fairfax County Wastewater Collection Asset Management Program Oct 2020Fairfax County
This is an overview of the Wastewater Collection Division Asset Management Program including program roadmap, asset risk framework, technology, decision support system, on-going and upcoming efforts.
Scheme for the construction of water channelsmirzaqadeer
we are giving only idea for making water channel for poor less un economical area for different counties where people need water for drinking we present presentation in univsty CIIT
An Economic Analysis of Green v. Grey InfrastructureRobert Muir
Water Environment Association of Ontario 2019 Annual Conference, Toronto, Ontario, April 16, 2019
by Robert J. Muir, M.A.Sc., P.Eng., Fabian Papa, MBA, P.Eng.
Presentation reviews policies and regulations in Ontario promoting cost-effective infrastructure servicing. Summarizes the assessment of cost effectiveness of grey, green and blended green and grey flood damage reduction strategies on a system-wide basis. Identifies triple-bottom-line benefits of erosion mitigation reduction and water quality improvements due to green infrastructure implementation. Details of the analysis are presented in the proceedings paper also included here: https://www.cityfloodmap.com/2019/03/an-economic-analysis-of-green-v-grey.html
The analysis indicates benefit cost ratios for flood control and other benefits and assesses funding impacts on stormwater utility fees in a case study in the City of Markham. Markham's current Flood Control Program consisting largely of grey infrastructure is shown to be cost-effective with benefits exceeding costs by 2 to 1 based on insured loss deferral (and a higher ratio considering higher total losses). Green infrastructure is shown to be less cost-effective at delivering flood control and the cost for achieving water quality benefits exceeds the estimated willingness to pay 'value' of those benefits. The analysis suggests that a critical, strategic evaluation of green infrastructure implementation targets is required prior to system-wide implementation, given cost concerns.
The team will cover the Current Status of the project (Rembrandt Koppelaar), Water Demands (Xiaonan Wang, Koen H. van Dam), Infrastructure construction (Rembrandt Koppelaar) and Toilet usage (Xiaonan Wang, Koen H. van Dam)
An Economic Analysis of Green and Grey Infrastructure - TRIECA Conference 2019Robert Muir
TRIECA Conference , 2019, An Economic Analysis of Green and Grey Infrastructure Benefits and Costs, Robert J. Muir, M.A.Sc., P.Eng., Manager, Stormwater, City of Markham, Fabian Papa, M.A.Sc., MBA, P.Eng., President, FP&P HydraTek
Presentation reviews regulations on policies on infrastructure cost, provides a history of cost benefit analysis, reviews Ontario green infrastructure policy and cost considerations, identifies research gaps in cost benefit analysis, evaluates the costs and benefits of grey, green and blended grey and green infrastructure strategies considering full lifecycle costs and system-wide implementation in the City of Markham. Analysis is based on this upcoming WEAO paper https://www.cityfloodmap.com/2019/03/an-economic-analysis-of-green-v-grey.html
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
ACCESS RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCES Wastewater Pipeline Design in Accordance w...IJERA Editor
After the treatment of the wastewaters, a pipeline is used to transfer the treated water from the onshore pump station to the wastewater disposal marine environment. This technique is required for the dilution process in the marine environment instead of a secondary treatment. When the pipeline design for wastewater treatment is implemented, the stability issues of the pipelines must be considered because the pipeline design is based on factors such as currents, waves, geotechnical conditions, physical properties of the water and pipe’s material characteristics. At this point, a computer program is beneficial for the quick design of wastewater pipelines. To find a suitable design under these various design limitation and factors, the algorithm of the SUbmarine Pipeline Design (SUPLID) software was developed which is powerful tool for stability analysis of the submarine pipeline against dynamic current-wave motions and foundation characteristics. The SUPLID program provides a flexible design environment for the design engineer for dimensioning and stabilizing the pipeline system with also artificial weights. In this study, the main methodology and the structure of the SUPLID program was introduced and one of its application for a typical submarine wastewater pipeline was discussed
Review of urban flood risk mapping methods to guide risk reduction strategies. Tiered vulnerability assessment for urban storm (overland pluvial and sewer), sanitary / wastewater and riverine systems is illustrated from "Flood Plain to Floor Drain", consistent with the author's design standards guideline for best practices and projects in existing communities. Example risk mapping / tiered vulnerability evaluations in Markham, Ontario and Stratford, Ontario are shown emphasizing where simple and intermediate risk assessment can guide no-regret, practically deployed policies and programs to reduce urban flood risk, and there advanced risk assessment can guide minor and major capital projects as part of more comprehensive studies in high risk areas that warrant infrastructure investments to lower flood damages in specific local systems. Presentation was made as part of the Ontario Urban Flooding Collaborative organized by Green Communities Canada.
IRJET- Estimation of Intze Water Tank by User Graphical Interface
H Fuyana_Research Presantation 2015
1. Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment
Department of … / CITSI
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Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment
Department of … / CITSI
WATER INFRASTRUCTURE
MANAGEMENT IN SOUTH AFRICA:
THE CASE OF HARDING
Author: Hlosokuhle Fuyana
Supervisor: Prof G. Ochieng
Co-supervisor: Dr J. Snyman
2. Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment
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INTRODUCTION
2
• Globally, the water sector faces noteworthy challenges in maintaining reliable
service provision, amidst varying challenges such as ageing infrastructure,
growing demands, meeting increasing complexity and skills shortages.
• As part of the on-going efforts to address these challenges, this research has
been undertaken to facilitate the dissemination of technological innovations
within the field of water infrastructure management.
• These innovations entail the integration of a Geographic Information Systems
(GIS) and a hydraulic modelling software with water Infrastructure Asset
Management (IAM).
• Using a GIS geodatabase, an Asset Register was developed; from which a
failure risk scoring of each feature classes i.e. level of deterioration was
undertaken. The risk scoring aided in the development of an Infrastructure
Replacement Plan (IRP) with associated cost estimates.
• The research was based on the Ugu District Municipality (UDM) town, Harding,
Kwa-Zulu Natal (KZN).
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PROBLEM STATEMENT
• South Africa is facing grim challenges with regards to the dispersion of
sustainable basic services such as water, its quality and management, as well its
efficient use (van Zyl, Manus and Pensulo, 2008:3).
• The trials faced in the country emanate from ineffective IAM and maintenance and
very notably poor planning for new infrastructure or life cycle management (van
Zyl, Manus and Pensulo, 2008:3).
5. Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment
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RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
The purpose of the research is to develop an integrated GIS geodatabase, hydraulic
model and IRP for the water IAM of Harding, with the following specific objectives;
• Map the water infrastructure of Harding to aid in its IAM.
• Develop an Asset Register for the town's water network, including a failure risk
assessment for its assets (feature classes).
• Develop an operational hydraulic model for the network to enable system
modelling and analysis.
• Formulate an IRP with estimated costs for infrastructure replacement.
6. Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment
Department of … / CITSI
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LITERATURE REVIEW
To fulfil the objectives it was necessary to review research and case studies of water
IAM not only in South Africa, but globally. The literature review covered the following
sub-headings;
• Infrastructure Asset Management (IAM). This section touched on the key concepts
of water infrastructure management, national and international government
policies and regulations and the needs for effective water IAM.
• Literature on the IAM challenges such as Ageing infrastructure, Increasing
complexity, Growing demands, among others; both globally and in South Africa
was also reviewed.
• GIS and hydraulic modelling developments in recent years and an evaluation of
the most effective software package to use in aiding WSA in South Africa better
manage their water infrastructure.
• Water infrastructure replacement literature and research case studies were also
reviewed. This assisted in developing the methodology for Asset register
development, Risk management criteria formulation, Condition assessment
strategies and the drafting of an IRP.
7. Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment
Department of … / CITSI
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
8. Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment
Department of … / CITSI
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PHASE 1: Data collection
• Interviews of the various level UDM staff were conducted to assess the WSA’s
needs and gather crucial information on the town’s water network. The interviews
formed part of a Water Needs Assessment for the municipality town.
• Mapping water infrastructure using GIS was conducted once the municipality’s
needs were established. ArcGIS 10.1 was utilized for the mapping of the water
infrastructure. This stage of the research entailed the following;
– Collecting as-built drawings and reference data (Cadastral data and aerial
photographs),
– Data extraction and conversion, entailing the scanning hardcopy as-built
drawings and then “georeferencing” them using aerial photographs, cadastral
data and field GPS coordinates. Georeferencing enabled the as-built
infrastructure data to be assigned its correct “real life” geographical locations
within a GIS system.
9. Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment
Department of … / CITSI
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– Geodatabase design Prior to capturing the water infrastructure in the
georeferenced as-built drawings, there was a need to determine which
attributes or information of the water infrastructure features was to be
captured. The feature class attributes contained in the geodatabase are
summarised in the table below;
Feature
class
Attribute
data
Description Data type
Pipe Material Type of material from which the
feature class is manufactured
Text string
Size Diameter of pipe section (mm) Integer
Age Current age of feature class and
year of installation
Integer
Pipe class Pipe diameter (mm) Integer
Scheme
name
Water scheme or project under
which feature class was installed
Text string
Condition Current condition of feature
class as determined by a field
verification
Text string
Element Type
Naming
Convention
Pipe HAR-W-P-
Junction HAR-W-J-
Hydrant HAR-W-H-
Tank HAR-W-T-
Reservoir HAR-W-R-
10. Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment
Department of … / CITSI
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– Digitizing The last step in this exercise was the digitization of water
infrastructure which is the process of converting the geographic features on a
hardcopy map into digital format using a GIS software package. This was
done by tracing features, for example water reticulation pipes, bulk mains and
other water network features (reservoirs, isolation valves and hydrants) from
the scanned and georeferenced CAD drawings.
• Direct field observations One week was spent with the operations and
maintenance plumbers, observing their maintenance practices, processes and
data collection. The information gathered during this time included pipe burst
frequency, replacement practices, and system information tracking i.e. logging the
location and occurrence types of incidents.
11. Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment
Department of … / CITSI
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PHASE 2: Asset Register development
• Formulation of an AR To better manage Harding’s water network, the extent,
boundaries and quantity of its components had to be determined e.g. number of
reservoirs and the total length of pipes etc.
• Failure risk management A failure risk management score (criticality analysis)
ranging from 1-5 was assigned to the water network features as agreed with UDM
during the needs assessment. A score of ‘5’ represents a high feature class risk,
whereas a ‘0’ represents no risk.
12. Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment
Department of … / CITSI
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PHASE 3: Hydraulic model development
• Hydraulic model The following scenarios were run on in the hydraulic model to
compare its current performance against design standards:
– Scenario 1: Average water demand Single Period Analysis,
– Scenario 2: Peak water demand Single Period Analysis,
– Scenario 3: Pipe velocity demand + Fire flow Single Period Analysis, and
– Scenario 4: Extended period simulation.
• Condition Assessment The field verification or condition assessment was
deemed appropriate to confirm the accuracy of the data captured from scanned
and georeferenced CAD drawings.
• Development of an IAMP An IAMP is typically based on existing infrastructure
data and information, a main component of which should be derived from the
Asset Register. In this study the IAMP was limited to the development of an IRP
with associated costs, as an initial step in managing Harding’s water
infrastructure.
13. Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment
Department of … / CITSI
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RESULTS
Mapped water infrastructure model
14. Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment
Department of … / CITSI
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Pipe distribution by material Pipe distribution by size
Pipe distribution by age
15. Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment
Department of … / CITSI
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Comparison of system pressures with normal standards
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
PRESSUREKPA
Min allowable pressure = 245.1 kPa
Max allowable pressure = 343.1kPa
16. Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment
Department of … / CITSI
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Comparison of system velocities with normal standards
-0.70
0.00
0.70
1.40
2.10
2.80
3.50
VELOCITYM/S
Max allowable velocity = 2.5m/s
Min allowable velocity = 0.7m/s
17. Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment
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• Development of an IAMP
Existing pipe
diameter and material
Existing pipe age
and length (m)
Existing pipe to
be replaced (m)
Assumed replacement
pipe diameter and
material
300mm AC > 30yrs = 1600m 1600m 315 uPVC
250mm AC > 30yrs = 50m 50m 315 uPVC
200mm AC > 30yrs = 700m 700m 200 uPVC
150mm AC > 30yrs = 1800m 1800m 160 uPVC
100mm AC > 30yrs = 1200m 1200m 110 uPVC
40mm to 63mm CI > 30yrs = 1200m 1200m 63 HDPE
40mm to 63mm GI > 30yrs = 2000m 2000m 63 HDPE
Proposed replacement pipes
18. Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment
Department of … / CITSI
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Proposed infrastructure replacement cost estimates
Assumed replacement pipe diameter and material Unit Quantity Rate (m) Amount (R)
315mm uPVC m 1650 1,865.361 3,077,844.00
200mm uPVC m 700 564.031 394,821.00
160mm uPVC m 1800 361.601 650,880.00
110mm uPVC m 1200 73.731 208,476.00
63mm HDPE m 3200 70.90 226,880.00
Supply and Installation of pipe fittings Sum 1 200,000.002 200,000.00
Allow for transfer of house connections Sum 1 500,000.002 500,000.00
Isolation valves No. 57 1,108.28 63,171.96
Hydrants No. 52 5,000.002 260,000.00
Subtotal 5,582,072.96
Add: 14% Value Added Tax 781,490.21
Total 6,363,563.17
NB:
1 the pipe rate is based on a class 16 pressure pipe
2 these are estimated provisional sums and rates based on quotations received from suppliers. An exact figure
will be arrived at after a detailed field verification has been undertaken
19. Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment
Department of … / CITSI
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CONCLUSIONS
• Integration of computer technology such as GIS and hydraulic modelling with
water IAM, as discussed in this study, is a proven valuable solution for WSA to
meet their mandated responsibilities. This is especially true in South Africa’s
municipalities, which like many other developing countries, face a number of
challenges in effective water infrastructure management.
• The use of technology allows for the improvement of a number of these
challenges as outlined in the research. For example, automated infrastructure
mapping allows for better maintenance and lifecycle management, which in
turn allow WSA to plan adequately for their aging infrastructure.
• Once WSA are capable of monitoring and planning for its infrastructure
effectively, potential foreign investors can be more confident in investing in
water infrastructure. This will aid in alleviating challenges related to inadequate
funding and ease the burdens of poor revenue collection.
21. Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment
Department of … / CITSI
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Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment
Department of … / CITSI
THANK YOU