This document outlines a research study, proposing a research question and hypothesis involving certain variables. It describes the procedure used to collect raw data, which was then analyzed to draw a conclusion.
Empirical research methods involve collecting empirical observations to answer research questions and test theories. There are common research processes like experiments, case studies, and surveys. Experiments establish causal relationships and confirm theories with a high level of control. Case studies investigate typical cases under realistic conditions with medium control. Surveys investigate information collected from groups with low control. The goal is to summarize data through descriptive statistics and draw inferences about populations through inferential statistics.
Objectives, methodology, flowchart, and delivarableFatini Fatini
This document outlines the objectives and methodology for a research project on developing a project production management system (PPMS) for construction processes related to bills of quantities (BOQ) for quantity surveyors. The objectives are to: 1) identify PPMS components, 2) describe design software functionality for quantity surveyors, and 3) design integration between PPMS and design software tools for quantity surveyors. The proposed methodology includes project planning, requirement gathering through data collection and analysis, requirement analysis, and design of the system integration. The expected deliverables are documentation establishing the goals, objectives, scope, and schedule, as well as the system requirements specification, system design details, and a prototype of the design integration.
This document outlines the proposed methodology for conducting research which includes: 1) discovering the problem and defining research questions and objectives; 2) reviewing relevant literature; 3) selecting exploratory research techniques such as surveys, interviews, or observation; 4) collecting and analyzing data through methods like case studies, pilot studies, or experience surveys; and 5) interpreting findings, making recommendations, and reporting conclusions.
Empirical research methods for software engineeringsarfraznawaz
This document outlines guidelines for empirical research methods in software engineering. It discusses case studies, experimental research, surveys, and post-mortem analysis. For each method, it provides examples and discusses how the method can be used to study software engineering problems. It also lists detailed guidelines for different aspects of empirical research, such as experimental context and design, data collection, analysis, and presentation and interpretation of results. The goal of the guidelines is to improve the quality and rigor of empirical studies in software engineering.
The document discusses the nature of business and management research. It defines research as the systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to increase understanding of a phenomenon. Business research specifically aims to generate information to solve business problems or make decisions. There are different types of research including basic/applied, qualitative/quantitative, and exploratory/descriptive/explanatory research. Basic research expands knowledge without a specific application, while applied research seeks practical solutions to real problems. The goal of all research is to extend knowledge, discover new information, build theory, and analyze relationships to improve professional practices.
This document provides an overview and introduction to a business research methods course. It discusses the evaluation criteria, which includes a portfolio worth 40% and an exam worth 60%. It also outlines the research process and different types of research. Additionally, it covers why research is important for business, what constitutes good research, and the relationship between managers and researchers.
This presentation is about a lecture I gave within the "Software systems and services" immigration course at the Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila (Italy): http://cs.gssi.infn.it/.
http://www.ivanomalavolta.com
Citicorp uses exploratory, descriptive, and causal research at various stages of developing a new financial package for senior citizens. Exploratory research helped define the target market and identify their needs. Descriptive research through surveys refined the product features. The product was then test marketed causally in select branches before a national introduction.
Empirical research methods involve collecting empirical observations to answer research questions and test theories. There are common research processes like experiments, case studies, and surveys. Experiments establish causal relationships and confirm theories with a high level of control. Case studies investigate typical cases under realistic conditions with medium control. Surveys investigate information collected from groups with low control. The goal is to summarize data through descriptive statistics and draw inferences about populations through inferential statistics.
Objectives, methodology, flowchart, and delivarableFatini Fatini
This document outlines the objectives and methodology for a research project on developing a project production management system (PPMS) for construction processes related to bills of quantities (BOQ) for quantity surveyors. The objectives are to: 1) identify PPMS components, 2) describe design software functionality for quantity surveyors, and 3) design integration between PPMS and design software tools for quantity surveyors. The proposed methodology includes project planning, requirement gathering through data collection and analysis, requirement analysis, and design of the system integration. The expected deliverables are documentation establishing the goals, objectives, scope, and schedule, as well as the system requirements specification, system design details, and a prototype of the design integration.
This document outlines the proposed methodology for conducting research which includes: 1) discovering the problem and defining research questions and objectives; 2) reviewing relevant literature; 3) selecting exploratory research techniques such as surveys, interviews, or observation; 4) collecting and analyzing data through methods like case studies, pilot studies, or experience surveys; and 5) interpreting findings, making recommendations, and reporting conclusions.
Empirical research methods for software engineeringsarfraznawaz
This document outlines guidelines for empirical research methods in software engineering. It discusses case studies, experimental research, surveys, and post-mortem analysis. For each method, it provides examples and discusses how the method can be used to study software engineering problems. It also lists detailed guidelines for different aspects of empirical research, such as experimental context and design, data collection, analysis, and presentation and interpretation of results. The goal of the guidelines is to improve the quality and rigor of empirical studies in software engineering.
The document discusses the nature of business and management research. It defines research as the systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to increase understanding of a phenomenon. Business research specifically aims to generate information to solve business problems or make decisions. There are different types of research including basic/applied, qualitative/quantitative, and exploratory/descriptive/explanatory research. Basic research expands knowledge without a specific application, while applied research seeks practical solutions to real problems. The goal of all research is to extend knowledge, discover new information, build theory, and analyze relationships to improve professional practices.
This document provides an overview and introduction to a business research methods course. It discusses the evaluation criteria, which includes a portfolio worth 40% and an exam worth 60%. It also outlines the research process and different types of research. Additionally, it covers why research is important for business, what constitutes good research, and the relationship between managers and researchers.
This presentation is about a lecture I gave within the "Software systems and services" immigration course at the Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila (Italy): http://cs.gssi.infn.it/.
http://www.ivanomalavolta.com
Citicorp uses exploratory, descriptive, and causal research at various stages of developing a new financial package for senior citizens. Exploratory research helped define the target market and identify their needs. Descriptive research through surveys refined the product features. The product was then test marketed causally in select branches before a national introduction.
Research refers to a careful, systematic study aimed at establishing facts or principles. It involves structured inquiry using scientific methodology to solve problems and create new knowledge. The key characteristics of research are that it is controlled, rigorous, systematic, valid and verifiable, empirical, and critical. There are different types of research including descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative, conceptual, and empirical.
Inductive reasoning involves coming to conclusions based on patterns observed in experiments and testing theories based on empirical evidence rather than deducing conclusions from existing statements or facts. It allows for the formation of a theory based on observations and testing to determine how well facts support the conclusions. Inductive reasoning uses specific observations to establish general patterns and principles.
The document discusses research methodology and process. It defines research, outlines the objectives and characteristics of research, and describes the different types of research. It also discusses defining the research problem, formulating research objectives, and the overall steps involved in the research process from reviewing literature to data analysis and reporting findings.
The document discusses key aspects of research design for marketing research projects. It defines research design as a framework that details the procedures needed to obtain required information to solve research problems. The components of a research design include defining needed information, designing exploratory, descriptive or causal phases, specifying measurement and sampling, and developing a data analysis plan. Exploratory research provides insights while descriptive research describes characteristics and causal research tests hypotheses.
This document provides an overview of empirical software engineering. It begins with an introduction to the need for empirical studies in software engineering to systematically evaluate human activities. The document then covers basic concepts like measurement, data collection, and analysis. It discusses empirical strategies like surveys, case studies, and controlled experiments. The document also outlines the process for conducting an empirical study and current tools. It concludes by examining the state of the art in empirical software engineering and opportunities to better integrate experimental results.
This document discusses the meaning, purpose, and types of research. It defines research as a systematic investigation to gain new knowledge. The main purposes of research are better decision making, identifying problems, forecasting, and developing new products. There are various types of research including exploratory, descriptive, applied, basic, conceptual, causal, historical, ex-post-facto, action, and evaluation research. The research process involves identifying a problem, developing a methodology, finalizing a research plan, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings.
The document discusses different types of research:
- Exploratory research is flexible and informal, used to gain background on a problem. It does not provide conclusive evidence but informs subsequent research.
- Descriptive research describes characteristics but not causes. Cross-sectional studies measure variables at one time; longitudinal studies do so over time.
- Correlational research determines the relationship between variables but cannot indicate causation. The correlation coefficient measures strength and direction of relationships.
- Explanatory research aims to understand relationships between independent and dependent variables to explain phenomena rather than just report them. It tests and advances theoretical explanations.
The document discusses a group project for Group 16 consisting of 4 members. It involves collecting data using a method of dot graphing. The document lists the project materials needed and the steps of the method of data collection.
Group 22 tested how the pH level of 300ml samples of Chinese bottled soft drinks changed as the temperature increased from 5°C to 100°C. They hypothesized that raising the temperature would lower the pH. The independent variables were temperature and drink type, the dependent variable was pH, and the controlled variables were volume, storage, and date of production. The group recorded temperature and pH data for Coke, water, and Pepsi trials and analyzed the results. They discussed observations, areas for improvement, and concluded their experiment.
The document summarizes a science experiment investigating how different concentrations of Coca-Cola, beer, and Gatorade affect the mass of grapes. The experiment tested concentrations of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of each liquid on grapes and measured the percentage change in mass. Beer resulted in the highest percentage change in grape mass at 1.94%, followed by Gatorade at 0.627%, and Coca-Cola which had little effect with only a 0.014% change.
This document summarizes an experiment that investigated the effect of steeping time on the amount of caffeine extracted from green tea. The experiment varied the steeping time (3, 5, 10, 15, 20 minutes) while keeping temperature constant. The results showed that the amount of extracted caffeine increased exponentially as steeping time increased, with a positive quadratic correlation between steeping time and caffeine amount.
The document summarizes strategies for reducing solid and liquid waste at the government, business, and individual levels. It discusses source reduction principles and provides examples of policies and initiatives in British Columbia to encourage waste prevention through incentives, regulations, and education programs targeting water and energy conservation, recycling, and sustainable consumption.
Research refers to a careful, systematic study aimed at establishing facts or principles. It involves structured inquiry using scientific methodology to solve problems and create new knowledge. The key characteristics of research are that it is controlled, rigorous, systematic, valid and verifiable, empirical, and critical. There are different types of research including descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative, conceptual, and empirical.
Inductive reasoning involves coming to conclusions based on patterns observed in experiments and testing theories based on empirical evidence rather than deducing conclusions from existing statements or facts. It allows for the formation of a theory based on observations and testing to determine how well facts support the conclusions. Inductive reasoning uses specific observations to establish general patterns and principles.
The document discusses research methodology and process. It defines research, outlines the objectives and characteristics of research, and describes the different types of research. It also discusses defining the research problem, formulating research objectives, and the overall steps involved in the research process from reviewing literature to data analysis and reporting findings.
The document discusses key aspects of research design for marketing research projects. It defines research design as a framework that details the procedures needed to obtain required information to solve research problems. The components of a research design include defining needed information, designing exploratory, descriptive or causal phases, specifying measurement and sampling, and developing a data analysis plan. Exploratory research provides insights while descriptive research describes characteristics and causal research tests hypotheses.
This document provides an overview of empirical software engineering. It begins with an introduction to the need for empirical studies in software engineering to systematically evaluate human activities. The document then covers basic concepts like measurement, data collection, and analysis. It discusses empirical strategies like surveys, case studies, and controlled experiments. The document also outlines the process for conducting an empirical study and current tools. It concludes by examining the state of the art in empirical software engineering and opportunities to better integrate experimental results.
This document discusses the meaning, purpose, and types of research. It defines research as a systematic investigation to gain new knowledge. The main purposes of research are better decision making, identifying problems, forecasting, and developing new products. There are various types of research including exploratory, descriptive, applied, basic, conceptual, causal, historical, ex-post-facto, action, and evaluation research. The research process involves identifying a problem, developing a methodology, finalizing a research plan, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings.
The document discusses different types of research:
- Exploratory research is flexible and informal, used to gain background on a problem. It does not provide conclusive evidence but informs subsequent research.
- Descriptive research describes characteristics but not causes. Cross-sectional studies measure variables at one time; longitudinal studies do so over time.
- Correlational research determines the relationship between variables but cannot indicate causation. The correlation coefficient measures strength and direction of relationships.
- Explanatory research aims to understand relationships between independent and dependent variables to explain phenomena rather than just report them. It tests and advances theoretical explanations.
The document discusses a group project for Group 16 consisting of 4 members. It involves collecting data using a method of dot graphing. The document lists the project materials needed and the steps of the method of data collection.
Group 22 tested how the pH level of 300ml samples of Chinese bottled soft drinks changed as the temperature increased from 5°C to 100°C. They hypothesized that raising the temperature would lower the pH. The independent variables were temperature and drink type, the dependent variable was pH, and the controlled variables were volume, storage, and date of production. The group recorded temperature and pH data for Coke, water, and Pepsi trials and analyzed the results. They discussed observations, areas for improvement, and concluded their experiment.
The document summarizes a science experiment investigating how different concentrations of Coca-Cola, beer, and Gatorade affect the mass of grapes. The experiment tested concentrations of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of each liquid on grapes and measured the percentage change in mass. Beer resulted in the highest percentage change in grape mass at 1.94%, followed by Gatorade at 0.627%, and Coca-Cola which had little effect with only a 0.014% change.
This document summarizes an experiment that investigated the effect of steeping time on the amount of caffeine extracted from green tea. The experiment varied the steeping time (3, 5, 10, 15, 20 minutes) while keeping temperature constant. The results showed that the amount of extracted caffeine increased exponentially as steeping time increased, with a positive quadratic correlation between steeping time and caffeine amount.
The document summarizes strategies for reducing solid and liquid waste at the government, business, and individual levels. It discusses source reduction principles and provides examples of policies and initiatives in British Columbia to encourage waste prevention through incentives, regulations, and education programs targeting water and energy conservation, recycling, and sustainable consumption.
Raw data (data collected, calculating averages, averages of averages for experimental groups, qualitative observations) Had to measure pH to measure concentration to calculate the rate of reaction 200 seconds (lots of points, had to take average)-Took an average of the average of all three experimental group trials-Qualitative observationsInitially, the rhubarb extract varied in size and was a hard, brown solid, with a rough texture similar to a tree Initially, the ibuprofen tablets were all the same size, and were red/ pink in color. The surface was smoothAfter we grinded up each substance the particles were about the same size, and the same color. With the exception of ibuprofen with the remnants of the red/pink coating left in the mix We initially believed that the ibuprofen would dissolve faster and to a greater extent than the rhubarb, however each medicine exhibited similar reaction rates , with the ibuprofen dissolving to a greater extent than the rhubarbWhen the ibuprofen dissolved in HCl the solution turned a pink color, with the color becoming lighter as the volume increasesOn the other hand when the rhubarb dissolved in the HCl the solution turned a brown, murky color, and as the volume increased the solution became a little darker It did not take very long for the rhubarb to begin reacting with the HCl, and the particles sunk to the bottom of the beakerWhen we first put the ibuprofen in the beakers the particles tended to stay at the top of the solution, however over the course of experimentation they would sink to the bottom of the beaker
Data analysis (calculating the rate of reaction, graphs) -Calculated the concentration using 10 to the power of negative (whatever the pH is, manipulated the equation PH = minus the log the concentration of the hydrogen ions-From average calculate rate of reaction (concentration over time) -Graphed independent variable (volumes) and dependent variable (rate of reaction) -Created an exponential curve to show patterns in reaction rates among varying volumes, compare them -Both had slightly higher pH levels than average pH level of HCl (0.89 compared to 0.84-talk about taking out outlier to create exponential line of best fit -Maura + Sarah
Conclusion (weaknesses, improvements that should be made) -Sarah + Ciera