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The document describes a proposed experiment to study the effects of waiting different lengths of time after eating before swimming. It would involve 300 volunteers randomized into age groups and waiting times of 15, 30, or 60 minutes after eating before swimming. The response variable measured would be whether the volunteers get sick or experience cramps. Controls, randomization, and replication are used to reduce bias and variability. Factors like allergies, swimming style, and pain tolerance could also influence the results.
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This study aims to test the hypothesis that shaving hair causes it to grow back thicker. It will involve 150 volunteers divided into two age groups. Volunteers will be randomly assigned to shave their arms and legs once, shave twice, or not shave at all. Hair thickness will be measured before and after using cluster samples. Blocking volunteers by age controls for natural differences in hair growth. The results will show if shaving leads to higher hair concentration when it regrows. Possible errors include volunteers not properly following the shaving treatment.
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The document describes a proposed experiment to test whether spicy foods cause ulcers. It would involve randomly assigning 600,000 volunteers to eat either spicy or non-spicy meals for 3 months. The volunteers would be blocked into groups by race (Asian, African American, Caucasian) to see if race impacts results. After 3 months, each person would be checked for ulcers. The experiment aims to control for factors like race through blocking and uses random assignment and a large sample size for replication. However, it cannot fully account for individual ulcer risks or ensure participants follow their assigned diets.
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This study examines whether eating oat bran reduces cholesterol levels. It involves 100 American males aged 30-70, split into groups of 50 with high cholesterol and 50 with healthy levels. The men are randomly assigned to eat either meals with 3 servings of oat bran per day or meals with 0 servings for two weeks. Their cholesterol is measured after two weeks and two months later after switching diets. The study uses blocking by separating the groups and blinding by not informing subjects about the oat bran to reduce bias in results. A concern is other lifestyle factors may affect cholesterol without the researchers' knowledge.
Group nn
The document describes an experiment to test if toads cause warts. It involves dividing 300 young people who have never had warts into 3 groups. Group 1 would hold toads for 5 minutes, Group 2 for 3 minutes, and Group 3 would not touch toads. The presence of warts after the experiment would be the response variable. Random assignment, blocking by gender, and blinding the participants about the real purpose would help make the experiment more reliable. However, concerns include upsetting participants if they develop warts, and difficulty finding people willing to hold toads. The conclusion is that this experimental design does not support the theory that toads cause warts, as no warts appeared in any participants.
Group mm
The document describes an experiment to test whether M&Ms melt in the mouth or in the hand. Sixty student volunteers will hold 5 M&Ms in their open hand or closed mouth for 30, 60, or 90 seconds. The M&Ms will then be examined to see if any color remains, indicating melting. Students are randomly assigned to time groups to block for potential time effects. The experiment aims to see if M&Ms melt differently in the hand versus mouth.
Group m
This document outlines a proposed experiment to test whether eating chocolate causes acne. The experiment would involve 5000 teenage volunteers between ages 13-19, with 2500 males and 2500 females. Participants would be randomly assigned to eat either real chocolate or a placebo chocolate daily for 30 days. Before and after the trial, evaluators would rank each participant's acne severity from 1 to 10. The results would be analyzed by comparing acne rankings before and after to determine if real chocolate caused more acne than the placebo. If real chocolate resulted in significantly worse acne, it would indicate chocolate does cause acne.
Group ll
This document outlines an experiment to test if eating an apple a day keeps the doctor away. It involves randomly assigning 2000 participants (1000 males and 1000 females) to either eat one apple or a placebo apple per day for a year. The number of doctor visits each participant has will be recorded and compared between the apple-eating and placebo groups. Blocking by gender and double blinding both participants and evaluators aims to get a clear result on the effect of daily apple consumption while limiting bias. Concerns include difficulty finding and following all participants for a year and creating a believable placebo apple.
Group kk
This document outlines a proposed experiment to study whether cell phones cause brain tumors. It would involve randomly assigning 10,000 cell phone users to use either an antenna phone (treatment) or smartphone (control) for two years. The response variable would be development of brain tumors, which would be compared between the two groups. Key elements of the design include using a control group, random assignment, a large sample size, and blocking by gender and age to reduce other influences. However, concerns are raised about the ethics of potentially causing brain tumors in subjects.
Group k
The document describes an experiment to test if eating carrots affects vision. Participants will be randomly assigned to either a control group or experimental group. The experimental group will consume a daily diet with 1 cup of carrots added, while the control group's diet will not include carrots. Both groups will undergo eye exams before and after following their assigned diets for 30 days. The purpose is to see if carrot consumption results in any changes in vision between the initial and final eye exams.
Group jj
1. The study aimed to test if eating carrots improved eyesight over 5 years by having 1000 volunteers (500 males and 500 females split into age groups) eat carrots or not eat carrots daily and comparing their vision prescriptions before and after.
2. Volunteers were randomly assigned to eat carrots or not within their age and gender group to reduce bias.
3. An evaluator who did not know which volunteers ate carrots tested their vision after 5 years to maintain blinding.
4. The results may show improved eyesight in those who ate carrots if confounding variables like inconsistent carrots or eye injuries are controlled for.
Group j
This study aims to determine if Crest toothpaste prevents cavities by randomly assigning families with infants to use either Crest or a generic toothpaste twice daily. The families will be stratified by income into high, middle, and low groups. From each group, 40 families will be randomly selected and also randomly assigned to the Crest or generic toothpaste conditions. When the infants reach age 25, their dentists' records on cavity occurrence over the study period will be collected and compared between the Crest and generic toothpaste groups to see if there is a significant difference, which could prove Crest prevents cavities. Concerns include subjects not following the brushing and toothpaste procedures or dropping out before the study ends.
Group ii
This study examines the relationship between chocolate consumption and acne in teenagers. It involves 40,000 subjects ages 13 to 19 who will be randomly assigned to consume either milk chocolate, dark chocolate, white chocolate, or no chocolate (the control group) daily for one year. Subjects are blocked by gender to account for hormonal differences. Each month, evaluators will count the number of pimples on each volunteer's face and compare the results between treatments at the end of the study period. However, the study design may have limitations due to individual differences in factors like diet, stress levels, and skin care routines that could also influence acne occurrence.
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Grou qq
- 1. Don’t Swim for an Hour After Eating Jillian Yagoda and Jamie Higgins
- 2. Subjects ● 300 random volunteers of all ages
- 3. Explanatory Variable ● How long a person waits after they eat. ● This is a quantitative variable.
- 4. Response Variable ● Whether or not the person got sick or gets cramps after the set amount of time after they ate. ● This is also a quantitative variable.
- 5. Blocking ● Block by age groups o Children o Adults o Elderly ● This would help to eliminate the question of whether or not age effects how long one should wait to swim after eating.
- 6. Blinding ● It is not possible to use blinding during this experiment because time is the variable being tested, and you can not fake a certain amount of time. However, we could not tell them what is being studied.
- 7. Treatment ● Time before swimming (measured in minutes)
- 8. 300 volunteers 100 children 100 adults 100 elderly 25 control 25 - 15 minutes 25 - 30 minutes 25 - 60 minutes 25 control 25 - 15 minutes 25 - 30 minutes 25 - 60 minutes 25 control 25 - 15 minutes 25 - 30 minutes R A N D O M I Z A T I O N 25 - 60 minutes Compare Compare Compare
- 9. Experimental Design Principles ● Control o To be able to compare the other times to ● Randomization o To lower variability and bias of the volunteers ● Replication o To lower variability and ensure the data is correct
- 10. Concerns ● Allergies ● How they swim ● Pain tolerance