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Mašinski fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu 
Katedra za motorna vozila – Predmet: Dinamika vozila 
GRANIČNE PERFORMANSE 
MOTORNIH VOZILA 
DINAMIKA VOZILA 
Doc. dr Dragan Aleksendrić 
Mašinski fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu 
Katedra za motorna vozila – Predmet: Dinamika vozila 
Propulzija motornih vozila se ostvaruje “odupiranjem” kretača o tlo, odnosno složenim procesom prijanjanja kretača i tla. 
Nivo prijanjanja zavisi od više činilaca, a najviše od vrste kretača, njegovog korisnog opterećenja i vrste, kvaliteta i 
stanja tla tj. tla po kojem se vozilo kreće. 
Ovi činioci određuju i maksimalne vučne sile a time i makasimalne performanse vozila. Vozilo ne može da ostvari viši 
nivo performansi od onoga koji je diktiran veličinom sila prijanjanja bez obzira na veličinu dovedenog obrtnog 
momenta na pogonske točkove. 
Ove maksimalne performanse, određene prijanjanjem kretača i tla na određenom tlu, nazivaju se granične performanse 
motornih vozila. 
S obzirom da se granične performanse odnose na uslove kretanja vozila kada na njega deluju različiti otpori, koji se 
suprostavljaju kretanju, a koji izazivaju i određene promene normalnih rekacija pojedinih kretača, analiza graničnih 
performansi mora da se zasniva na tzv. dinammičkim opterećenjima kretača, odnosno osovina vozila. 
DINAMIKA VOZILA 
Doc. dr Dragan Aleksendrić 
OPŠTE
Mašinski fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu 
Katedra za motorna vozila – Predmet: Dinamika vozila 
Na slici je data shema vozila sa pogonom na zadnjim točkovima koje se kreće ubrzano na usponu. Normalne rekacije tla 
tj. dinamička opterećenja osovina mogu da se odrede iz uslova ravnoteže sila i momenata: 
DINAMIKA VOZILA 
Doc. dr Dragan Aleksendrić 
Granične performanse 
Σ = 0 oF M 
( − ) − ( + ) − − cos − − cos − ( + )sin − = 0 M M c v p F F pot pot pot pot aF Z l f Ra Ru h Rvh Gl α Z f R h γ R l l γ M 
ΣX = 0 
M f pot cosγ X = Ra + Ru + Rv + X + R 
ΣZ = 0 
M F cosα pot sinγ Z + Z = G + R 
[ ]M p c pot pot Gl Ra Ru Rv h R h 
Z = 1 cosα + ( + + ) + 
l 
[ ]F z c pot pot Gl Ra Ru Rv h R h 
Z = 1 cosα − ( + + ) − 
l 
= ≈ 0 M M F F Z f Z f γ = 0 
Mašinski fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu 
Katedra za motorna vozila – Predmet: Dinamika vozila 
Ako se usvoji da je kretanje po ravnom putu, konstantnom brzinom, bez prikolice, onda dobijamo: 
DINAMIKA VOZILA 
Doc. dr Dragan Aleksendrić 
Granične performanse 
Gl + 
Rvh 
Z p c 
M 
l 
= 
Z Glz − 
Rvhc 
F 
l 
=
Mašinski fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu 
Katedra za motorna vozila – Predmet: Dinamika vozila 
Znajući normalne dinamičke reakcije tla, mogu lako da se odrede i maksimalne vrednosti vučnih sila pri kretanju vozila po 
tlu koje je u spoju sa njegovim kretačima daje maksimalni koeficijent prijanjanja φ. 
G l fh R h h 
cos ( − ) − ( − 
p c pot c pot 
) 
DINAMIKA VOZILA 
p 
G l 
⋅ ⋅ 
= 
M Z l h 
Doc. dr Dragan Aleksendrić 
Granične performanse 
Σ = 0 oF M − ( + + ) − − cos − = 0 M c v p pot pot Z l Ra Ru Rv h Rvh Gl α R h ϕ 
ΣX = 0 − − − − + = 0 Max f pot X Ra Ru Rv X R 
ϕ ϕ = = ⋅ 
ϕ 
M Z X X Z Max M Z 
X = Z ⋅ ϕ = f F ( G cos α − 
Z ) F 
M ϕ ( + ) − − − − cos ⋅ − = 0 M pot Z ϕ f Ra Ru Rv G α f R ϕ 
G l fh R h h 
cos ( − ) − ( − 
p c pot c pot 
) 
M l f h 
c 
Z 
( ) 
− + 
= 
ϕ 
α 
ϕ 
M Z l f h 
c 
X 
( ) 
− + 
= ⋅ 
ϕ 
α 
ϕ ϕ 
ϕ α 
c 
p 
G l 
⋅ ⋅ 
= 
M Z l h 
X 
ϕ 
ϕ − 
cos 
c 
X 
ϕ 
ϕ 
ϕ − 
Mašinski fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu 
Katedra za motorna vozila – Predmet: Dinamika vozila 
G l fh R h h 
cos ( + ) + ( − 
) 
F P l f h 
DINAMIKA VOZILA 
z c pot c pot 
Doc. dr Dragan Aleksendrić 
Granične performanse 
Za pogon na prednje točkove se dobija: 
c 
X 
( ) 
+ + 
= ⋅ 
ϕ 
α 
ϕ ϕ 
z 
X ⋅ ⋅ 
= 
G l 
F P l h 
c 
ϕ 
ϕ 
ϕ + 
Za pogon na sve točkove se dobija: 
ϕ α ϕ cos , X = ⋅G ⋅ M Z P 
X G M Z P =ϕ ⋅ ϕ ,
Mašinski fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu 
Katedra za motorna vozila – Predmet: Dinamika vozila 
Ostvarivanje maksimalne vučne sile pri pogonu na sve točkove je uslovljeno postojanjem blorianog razvoda snage na 
pogonske mostove ili punom srazmerom dovedenih momenata i dinamičkih rekacija (diferencijalni razvod). 
DINAMIKA VOZILA 
Doc. dr Dragan Aleksendrić 
Granične performanse 
l − 
ϕ 
h 
z c 
p c 
p 
ϕ 
Z 
op 
oz 
l h 
Z 
Z 
M 
M 
ϕ 
ϕ 
+ 
= = 
Mašinski fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu 
Katedra za motorna vozila – Predmet: Dinamika vozila 
Potrebna raspodela vučnih sila (obrtnih momenata) za puno iskorišćenje prijanjanja se za određene vrednosti lp, lz i hc 
može prikazati kao: 
DINAMIKA VOZILA 
Doc. dr Dragan Aleksendrić 
Granične performanse
Mašinski fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu 
Katedra za motorna vozila – Predmet: Dinamika vozila 
Na osnovu graničnih vrednosti vučnih sila mogu se odrediti sve druge granične performanse vozila, na primer maksimalna 
granična brzina, granično ubrzanje itd. 
G ( l − fh ) 
− 
R 
p c pot 
ϕ Gf KAv 
M Z = + 
ϕ ϕ ϕ 
l f h 
G l fl 
( ϕ 
) 
DINAMIKA VOZILA 
− 
Doc. dr Dragan Aleksendrić 
Granične performanse 
X =ΣR MϕZ 
X =ΣR MϕZ 
2 
( ) 
X 
c 
− + 
= ⋅ 
( ( ) ) 
c 
p 
KA l f h 
v 
− + 
= 
ϕ 
ϕ

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Granične performanse motornih vozila

  • 1. Mašinski fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu Katedra za motorna vozila – Predmet: Dinamika vozila GRANIČNE PERFORMANSE MOTORNIH VOZILA DINAMIKA VOZILA Doc. dr Dragan Aleksendrić Mašinski fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu Katedra za motorna vozila – Predmet: Dinamika vozila Propulzija motornih vozila se ostvaruje “odupiranjem” kretača o tlo, odnosno složenim procesom prijanjanja kretača i tla. Nivo prijanjanja zavisi od više činilaca, a najviše od vrste kretača, njegovog korisnog opterećenja i vrste, kvaliteta i stanja tla tj. tla po kojem se vozilo kreće. Ovi činioci određuju i maksimalne vučne sile a time i makasimalne performanse vozila. Vozilo ne može da ostvari viši nivo performansi od onoga koji je diktiran veličinom sila prijanjanja bez obzira na veličinu dovedenog obrtnog momenta na pogonske točkove. Ove maksimalne performanse, određene prijanjanjem kretača i tla na određenom tlu, nazivaju se granične performanse motornih vozila. S obzirom da se granične performanse odnose na uslove kretanja vozila kada na njega deluju različiti otpori, koji se suprostavljaju kretanju, a koji izazivaju i određene promene normalnih rekacija pojedinih kretača, analiza graničnih performansi mora da se zasniva na tzv. dinammičkim opterećenjima kretača, odnosno osovina vozila. DINAMIKA VOZILA Doc. dr Dragan Aleksendrić OPŠTE
  • 2. Mašinski fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu Katedra za motorna vozila – Predmet: Dinamika vozila Na slici je data shema vozila sa pogonom na zadnjim točkovima koje se kreće ubrzano na usponu. Normalne rekacije tla tj. dinamička opterećenja osovina mogu da se odrede iz uslova ravnoteže sila i momenata: DINAMIKA VOZILA Doc. dr Dragan Aleksendrić Granične performanse Σ = 0 oF M ( − ) − ( + ) − − cos − − cos − ( + )sin − = 0 M M c v p F F pot pot pot pot aF Z l f Ra Ru h Rvh Gl α Z f R h γ R l l γ M ΣX = 0 M f pot cosγ X = Ra + Ru + Rv + X + R ΣZ = 0 M F cosα pot sinγ Z + Z = G + R [ ]M p c pot pot Gl Ra Ru Rv h R h Z = 1 cosα + ( + + ) + l [ ]F z c pot pot Gl Ra Ru Rv h R h Z = 1 cosα − ( + + ) − l = ≈ 0 M M F F Z f Z f γ = 0 Mašinski fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu Katedra za motorna vozila – Predmet: Dinamika vozila Ako se usvoji da je kretanje po ravnom putu, konstantnom brzinom, bez prikolice, onda dobijamo: DINAMIKA VOZILA Doc. dr Dragan Aleksendrić Granične performanse Gl + Rvh Z p c M l = Z Glz − Rvhc F l =
  • 3. Mašinski fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu Katedra za motorna vozila – Predmet: Dinamika vozila Znajući normalne dinamičke reakcije tla, mogu lako da se odrede i maksimalne vrednosti vučnih sila pri kretanju vozila po tlu koje je u spoju sa njegovim kretačima daje maksimalni koeficijent prijanjanja φ. G l fh R h h cos ( − ) − ( − p c pot c pot ) DINAMIKA VOZILA p G l ⋅ ⋅ = M Z l h Doc. dr Dragan Aleksendrić Granične performanse Σ = 0 oF M − ( + + ) − − cos − = 0 M c v p pot pot Z l Ra Ru Rv h Rvh Gl α R h ϕ ΣX = 0 − − − − + = 0 Max f pot X Ra Ru Rv X R ϕ ϕ = = ⋅ ϕ M Z X X Z Max M Z X = Z ⋅ ϕ = f F ( G cos α − Z ) F M ϕ ( + ) − − − − cos ⋅ − = 0 M pot Z ϕ f Ra Ru Rv G α f R ϕ G l fh R h h cos ( − ) − ( − p c pot c pot ) M l f h c Z ( ) − + = ϕ α ϕ M Z l f h c X ( ) − + = ⋅ ϕ α ϕ ϕ ϕ α c p G l ⋅ ⋅ = M Z l h X ϕ ϕ − cos c X ϕ ϕ ϕ − Mašinski fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu Katedra za motorna vozila – Predmet: Dinamika vozila G l fh R h h cos ( + ) + ( − ) F P l f h DINAMIKA VOZILA z c pot c pot Doc. dr Dragan Aleksendrić Granične performanse Za pogon na prednje točkove se dobija: c X ( ) + + = ⋅ ϕ α ϕ ϕ z X ⋅ ⋅ = G l F P l h c ϕ ϕ ϕ + Za pogon na sve točkove se dobija: ϕ α ϕ cos , X = ⋅G ⋅ M Z P X G M Z P =ϕ ⋅ ϕ ,
  • 4. Mašinski fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu Katedra za motorna vozila – Predmet: Dinamika vozila Ostvarivanje maksimalne vučne sile pri pogonu na sve točkove je uslovljeno postojanjem blorianog razvoda snage na pogonske mostove ili punom srazmerom dovedenih momenata i dinamičkih rekacija (diferencijalni razvod). DINAMIKA VOZILA Doc. dr Dragan Aleksendrić Granične performanse l − ϕ h z c p c p ϕ Z op oz l h Z Z M M ϕ ϕ + = = Mašinski fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu Katedra za motorna vozila – Predmet: Dinamika vozila Potrebna raspodela vučnih sila (obrtnih momenata) za puno iskorišćenje prijanjanja se za određene vrednosti lp, lz i hc može prikazati kao: DINAMIKA VOZILA Doc. dr Dragan Aleksendrić Granične performanse
  • 5. Mašinski fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu Katedra za motorna vozila – Predmet: Dinamika vozila Na osnovu graničnih vrednosti vučnih sila mogu se odrediti sve druge granične performanse vozila, na primer maksimalna granična brzina, granično ubrzanje itd. G ( l − fh ) − R p c pot ϕ Gf KAv M Z = + ϕ ϕ ϕ l f h G l fl ( ϕ ) DINAMIKA VOZILA − Doc. dr Dragan Aleksendrić Granične performanse X =ΣR MϕZ X =ΣR MϕZ 2 ( ) X c − + = ⋅ ( ( ) ) c p KA l f h v − + = ϕ ϕ