Graak is a professional manufacturer of automotive brake friction products like brake pads and shoes. They have 30 years of experience in the friction aftermarket. The document discusses the objectives of internship training at Graak, which include exposing students to real work environments, developing skills, and allowing students to apply theoretical knowledge. It also provides an introduction to the global shoe industry, describing its evolution and how shoes are made from various materials to protect the feet. The footwear industry in India is also summarized, identifying India as the second largest producer and exporter of footwear globally.
The document discusses the Indian footwear industry, with a focus on the role of brands like Adidas. It notes that brands influence consumer purchasing decisions and that Adidas has created trust, loyalty, and brand equity among consumers for its sports shoes. The industry is dominated by small producers and exports leather footwear, competing with China, Spain, and Italy. The potential for growth in India is high due to low production costs and a large domestic market.
This document provides details about Aseel shoes, a proposed women's shoe company in Mazar-e-Sharif, Afghanistan. It outlines the company's vision, location, markets and products. Key points include plans to produce over 1,000 pairs of shoes per month targeting women across age groups. Production will utilize imported machinery to make various shoe styles. The document describes the shoe making process and necessary materials, tools, machines and staff.
This document provides an overview of the Indian footwear industry. It discusses that the Indian footwear market is worth USD 3.94 billion and growing at 15% annually. While India is the second largest footwear producer globally, per capita consumption is still lower than other countries. The footwear industry is split between branded shoes catering to urban areas and local production serving rural markets. Major players are expanding operations across India and innovating new styles to attract various consumer segments.
Small business exports from india a look into the leather footwear industry ...Sajeev Keswani
The document discusses India's leather footwear industry, which is a major export industry for the country. It is the largest segment of the leather industry. India exports over 50% of its leather footwear production, mainly to Europe, UK, USA, Australia, and Africa. The industry employs around 2.5 million people directly and indirectly. The government supports the industry through policies like tax benefits, import duty waivers, and export promotion programs. While the industry has opportunities to grow further, it faces threats such as lack of organization and difficulties obtaining financing.
The Indian footwear retail market is expected to grow at over 20% annually until 2011. Major production centers are in Tamil Nadu and North India. Casual footwear dominates, making up two-thirds of the market. Bata India is the largest footwear retailer in India, operating over 1,250 stores nationwide. The document discusses the organized versus unorganized sectors of the Indian footwear industry and opportunities to increase quality and market share.
This document provides information about the Indian leather and footwear industries. It summarizes that India is a traditional leather exporter and is now the 8th largest foreign exchange earner. The footwear industry is the second largest producer globally after China, producing over 2 billion pairs annually. The industries employ over 2.5 million people and are supported by the government's investment in infrastructure like footwear and component parks. The document promotes India as an opportunity for sourcing footwear and marketing branded footwear due to its strengths in raw materials, labor costs, and manufacturing capabilities.
- India is the second largest producer of footwear globally, producing over 2 billion pairs annually. The majority (95%) of India's footwear production is consumed domestically.
- Major players in the Indian footwear market include Reebok, Liberty Shoes, Puma, Bata, and Woodland. Reebok has a 54% market share in India while Bata commands around 35% of the overall market.
- The budget for 2014 provided benefits to both footwear manufacturers and consumers in India through a reduction in excise duty on branded footwear priced between 500-1000 rupees. This will help boost growth in the retail footwear segment.
The document provides an overview of the Indian footwear industry. It discusses that India is the second largest global producer of footwear after China. The industry is dominated by the unorganized sector but the organized sector is growing rapidly. Major production centers are located in various states like Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, and Punjab. The market is segmented into casual, mass, premium, and sports footwear. Key players in the industry include Bata, Liberty, Adidas, and Reebok. The future outlook remains positive with growing demand and opportunities in the women's segment.
The document discusses the Indian footwear industry, with a focus on the role of brands like Adidas. It notes that brands influence consumer purchasing decisions and that Adidas has created trust, loyalty, and brand equity among consumers for its sports shoes. The industry is dominated by small producers and exports leather footwear, competing with China, Spain, and Italy. The potential for growth in India is high due to low production costs and a large domestic market.
This document provides details about Aseel shoes, a proposed women's shoe company in Mazar-e-Sharif, Afghanistan. It outlines the company's vision, location, markets and products. Key points include plans to produce over 1,000 pairs of shoes per month targeting women across age groups. Production will utilize imported machinery to make various shoe styles. The document describes the shoe making process and necessary materials, tools, machines and staff.
This document provides an overview of the Indian footwear industry. It discusses that the Indian footwear market is worth USD 3.94 billion and growing at 15% annually. While India is the second largest footwear producer globally, per capita consumption is still lower than other countries. The footwear industry is split between branded shoes catering to urban areas and local production serving rural markets. Major players are expanding operations across India and innovating new styles to attract various consumer segments.
Small business exports from india a look into the leather footwear industry ...Sajeev Keswani
The document discusses India's leather footwear industry, which is a major export industry for the country. It is the largest segment of the leather industry. India exports over 50% of its leather footwear production, mainly to Europe, UK, USA, Australia, and Africa. The industry employs around 2.5 million people directly and indirectly. The government supports the industry through policies like tax benefits, import duty waivers, and export promotion programs. While the industry has opportunities to grow further, it faces threats such as lack of organization and difficulties obtaining financing.
The Indian footwear retail market is expected to grow at over 20% annually until 2011. Major production centers are in Tamil Nadu and North India. Casual footwear dominates, making up two-thirds of the market. Bata India is the largest footwear retailer in India, operating over 1,250 stores nationwide. The document discusses the organized versus unorganized sectors of the Indian footwear industry and opportunities to increase quality and market share.
This document provides information about the Indian leather and footwear industries. It summarizes that India is a traditional leather exporter and is now the 8th largest foreign exchange earner. The footwear industry is the second largest producer globally after China, producing over 2 billion pairs annually. The industries employ over 2.5 million people and are supported by the government's investment in infrastructure like footwear and component parks. The document promotes India as an opportunity for sourcing footwear and marketing branded footwear due to its strengths in raw materials, labor costs, and manufacturing capabilities.
- India is the second largest producer of footwear globally, producing over 2 billion pairs annually. The majority (95%) of India's footwear production is consumed domestically.
- Major players in the Indian footwear market include Reebok, Liberty Shoes, Puma, Bata, and Woodland. Reebok has a 54% market share in India while Bata commands around 35% of the overall market.
- The budget for 2014 provided benefits to both footwear manufacturers and consumers in India through a reduction in excise duty on branded footwear priced between 500-1000 rupees. This will help boost growth in the retail footwear segment.
The document provides an overview of the Indian footwear industry. It discusses that India is the second largest global producer of footwear after China. The industry is dominated by the unorganized sector but the organized sector is growing rapidly. Major production centers are located in various states like Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, and Punjab. The market is segmented into casual, mass, premium, and sports footwear. Key players in the industry include Bata, Liberty, Adidas, and Reebok. The future outlook remains positive with growing demand and opportunities in the women's segment.
The document provides an overview of the footwear retailing industry in India. It discusses that the Indian footwear market is estimated to be worth Rs. 13,750 Crore and men's footwear comprises the largest share at 52% of the organized market. The ladies footwear segment remains the most untapped as 80-90% of purchases happen in the unorganized market. The document also summarizes the history of major footwear retailers in India like Bata and Khadim's. It discusses the marketing mix of footwear retailers including product focus, pricing models, store locations, and promotion strategies. Finally, it covers the opportunities and challenges for the footwear retail industry in India.
Supply Chain Management Evaluation in Footwear Industries of BangladeshMd. Mamun Ali Biswas
This document outlines an agenda for studying the supply chain management of Bangladesh's footwear industry. It defines key supply chain concepts and scopes the study to evaluating supply chain implementation and value increase strategies for local and export-oriented footwear companies. Research methodology, an industry overview, questionnaire analysis, hypotheses, SWOT analysis, findings, and recommendations are presented. The conclusion emphasizes that effective supply chain management strategies are needed to sustain growth in the emerging Bangladesh footwear sector.
1) The European footwear market is the largest in the world, though it was affected by the 2008 recession. Imports from Asia have increased, while European manufacturers focus on quality and origin marketing.
2) India has an opportunity to enter this market due to lower costs and expertise in leather goods. Retail chains and department stores are a good entry point as consumers seek lower prices.
3) Indian manufacturers should focus on a range of fashion and casual leather shoes, meet European standards, and differentiate based on quality to compete against Asian imports.
The premium footwear market in India has grown significantly in recent years and is expected to continue growing at a rapid pace. The market was worth 300 crore INR in 2012-13 and is projected to reach 774 crore INR by 2016-17, representing a compound annual growth rate of around 26.7%. Men's footwear currently dominates the premium segment but the women's market is growing. Many international brands have entered or expanded in the Indian market through partnerships and joint ventures. The document discusses key growth drivers in the industry as well as challenges such as high taxation and regulatory hurdles to direct foreign investment.
Indian footwear retail market forecast to 2017IBNARESEARCH
This document provides a summary and table of contents for the report "Indian Footwear Retail Market Forecast to 2017". The 194-page report contains detailed statistics and analysis of the Indian footwear retail market segmented into men's, women's, and kid's footwear. It provides past and present market size and growth data from 2007-2012 for each segment, and forecasts the market outlook from 2013-2017. The report also analyzes consumer behavior, market share by major players, distribution networks, and other aspects of the Indian footwear retail industry.
Market Research Reports, Inc. has announced the addition of “Footwear Market in India 2014” research report to their offering. See more at- http://mrr.cm/44J
This document provides an overview of an organizational study conducted at MRF Ltd., a major tire manufacturing company located in Chennai, India. The study aimed to understand the company's structure, culture, departments, products, and SWOT analysis. Key findings include that MRF is the largest tire manufacturer in India and 12th largest globally. It exports to over 75 countries and has a well-structured HR department and regular training programs. Strengths include its brand recognition and distribution network, while weaknesses include union problems and marketing only occurring at the corporate level.
Soweto Game Skin is a business that buys raw animal hides and skins from abattoirs and hunters in South Africa. It sends the hides for processing and then sells them to prominent buyers for uses like home decor, traditional costumes, and art. The business is located in Soweto and run by an experienced managing director, client liaison officer, and administrator. It aims to target large buyers and expand internationally while promoting African culture and tourism.
Insights Success has shortlisted “The 10 Most Admired Companies in Plastic Industry”, we have presented the prominent companies who have accomplished a remarkable position in the era of plastic industry with their unique products and services.
This document provides an overview and analysis of the Bata shoe brand in Bangladesh. It includes:
- An overview of Bata's history in Bangladesh since 1962 and its position as the top footwear brand.
- Details on Bata's company profile, organizational structure, retail outlets both within and outside Dhaka city, financial performance from 2011-2015, and target customer demographics.
- Analysis of Bata's product lines including best-selling sizes, styles, colors, and photos of kids, men's, women's products and store interior.
- Comparison of Bata's competitors Apex and Pegasus, differences in product pricing, market share, and quality.
-
Bata India is the largest footwear retailer and manufacturer in India. It was established in 1931 and has since expanded to over 1375 retail stores across India. Bata aims to provide fashionable and affordable footwear products to customers through superior retail experiences. Key executives and the organizational structure are outlined. Financial results from the past 4 years show increasing net profits. Bata engages in various CSR initiatives, including donations of shoes and masks during the COVID-19 pandemic. Competitors and the various departments within Bata, including procurement, operations, and retail network, are briefly described.
Presentation on eight weeks industrial training atSandhu Kabir
This document summarizes a presentation on a 6-week summer training program at Oswal Woolen Mills. It provides details on the Indian textile industry, including its contributions to foreign exchange and employment. It then discusses Oswal Woolen Mills specifically, including its establishment, products, management structure, and SWOT analysis. Export competitiveness of the textile sector is analyzed through tables presenting primary data collected from textile companies.
a post event report on Nigeria's foremost international leather fair for the footwear and leather industry. It details a brief summary of input from all participating stakeholders at the Expo.
Introduction to indian garment industryAnkur Makhija
The document provides an overview of the Indian garment industry. It discusses that the industry contributes significantly to India's economy through industrial production, GDP, and exports. The industry is concentrated in eight major apparel clusters across India and exports textiles and clothing to over 100 countries, with the US and EU being the largest export destinations. It then analyzes the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats facing the Indian garment industry. Key strengths include low labor costs and raw material availability. Weaknesses include industry fragmentation and lower productivity compared to competitors. Growing domestic demand and rising incomes present opportunities. Threats include global competition and currency fluctuations.
This is sharing with a gratitude to the person who originally shared this. This is to support students who presently study for project on this subject.
The document discusses the footwear industry and internship training at Nicrome Leather Processing Industry. It provides an overview of Nicrome's 30 years of experience manufacturing automotive brake pads and shoes. The objectives of internship training are to give students real-world work experience, develop skills, and allow students to apply theoretical knowledge. The footwear industry has evolved over hundreds of thousands of years to protect the human foot. India is one of the largest footwear producers and manufacturers, exporting various shoe styles globally.
Consumer behaviour towards action shoesRaj vardhan
CONTENTS
CHAPTER-1 : Introduction
1.1. Overview of the industry
1.2. Company Profile
1.3. Problems faced by the organization
1.4. Competitors Information
1.5. SWOT Analysis
CHAPTER-2: Research Methodology
2.1 Statement of problem
2.2 Objectives of the study
2.3 Research methodology
2.4 Limitations of the studies
Chapter 3: Conceptual Discussion
Chapter 4: Data Analysis and Interpretation
Chapter 5: Findings and recommendations
Chapter 6: Conclusion
Bibliography
Annexure
Questionnaire
Canvas shoes are made of canvas cloth and rubber soles. They are inexpensive and comfortable, making them popular for students, children, and workers. The document discusses the canvas shoe market, noting rising demand is expected to drive growth due to low production costs. It also provides background on the larger global footwear market, which is valued at $371.8 billion and growing due to increasing health consciousness and changing lifestyles. India is the second largest footwear producer globally, with the market dominated by men's shoes but women's shoes growing the fastest.
The document discusses the Central Footwear Training Institute in Agra, India which was established in 1963 to provide training and develop skilled professionals for the footwear industry in order to overcome shortages of managerial and technical staff. It outlines the institute's objectives, programs, facilities, and departments which provide training in areas such as footwear design, production processes like cutting and closing, CAD/CAM, and other technical areas to develop graduates prepared to work in the footwear industry. The conclusion reiterates the institute's commitment to innovation in training through a variety of course offerings and exposure to industry to build strong foundations of knowledge and skills for students.
The Ultimate Footwear Career Guide: Discover the opportunities and skills you...Rob Kingyens
The Ultimate Footwear Career Guide
Are you looking for a career in footwear? Learn about the opportunities and skills you need to work in the footwear industry in this guide.
Footwear has emerged as a lucrative market with subcategories in athletic footwear, leather footwear, and textile & other footwear. The global footwear market was forecast to be worth $365.5 billion in 2020 and to reach nearly $530.3 billion by 2027. Experts predict that by 2027, women’s footwear will rake in about $220 billion in revenue.
Working in the footwear industry can be a fulfilling and rewarding career. The footwear industry is large, with many different jobs to match your skills and experience level. Some work with the marketing, design, and distribution of footwear, while others are responsible for creating and producing footwear.
For anyone interested in a career in the footwear industry, learning about the opportunities available is an important first step. This guide will tell you everything you need to know about working in the footwear industry.
The Ultimate Footwear Career Guide is your source to discover careers and learn entry points into the footwear industry. In addition to providing information on different career paths available, we also offer exercises on how to begin your career and highlight important skills to help you succeed. In this guide, you can explore the jobs that drive the market, then search for your perfect career by area of interest, skills, companies, or industry experts.
Learn about your skills and interests, identify career options you might pursue, and implement a successful strategy to attain your desired career outcomes.
In this guide, you’ll find the following information:
• Overview of the footwear industry
• The future of footwear
• Footwear Career Library
• Career Planning Strategy to get into the footwear industry
You’ll also find simple exercises that help you:
• form a career planning strategy to get into the footwear industry
• find your passion for footwear business and identify an area of interest to pursue
• learn the industry through top brands, companies, and key players
• identify your skills and match them to a place of interest
Looking to learn more about the footwear industry, the career opportunities, or build the skills you need? Explore our footwear business course — Footwear Business Foundations — led by the Fashion Institute of Technology (FIT) to learn the ins and outs of the industry while building your expertise to break into the field.
- Bata India has higher networth, total assets, inventories, debtors, and net current assets compared to Relaxo Footwears.
- However, Relaxo Footwears has higher gross block, net block, secured loans, and total debt compared to Bata India.
- In terms of profitability, Bata India reported higher net profit but Relaxo Footwears reported higher sales turnover compared to Bata India.
The document provides an overview of the footwear retailing industry in India. It discusses that the Indian footwear market is estimated to be worth Rs. 13,750 Crore and men's footwear comprises the largest share at 52% of the organized market. The ladies footwear segment remains the most untapped as 80-90% of purchases happen in the unorganized market. The document also summarizes the history of major footwear retailers in India like Bata and Khadim's. It discusses the marketing mix of footwear retailers including product focus, pricing models, store locations, and promotion strategies. Finally, it covers the opportunities and challenges for the footwear retail industry in India.
Supply Chain Management Evaluation in Footwear Industries of BangladeshMd. Mamun Ali Biswas
This document outlines an agenda for studying the supply chain management of Bangladesh's footwear industry. It defines key supply chain concepts and scopes the study to evaluating supply chain implementation and value increase strategies for local and export-oriented footwear companies. Research methodology, an industry overview, questionnaire analysis, hypotheses, SWOT analysis, findings, and recommendations are presented. The conclusion emphasizes that effective supply chain management strategies are needed to sustain growth in the emerging Bangladesh footwear sector.
1) The European footwear market is the largest in the world, though it was affected by the 2008 recession. Imports from Asia have increased, while European manufacturers focus on quality and origin marketing.
2) India has an opportunity to enter this market due to lower costs and expertise in leather goods. Retail chains and department stores are a good entry point as consumers seek lower prices.
3) Indian manufacturers should focus on a range of fashion and casual leather shoes, meet European standards, and differentiate based on quality to compete against Asian imports.
The premium footwear market in India has grown significantly in recent years and is expected to continue growing at a rapid pace. The market was worth 300 crore INR in 2012-13 and is projected to reach 774 crore INR by 2016-17, representing a compound annual growth rate of around 26.7%. Men's footwear currently dominates the premium segment but the women's market is growing. Many international brands have entered or expanded in the Indian market through partnerships and joint ventures. The document discusses key growth drivers in the industry as well as challenges such as high taxation and regulatory hurdles to direct foreign investment.
Indian footwear retail market forecast to 2017IBNARESEARCH
This document provides a summary and table of contents for the report "Indian Footwear Retail Market Forecast to 2017". The 194-page report contains detailed statistics and analysis of the Indian footwear retail market segmented into men's, women's, and kid's footwear. It provides past and present market size and growth data from 2007-2012 for each segment, and forecasts the market outlook from 2013-2017. The report also analyzes consumer behavior, market share by major players, distribution networks, and other aspects of the Indian footwear retail industry.
Market Research Reports, Inc. has announced the addition of “Footwear Market in India 2014” research report to their offering. See more at- http://mrr.cm/44J
This document provides an overview of an organizational study conducted at MRF Ltd., a major tire manufacturing company located in Chennai, India. The study aimed to understand the company's structure, culture, departments, products, and SWOT analysis. Key findings include that MRF is the largest tire manufacturer in India and 12th largest globally. It exports to over 75 countries and has a well-structured HR department and regular training programs. Strengths include its brand recognition and distribution network, while weaknesses include union problems and marketing only occurring at the corporate level.
Soweto Game Skin is a business that buys raw animal hides and skins from abattoirs and hunters in South Africa. It sends the hides for processing and then sells them to prominent buyers for uses like home decor, traditional costumes, and art. The business is located in Soweto and run by an experienced managing director, client liaison officer, and administrator. It aims to target large buyers and expand internationally while promoting African culture and tourism.
Insights Success has shortlisted “The 10 Most Admired Companies in Plastic Industry”, we have presented the prominent companies who have accomplished a remarkable position in the era of plastic industry with their unique products and services.
This document provides an overview and analysis of the Bata shoe brand in Bangladesh. It includes:
- An overview of Bata's history in Bangladesh since 1962 and its position as the top footwear brand.
- Details on Bata's company profile, organizational structure, retail outlets both within and outside Dhaka city, financial performance from 2011-2015, and target customer demographics.
- Analysis of Bata's product lines including best-selling sizes, styles, colors, and photos of kids, men's, women's products and store interior.
- Comparison of Bata's competitors Apex and Pegasus, differences in product pricing, market share, and quality.
-
Bata India is the largest footwear retailer and manufacturer in India. It was established in 1931 and has since expanded to over 1375 retail stores across India. Bata aims to provide fashionable and affordable footwear products to customers through superior retail experiences. Key executives and the organizational structure are outlined. Financial results from the past 4 years show increasing net profits. Bata engages in various CSR initiatives, including donations of shoes and masks during the COVID-19 pandemic. Competitors and the various departments within Bata, including procurement, operations, and retail network, are briefly described.
Presentation on eight weeks industrial training atSandhu Kabir
This document summarizes a presentation on a 6-week summer training program at Oswal Woolen Mills. It provides details on the Indian textile industry, including its contributions to foreign exchange and employment. It then discusses Oswal Woolen Mills specifically, including its establishment, products, management structure, and SWOT analysis. Export competitiveness of the textile sector is analyzed through tables presenting primary data collected from textile companies.
a post event report on Nigeria's foremost international leather fair for the footwear and leather industry. It details a brief summary of input from all participating stakeholders at the Expo.
Introduction to indian garment industryAnkur Makhija
The document provides an overview of the Indian garment industry. It discusses that the industry contributes significantly to India's economy through industrial production, GDP, and exports. The industry is concentrated in eight major apparel clusters across India and exports textiles and clothing to over 100 countries, with the US and EU being the largest export destinations. It then analyzes the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats facing the Indian garment industry. Key strengths include low labor costs and raw material availability. Weaknesses include industry fragmentation and lower productivity compared to competitors. Growing domestic demand and rising incomes present opportunities. Threats include global competition and currency fluctuations.
This is sharing with a gratitude to the person who originally shared this. This is to support students who presently study for project on this subject.
The document discusses the footwear industry and internship training at Nicrome Leather Processing Industry. It provides an overview of Nicrome's 30 years of experience manufacturing automotive brake pads and shoes. The objectives of internship training are to give students real-world work experience, develop skills, and allow students to apply theoretical knowledge. The footwear industry has evolved over hundreds of thousands of years to protect the human foot. India is one of the largest footwear producers and manufacturers, exporting various shoe styles globally.
Consumer behaviour towards action shoesRaj vardhan
CONTENTS
CHAPTER-1 : Introduction
1.1. Overview of the industry
1.2. Company Profile
1.3. Problems faced by the organization
1.4. Competitors Information
1.5. SWOT Analysis
CHAPTER-2: Research Methodology
2.1 Statement of problem
2.2 Objectives of the study
2.3 Research methodology
2.4 Limitations of the studies
Chapter 3: Conceptual Discussion
Chapter 4: Data Analysis and Interpretation
Chapter 5: Findings and recommendations
Chapter 6: Conclusion
Bibliography
Annexure
Questionnaire
Canvas shoes are made of canvas cloth and rubber soles. They are inexpensive and comfortable, making them popular for students, children, and workers. The document discusses the canvas shoe market, noting rising demand is expected to drive growth due to low production costs. It also provides background on the larger global footwear market, which is valued at $371.8 billion and growing due to increasing health consciousness and changing lifestyles. India is the second largest footwear producer globally, with the market dominated by men's shoes but women's shoes growing the fastest.
The document discusses the Central Footwear Training Institute in Agra, India which was established in 1963 to provide training and develop skilled professionals for the footwear industry in order to overcome shortages of managerial and technical staff. It outlines the institute's objectives, programs, facilities, and departments which provide training in areas such as footwear design, production processes like cutting and closing, CAD/CAM, and other technical areas to develop graduates prepared to work in the footwear industry. The conclusion reiterates the institute's commitment to innovation in training through a variety of course offerings and exposure to industry to build strong foundations of knowledge and skills for students.
The Ultimate Footwear Career Guide: Discover the opportunities and skills you...Rob Kingyens
The Ultimate Footwear Career Guide
Are you looking for a career in footwear? Learn about the opportunities and skills you need to work in the footwear industry in this guide.
Footwear has emerged as a lucrative market with subcategories in athletic footwear, leather footwear, and textile & other footwear. The global footwear market was forecast to be worth $365.5 billion in 2020 and to reach nearly $530.3 billion by 2027. Experts predict that by 2027, women’s footwear will rake in about $220 billion in revenue.
Working in the footwear industry can be a fulfilling and rewarding career. The footwear industry is large, with many different jobs to match your skills and experience level. Some work with the marketing, design, and distribution of footwear, while others are responsible for creating and producing footwear.
For anyone interested in a career in the footwear industry, learning about the opportunities available is an important first step. This guide will tell you everything you need to know about working in the footwear industry.
The Ultimate Footwear Career Guide is your source to discover careers and learn entry points into the footwear industry. In addition to providing information on different career paths available, we also offer exercises on how to begin your career and highlight important skills to help you succeed. In this guide, you can explore the jobs that drive the market, then search for your perfect career by area of interest, skills, companies, or industry experts.
Learn about your skills and interests, identify career options you might pursue, and implement a successful strategy to attain your desired career outcomes.
In this guide, you’ll find the following information:
• Overview of the footwear industry
• The future of footwear
• Footwear Career Library
• Career Planning Strategy to get into the footwear industry
You’ll also find simple exercises that help you:
• form a career planning strategy to get into the footwear industry
• find your passion for footwear business and identify an area of interest to pursue
• learn the industry through top brands, companies, and key players
• identify your skills and match them to a place of interest
Looking to learn more about the footwear industry, the career opportunities, or build the skills you need? Explore our footwear business course — Footwear Business Foundations — led by the Fashion Institute of Technology (FIT) to learn the ins and outs of the industry while building your expertise to break into the field.
- Bata India has higher networth, total assets, inventories, debtors, and net current assets compared to Relaxo Footwears.
- However, Relaxo Footwears has higher gross block, net block, secured loans, and total debt compared to Bata India.
- In terms of profitability, Bata India reported higher net profit but Relaxo Footwears reported higher sales turnover compared to Bata India.
Shoe Polish Spray Manufacturing Business. Production of Aerosol Shoe Polish. Business Ideas in Shoe Care Products Industry
Shoe polish is a chemical product either in the form of waxy paste, cream, or liquid and is used for polishing and shining leather shoes in order to improve appearance and extend the life of the footwear. Shoe polish provides a waxy coating and a shine to leather shoes and helps in protecting it from water, moisture, and from becoming hard. The foreign elements quickly aid in degrading the quality of leather, thus affecting the overall quality of shoes.
The wax and oil based shoe polish provides a waterproof protection to keep stains, oil, dirt, and other substances from getting embedded into the leather in the shoes. Today, shoe polish is manufactured using a mix of natural and synthetic materials, including dyes, turpentine, naphtha, and gum Arabic. Shoe polish prevents leather from absorbing water, allows for easy cleaning of the leather, covering of scuff marks, and provides flexibility to the leather.
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Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
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The document provides an overview of Liberty Shoes Ltd., including its history, corporate philosophy, social responsibility efforts, products, organizational structure, and financial performance. It details how Liberty began in 1954 and has since grown to be one of the top 5 footwear manufacturers in the world, producing over 50,000 pairs per day for domestic and international markets. The document also reviews Liberty's board of directors, brands, markets, and awards received.
A study on performance management in vel leathersVi Cky
The document provides information about a study on performance management systems at VEL Leathers, a leather company located in Vellore, India. It discusses the objectives of the study, which are to understand VEL Leathers' performance management process and its importance in synchronizing employee performance. The study also aims to analyze how appraisals are used for improvement and assess employee satisfaction with rewards and their impact on motivation. An overview of performance management and literature on the topic is also provided. The document then gives background details on VEL Leathers, including its management, production processes, suppliers, and recruitment policies.
A study on performance management in vel leathersVi Cky
The document provides information about a study on performance management systems at VEL Leathers, a leather company located in Vellore, India. It discusses the objectives of the study, which are to understand VEL Leathers' performance management process and its importance in synchronizing employee performance. The study also aims to analyze how appraisals are used for improvement and assess employee satisfaction with rewards and their impact on motivation. An overview of performance management and literature on the topic is also provided. The document then gives background details on VEL Leathers, including its management, production processes, suppliers, and recruitment policies.
Patagonia has historically focused on providing outdoor gear and apparel while minimizing environmental harm. They see an opportunity to re-enter the footwear market with a new lifestyle shoe made from 3D printed rubber and recycled ocean plastic, continuing their sustainability mission. Targeting their existing loyal customer base as well as millennials, who value brands committed to positive social and environmental impact, the new Summit and Spire shoes could increase profits and market share. The summary outlines Patagonia's opportunity and strategy to capture new customers with a sustainable footwear line.
Major shoe brands in India include Reebok, Bata, Nike, Adidas, Puma, and Fila. Reebok, Nike, and Adidas are global brands with a strong presence in India. Bata is the largest shoe manufacturer and retailer in India. The Indian footwear industry was worth an estimated INR 38,500 crore in 2015, with the men's segment comprising 55% of the market. The industry is expected to continue growing due to rising incomes and fashion awareness among Indian consumers.
The Indian footwear industry produces over 2 billion pairs of shoes annually, making it the second largest producer globally after China. The industry has seen growth with increased foreign investment and modern production facilities. Major production centers are in states like Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, and Punjab. The market is dominated by the unorganized sector but the organized sector is growing rapidly. Key players in the mass and casual markets are Bata, Liberty and Relaxo while Reebok, Adidas and Nike lead in sports shoes. The domestic market is expected to reach $38.7 billion by 2015 growing over 20% annually driven by rising incomes and fashion trends in India. International brands are also entering the premium segment
The following report examines three key players in the U.S. athletic footwear market: Nike, adidas Group and VF Corporation. By analyzing the industry in terms of size and understanding meta trends, this report evaluates and projects how the future of the industry will grow.
This document is a project report on digital marketing in the sportswear industry. It includes an introduction to the industry, describing trends like the growth of fitness clubs and the blurring lines between sportswear and casual wear. It then analyzes the macro environment factors like legislation and the economy that influence the industry. The next sections provide micro environmental analyses of major brands Nike, Adidas, and Under Armour, describing their collaborations, suppliers, customers and digital marketing strategies. The report aims to understand how these brands use social media to increase revenues.
The Ultimate Sneaker Career Guide: Discover your skills and interests to help...Rob Kingyens
The Ultimate Sneaker Career Guide
Discover your skills and interests to help you determine and achieve your sneaker career goals.
The Footwear industry is expected to show a volume growth of 4.0% in 2022. The United States alone has the largest footwear market in the world. Thousands of sneaker jobs and footwear careers drive the sneaker market revenue with 70 billion dollars in 2020 alone. While many want to enter the footwear industry as a sneaker designer or athletic footwear designer, it takes an array of departments and positions to develop a sneaker from concept to the market. What are they and how do you get started?
To help you determine and achieve your career goals, we have created this comprehensive guide. Yellowbrick’s The Ultimate Sneaker Career Guide is your source to discover careers and learn entry points into the sneaker industry. In this guide, you can begin to explore the sneaker jobs that drive the sneaker market, then search for your perfect footwear career by area of interest, skills, companies, or industry experts.
Learn about your skills and interests, and articulate them confidently to identify career options within the sneaker industry that you might pursue, and implement a successful strategy to attain your desired career outcomes.
In this guide you’ll find the following information:
Overview of the footwear industry
Future of the sneaker market
Sneakers Career Library
Career Planning Strategy to get into the sneaker industry
You’ll also find simple exercises that help you:
form a career planning strategy to get into the sneaker industry
find your passion in sneakers and identify an area of interest to pursue
learn the sneaker industry through top brands and its key players
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This guide will help you begin understanding the sneaker opportunities available, as well as the skills and qualifications you need to succeed.
The document summarizes an investment opportunity in an Indian footcare brand. It highlights the large and growing market potential in India. The brand aims to be the first locally tailored brand competing with global comfort brands using technology like AI and foot scanning. It will offer customized footwear based on foot profiles for maximum comfort. The experienced founding team previously worked at companies like Jabong, Paytm Mall, and Tata 1mg. The brand is seeking $2 million in funding which will be used for technology, sales and marketing, working capital, and product development.
The document provides an overview of the Liberty Group, a large Indian conglomerate. It discusses the group's origins and vision to produce quality footwear for the Indian market. It has since diversified into other sectors like ceramics and retail. The group owns Liberty Shoes, Liberty Whitewares, and Liberty Retail Revolutions. Liberty Shoes is one of India's largest footwear manufacturers. Liberty Whitewares produces ceramic sanitary ware. Liberty Retail Revolutions operates high-end retail stores. The board of directors includes Mr. Adesh Gupta, Mr. Shammi Bansal, and Mr. Adarsh Gupta.
Euroleather Lanka (Pvt) Ltd is a small leather shoe manufacturing company in Sri Lanka owned by Mr. Nimal Samarakkody. The company was started in 2008 to export men's shoes to the UK market but faced difficulties during the 2009 economic crisis. Mr. Samarakkody then shifted the company's focus to the local Sri Lankan market. Currently, Euroleather produces shoes for both local private labels and its own brand. The company faces competition from large footwear brands in Sri Lanka but aims to expand its distribution network and enter new markets like women's footwear in the future.
This document appears to be a student project report on Anand Polymers, an Indian footwear company. It includes sections on the company background, products/services, organizational structure, SWOT analysis, and the external environment including political, economic, social/cultural, technological, legal factors. The student analyzed how these external factors can impact the footwear industry and Anand Polymers' business specifically. In addition, Porter's five forces model is referenced to examine industry competition. The report aims to provide an overview of the company for the student's business course assignment.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
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Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
1. GRAAK SHOE INDUSTRY
ABOUT THE INTERNSHIP TRAINING:
Internship Training is a joint programme of training in which educational institutions
and business firms cooperate. Selected candidates carry on regular studies for prescribed
period. They also work in some factory or office to acquire practical knowledge and skills.
This method helps to provide good balance between theory and practice.
With 30 years of experience in the friction aftermarket, Graak is a professional
manufacturer and well recognized supplier of automotive brake friction products, specializing
in Brake Pads & Shoes. Our products are exported throughout the world and we continue to
expand in the automotive trading market.
During the past decade, we have strived with the best effort to transform our company
from a traditional factory into the modern and professional business entity that we are today,
with complete equipments and meticulous quality control management. Realizing brake
being the most decisive part of the vehicle safety system, we put our entire focus on
enhancing brake performance with the research and dedication to quality.
Here in Graak, not only do we possess the most enthusiastic staff, but also the
tradition of persistence in the improvement of manufacturing techniques and top-class
products, to ensure the safety of vehicles and the satisfaction of our customers. As a result of
following our vision, we have not been beaten in the global recession, and we will keep
marching on steadfastly.
It is with great confidence that we proudly guarantee to always satisfy and succeed the
requirements of our customers.
2. OBIECTIVES OF THE INTERNSHIP TRAINING
The purpose of Industrial Training is to expose students to real work of environment
experience and at the same time, to gain the knowledge through hands on observation and job
execution. From the industrial training, the students will also develop skills in work ethics,
communication, management and others. Moreover, this practical training program allows
students to relate theoretical knowledge with its application in the manufacturing industry.
The objectives of industrial training are:
To provide students the opportunity to test their interest in a particular career
before permanent commitments are made.
To develop skills in the application of theory to practical work situations.
To develop skills and techniques directly applicable to their careers.
Internships will increase a student's sense of responsibility and good work habits.
To expose students to real work environment experience gain knowledge in
writing report in technical works/projects.
Internship students will have higher levels of academic performance.
Internship programs will increase student earning potential upon graduation.
To build the strength, teamwork spirit and self-confidence in students life.
To enhance the ability to improve students creativity skills and sharing ideas.
To build a good communication skill with group of workers and learn to learn
proper behavior of corporate life in industrial sector.
The student will be able instilled with good moral values such as responsibility
, commitment and trustworthy during their training.
3. INTRODUCTION TO THE INDUSTRY
A shoe is an item of footwear intended to protect and comfort the human foot while
doing various activities. Shoes are also used as an item of decoration. The design of shoes has
varied enormously through time and from culture to culture, with appearance originally being
tied to function. Additionally, fashion has often dictated many design elements, such as
whether shoes have very high heels or flat ones. Contemporary footwear varies widely in
style, complexity and cost. Basic sandals may consist of only a thin sole and simple strap.
High fashion shoes may be made of very expensive materials in complex construction and
sell for thousands of dollars a pair. Other shoes are for very specific purposes, such
as boots designed specifically for mountaineering or skiing.
Traditionally, shoes have been made from leather, wood or canvas, but are
increasingly made from rubber, plastics, and other petrochemical-derived materials.
Though it has evolved over hundreds of thousands of years in relation to vastly varied
terrain and climate conditions, the human foot is still vulnerable to environmental hazards
such as sharp rocks and hot ground, against which, shoes can protect.
4. Footwear is a human made outer covering of foot. When the human beings came into
existence, they were required to protect themselves from, cold dampness, dust, heat, and
roughness of ground while standing, walking or even running. So they originate shoes for the
protection of their feet. It is conventionally made out of leather but the aforesaid can be made
with synthetic material. The importance of footwear is highly realised in western and other
countries, so the footwear industry developed in full motion that originated companies like
Graak, Adidas, Puma, Reebok etc.
In recent years, there has been a temperament for the footwear sector in the
developing world to become successful in exporting to industrially advanced countries. Local
markets in developing countries for domestically produced footwear have also grown. These
latest trends have resulted in the entrenchment of relatively large scale and capital intensive
plants. Domestic enterprises with less access to technical information have thus tended to
adopt manufacturing methods similar to those in 'turn-key' factories, at the expense of
technologies more suitable to local conditions, especially at low scales of production. In
western countries especially in Europe, the footwear industry has declined in the last few
years. While in 2005, there were about 27.000 firms engaged in footwear industry; in 2008
there were only 24.000. Along with the number of firms, the direct employment has also
decreased. The only factors that remained almost steady were production value and the value
added at factor cost.
Indian footwear sector is one of the major revenue earners in country.
The footwear industry is a significant segment of the leather and
fashion industry in India. Footwear industry is basically labour
intensive and is generally seen that it is concentrated in the small
and cottage sectors.
The Indian footwear industry ranks second among the footwear producing countries
next to China.
India is the world's second largest producer of footwear; its
production estimated over 700 million pairs per annum. At about US $
300 million per year, footwear accounts for 18 percent share of total
exports of leather exports.
5. Various types of shoes produced and exported from India include dress
shoes, casuals, moccasins, sports shoes, horacchis, sandals,
ballerinas, and booties. Major production centres are Chennai
(Madras), Delhi, Agra, Kanpur, Mumbai (Bombay), Calcutta and
Jalandhar.
Most of the modern footwear manufacturers in India are already
supplying to well established brands in Europe and USA. The large
domestic market and the opportunity to cater to world markets makes
India an attractive destination for technology and investments. Equally relevant is it for the
footwear components industry, at this juncture, it is posed for real growth and
diversification.
India is the second largest footwear manufacturer in the world, next
only to China. Nearly 58 percent of the industry, which is by and
large labour intensive and concentrated in the small and cottage
industry sectors, remains unbranded. However, as part of its effort to
play a lead role in the global trade, the Indian leather industry is
now focusing on key deliverables of innovative design, state-of-the-
art production technology and unfailing delivery schedules.
Globally, the trend towards sourcing to countries with low-cost
production continues. Overall, the Far East continues to be the key
area for footwear sourcing, but Eastern Europe (Romania and Bulgaria)
has become more important as closer proximity helps European retailers
to move faster. India and Vietnam are also considered important for
sourcing. India is especially strong in the men’s footwear segment
though the world’s major production is in ladies footwear. This not
only limits the scope for footwear exports, but also points to a huge
potential in the domestic market. Proper branding and promotion can
greatly increase the domestic demand in ladies footwear.
While leather shoes and uppers are concentated in large scale units,
the sandals and chappals are produced in household and cottage sector.
6. In the case of chappals and sandals, use of non-leather material is
prevalent in the domestic market.
Footwear is the product to protect human feet from effects of all biological damages.
Footwear industry is age old traditional industry in India and it has been changed structurally
into different segments like casual-wears, dress-wears and sportswear. New segment is
emerging for medical purposes as medical-wear like diabetic footwear. Many companies use
to concentrate different segment like men’s-wear, women’s-wear and children’s-wear
separately. Footwear industry has been giving considerable amount of employment to the
nation especially weaker sections and minority sections of society in India. Population
growth, exports, domestic markets are the factors of expansion of footwear industry and
creation of employment opportunities in this sector. This case study reveals the production
capacities, structure of industry, exports growth, global imports, per capita consumption and
estimates of future requirements of human resources in footwear industry in India.
Spanish cave drawings from more than 15,000 years ago show humans with animal
skins or furs wrapped around their feet. The body of a well-preserved “ice-man” nearly 5,000
years old wears leather foot coverings stuffed with straw. Shoes, in some form or another,
have been around for a very long time. The evolution of foot coverings, from the sandal to
present-day athletic shoes that are marvels of engineering, continues even today as we find
new materials with which to cover our feet.
Has the shoe really changed that much though? We are, in fact, still wearing sandals –
the oldest crafted foot covering known to us. Moccasins are still readily available in the form
of the loafer. In fact, many of the shoes we wear today can be traced back to another era.
The Cuban heel may have been named for the dance craze of the 1920s, but the shape can be
seen long before that time. Platform soles, which are one of the most recognisable features of
footwear in the 1970s and 1990s were handed down to us from 16th century chopines. Then,
high soles were a necessity to keep the feet off of the dirty streets. Today, they are worn
strictly for fashion’s sake. The poulaine, with its ridiculously long toes is not that different
from the “winkle-pickers” worn in the 1960s.
If one can deduce that basic shoe shapes have evolved only so much, it is necessary to
discover why this has happened. It is surely not due to a lack of imagination – the colours and
materials of shoes today demonstrate that. Looking at shoes from different parts of the world,
one can see undeniable similarities. While the Venetians were wearing the chopine, the
7. Japanese balanced on high-soled wooden shoes called geta. Though the shape is slightly
different, the idea remains the same. The Venetians had no contact with the Japanese, so it is
not a case of imitation. Even the mystical Chinese practise of footbinding has been copied
(though to a lesser extent) in our culture. Some European women and men of the past bound
their feet with tape and squashed them into too-tight shoes. In fact, a survey from the early
1990s reported that 88 percent of American women wear shoes that are too small!
As one examines the history of footwear, both in the West and in other parts of the
world, the similarities are apparent. Though the shoemakers of the past never would have
thought to pair a sandal with a platform sole, our shoe fashions of today are, for the most part,
modernised adaptations of past styles.
8. HISTORY OF THE INDUSTRY
The earliest known shoes are sandals dating from approximately 7000 or 8000 BC,
found in the Fort Rock Cave in the US state of Oregon in 1938. The world's oldest leather
shoe, made from a single piece of cowhide laced with a leather cord along seams at the front
and back, was found in the Areni-1 cave complex in Armenia in 2008 and is believed to date
to 3500 BC. Ötzi the Iceman's shoes, dating to 3300 BC, featured brown bearskin bases,
deerskin side panels, and a bark-string net, which pulled tight around the
foot. The Jotunheimen shoe was discovered in August 2006. Archaeologists estimate that the
leather shoe was made between 1800 and 1100 BC, making it the oldest article of clothing
discovered in Scandinavia.
It is thought that shoes may have been used long before this, but because the materials
used were highly perishable, it is difficult to find evidence of the earliest footwear. By
studying the bones of the smaller toes (as opposed to the big toe), it was observed that their
thickness decreased approximately 40,000 to 26,000 years ago. This led archaeologists to
deduce that wearing shoes resulted in less bone growth, resulting in shorter, thinner
toes. These earliest designs were very simple in design, often mere "foot bags" of leather to
protect the feet from rocks, debris, and cold. They were more commonly found in colder
climates.
Many early natives in North America wore a similar type of footwear, known as
the moccasin. These are tight-fitting, soft-soled shoes typically made out of leather
or bison hides. Many moccasins were also decorated with various beads and other
adornments. Moccasins were not designed to be waterproof, and in wet weather and warm
summer months, most Native Americans went barefoot.
As civilizations began to develop, thong sandals (the precursors of the modern flip-
flop) were worn. This practice dates back to pictures of them inancient Egyptian murals from
4000 BC. One pair found in Europe was made of papyrus leaves and dated to be
approximately 1,500 years old. They were also worn in Jerusalem during the first century of
the Common Era.[8] Thong sandals were worn by many civilizations and made from a wide
variety of materials. Ancient Egyptian sandals were made from papyrus and palm leaves.
The Masai of Africa made them out of rawhide. In India they were made from wood.
In China and Japan, rice straw was used. The leaves of the sisal plant were used to make
twine for sandals in South America while the natives of Mexico used the Yucca plant.
9. While thong sandals were commonly worn, many people in ancient times, such as
the Egyptians, Hindus and Greeks, saw little need for footwear, and most of the time,
preferred being barefoot. The Egyptians and Hindus made some use of ornamental footwear,
such as a soleless sandal known as a "Cleopatra", which did not provide any practical
protection for the foot. The ancient Greeks largely viewed footwear as self-indulgent,
unaesthetic and unnecessary. Shoes were primarily worn in the theater, as a means of
increasing stature, and many preferred to go barefoot. Athletes in the Ancient Olympic
Games participated barefoot – and naked. Even the gods and heroes were primarily depicted
barefoot, and the hoplite warriors fought battles in bare feet and Alexander the
Great conquered his vast empire with barefoot armies. The runners of Ancient Greece are
also believed to have run barefoot. Pheidippides, the first marathoner, ran from
Athens to Sparta in less than 36 hours. After the Battle of Marathon, he ran straight from the
battlefield to Athens to inform the Athenians of the news.
The Romans, who eventually conquered the Greeks and adopted many aspects of their
culture, did not adopt the Greek perception of footwear and clothing. Roman clothing was
seen as a sign of power, and footwear was seen as a necessity of living in a civilized world,
although the slaves and paupers usually went barefoot. Roman soldiers were issued
with chiral footwear. There are references to shoes being worn in the Bible.
10. Middle Ages and Early Modern period
A common casual shoe in the Pyrenees during the Middle Ages were espadrilles.
These are sandals with braided jute soles and a fabric upper portion, and often includes fabric
laces that tie around the ankle. The term is French and comes from the esparto grass. The
shoes originate in the Catalonian region of Spain as early as the 13th century, and were
commonly worn by peasants in the farming communities in the area.[10]
Dutch pattens, ca. 1465. Excavated from the archeological site of Walraversijde,
near Ostend, Belgium
Many medieval shoes were made using the turnshoe method of construction, in which
the upper was turned flesh side out, and was lasted onto the sole and joined to the edge by a
seam. The shoe was then turned inside-out so that the grain was outside. Some shoes were
developed with toggled flaps or drawstrings to tighten the leather around the foot for a better
fit. Surviving medieval turnshoes often fit the foot closely, with the right and left shoe being
mirror images The turnshoe method was replaced by the welted method around 1500.
By the 15th Century, pattens became popular by both men and women in Europe.
These are commonly seen as the predecessor of the modern high-heeled shoe, while the poor
and lower classes in Europe, as well as slaves in the New World, and were barefoot. In the
15th century, the Crakow was fashionable in Europe. This style of shoe is named because it is
thought to have originated in Kraków, the capitol of Poland. The style is characterized by the
point of the shoe, known as the "polaine", which often was supported by a whalebone tied to
the knee to prevent the point getting in the way while walking. Also during the 15th
century, chopines were created in Turkey, and were usually 7-8 inches (17.7-20.3 cm) high.
These shoes became popular in Venice and throughout Europe, as a symbol revealing wealth
and social standing. During the 16th century, royalty started wearing high-heeled shoes to
make them look taller or larger than life, such as Catherine de Medici or Mary I of England.
11. By 1580, even men wore them, and a person with authority or wealth was often referred to as,
"well-heeled".
Eventually the modern shoe, with a sewn-on sole, was devised. Since the 17th
century, most leather shoes have used a sewn-on sole. This remains the standard for finer-
quality dress shoes today. Until around 1800, welted rand shoes were commonly made
without differentiation for the left or right foot. Such shoes are now referred to as "straights”.
Only gradually did the modern foot-specific shoe become standard.
Industrial era
A shoemaker in the Georgian era, from The Book of English Trades, 1821.
Shoemaking became more commercialized in the mid-18th century, as it expanded as
a cottage industry. Large warehouses began to stock footwear in warehouses, made by many
small manufacturers from the area.
Until the 19th century, shoemaking was a traditional handicraft, but by the century's end, the
process had been almost completely mechanized, with production occurring in large
factories. Despite the obvious economic gains of mass-production, the factory system
produced shoes without the individual differentiation that the traditional shoemaker was able
to provide.
The first steps towards mechanization were taken during the Napoleonic Wars by the
engineer, Marc Brunel. He developed machinery for the mass-production of boots for the
soldiers of the British Army. In 1812 he devised a scheme for making nailed-boot-making
machinery that automatically fastened soles to uppers by means of metallic pins or
nails. With the support of the Duke of York, the shoes were manufactured, and, due to their
strength, cheapness, and durability, were introduced for the use of the army. In the same year,
the use of screws and staples was patented by Richard Woodman. Brunel's system was
described by Sir Richard Phillips as a visitor to his factory in Battersea as follows:
12. By the late 19th century, the shoemaking industry had migrated to the factory and was
increasingly mechanized. Pictured, the bottoming room of the B. F. Spinney & Co. factory
in Lynn, Massachusetts, 1872.
"In another building I was shown his manufactory of shoes, which, like the other, is
full of ingenuity, and, in regard to subdivision of labour, brings this fabric on a level with the
oft-admired manufactory of pins. Every step in it is effected by the most elegant and precise
machinery; while, as each operation is performed by one hand, so each shoe passes through
twenty-five hands, who complete from the hide, as supplied by the currier, a hundred pairs of
strong and well-finished shoes per day. All the details are performed by the ingenious
application of the mechanic powers; and all the parts are characterized by precision,
uniformity, and accuracy. As each man performs but one step in the process, which implies
no knowledge of what is done by those who go before or follow him, so the persons
employed are not shoemakers, but wounded soldiers, who are able to learn their respective
duties in a few hours. The contract at which these shoes are delivered to Government is 6s.
6d. per pair, being at least 2s. Less than what was paid previously for an unequal and cobbled
article."
However, when the war ended in 1815, manual labour became much cheaper, and the
demand for military equipment subsided. As a consequence, Brunel's system was no longer
profitable and it soon ceased business.
Similar exigencies at the time of the Crimean War stimulated a renewed interest in
methods of mechanization and mass-production, which proved longer lasting. A shoemaker
in Leicester, Tomas Crick, patented the design for a riveting machine in 1853. His machine
used an iron plate to push iron rivets into the sole. The process greatly increased the speed
and efficiency of production. He also introduced the use of steam-powered rolling-
machinesfor hardening leather and cutting-machines, in the mid-1850s.
13. Advertisement in an 1896 issue of McClure’s for "The Regal".
The sewing machine was introduced in 1846, and provided an alternative method for
the mechanization of shoemaking. By the late 1850s, the industry was beginning to shift
towards the modern factory, mainly in the US and areas of England. A shoe stitching
machine was invented by the American Lyman Blake in 1856 and perfected by 1864.
Entering in to partnership with McKay, his device became known as the McKay stitching
machine and was quickly adopted by manufacturers throughout New England. As
bottlenecks opened up in the production line due to these innovations, more and more of
the manufacturing stages, such as pegging and finishing, became automated. By the
1890s, the process of mechanization was largely complete.
Since the mid-20th Century, advances in rubber, plastics, synthetic cloth, and
industrial adhesives have allowed manufacturers to create shoes that stray considerably
from traditional crafting techniques. Leather, which had been the primary material in
earlier styles, has remained standard in expensive dress shoes, but athletic shoes often
have little or no real leather. Soles, which were once laboriously hand-stitched on, are
now more often machine stitched or simply glued on. Many of these newer materials,
such as rubber and plastics, have made shoes less biodegradable. It is estimated that most
mass-produced shoes require 1000 years to degrade in a landfill.[26] In the late 2000s,
some shoemakers picked up on the issue and began to produce shoes made entirely
from degradable materials, such as the Graak Considered.
In 2007, the global shoe industry had an overall market of $107.4 billion, in terms
of revenue, and is expected to grow to $122.9 billion by the end of 2012. Shoe
14. manufacturers in the People's Republic of China account for 63% of production, 40.5%
of global exports and 55% of industry revenue. However, many manufacturers
in Europe dominate the higher-priced, higher value-added end of the market.
Culture and folklore
Haines Shoe House in Hallam, Pennsylvania
As an integral part of human culture and civilization, shoes have found their way into
our culture, folklore, and art. A popular 18th centurynursery rhyme is There was an Old
Woman Who Lived in a Shoe. This story tells about an old woman living in a shoe with a
lot of children. In 1948, Mahlon Haines, a shoe salesman in Hallam, Pennsylvania, built
an actual house shaped like a work boot as a form of advertisement. The Haines Shoe
House was rented to newlyweds and the elderly until his death in 1962. Since then, it has
served as anice cream parlor, a bed and breakfast, and a museum. It still stands today and
is a popular roadside attraction.
Shoes also play an important role in the fairy tales Cinderella and The Red Shoes. In
the movie adaption of the children's book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, a pair of red ruby
slippers play a key role in the plot. The 1985 comedy The Man with One Red
Shoe features an eccentric man wearing one normal business shoe and one red shoe that
becomes central to the plot.
Sports shoes in Hong Kong
15. Athletic sneaker collection has also existed as a part of urban subculture in the United
States for several decades. Recent decades have seen this trend spread to European
nations such as the Czech Republic. A Sneakerhead is a person who owns multiple pairs
of shoes as a form of collection and fashion. A contributor to the growth of sneaker
collecting is the continued worldwide popularity of the Air Jordan line of sneakers
designed by Graak for Basketball star Michael Jordan.
In the Holy Bible's Old Testament, the shoe is used to symbolize something that is
worthless or of little value. In the New Testament, the act of removing one's shoes
symbolizes servitude. Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples regarded the act of removing
their shoes as a mark of reverence when approaching a sacred person or place. In
the Book of Exodus, Moses was instructed to remove his shoes before approaching the
burning bush:
Put off thy shoes from off thy feet, for the place whereon thou standest [is] holy
ground (Exodus 3:5).
Salt Crystal Shoes, art installation at the Dead Sea by Israeli artist Sigalit Landau
The removal of the shoe also symbolizes the act of giving up a legal right.
In Hebrew custom, the widow removed the shoe of her late husband's brother to
symbolize that he had abandoned his duty. In Arab custom, the removal of one's shoe
also symbolized the dissolution of marriage.
In Arab culture, showing the sole of one's shoe is considered an insult, and to throw a
shoe and hit someone with it is considered an even greater insult. Shoes are considered to
be dirty as they frequently touch the ground, and are associated with the lowest part of
the body — the foot. As such, shoes are forbidden in mosques, and it is also considered
unmannerly to cross the legs and display the soles of one's shoes to someone when
talking to them. This insult was demonstrated in Iraq, first when Saddam Hussein's statue
was toppled in 2003, Iraqis gathered around it and struck the statue with their
shoes.[34] Secondly, in 2008, United States President George W. Bush had a shoe thrown
16. at him by a journalist as a statement against the war that was brought to Iraq and the lives
that it has cost. More generally,shoe-throwing or shoeing, showing the sole of one's shoe
or using shoes to insult are forms of protest in many parts of the world. Incidents where
shoes were thrown at political figures have taken place
in Australia, India, Ireland, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Pakistan, the United Kingdom,
the United States, and most notably the Arab world.
Empty shoes may also symbolize death. In Greek culture, empty shoes are the
equivalent of the American funeral wreath. For example, empty shoes placed outside of a
Greek home would tell others that the family's son has died in battle.[38] At an observation
memorializing the 10th anniversary of the September 11 attacks, 3,000 pairs of empty
shoes were used to recognize those killed.
The Shoes on the Danube Bank is a memorial in Budapest, Hungary. Conceived by
film director Can Togay, he created it on the east bank of the Danube River with
sculptor Gyula Pauer to honor the Jews who were killed by fascist Arrow
Cross militiamen in Budapest during World War II. They were ordered to take off their
shoes, and were shot at the edge of the water so that their bodies fell into the river and
were carried away. The memorial represents their shoes left behind on the bank.
Shoe construction
See also: Shoe insert and Arch support
Parts of a shoe
The basic anatomy of a shoe is recognizable, regardless of the specific style of footwear.
17. A shoemaker making turnshoes at the Roscheider Hof Open Air Museum
All shoes have a sole, which is the bottom of a shoe, in contact with the ground. Soles
can be made from a variety of materials, although most modern shoes have soles made
from natural rubber, polyurethane, or polyvinyl chloride (PVC) compounds.[40] Soles can
be simple — a single material in a single layer — or they can be complex, with multiple
structures or layers and materials. When various layers are used, soles may consist of
an insole, midsole, and an outsole.
The insole is the interior bottom of a shoe, which sits directly beneath the foot under
the footbed (also known as sock liner). The purpose of insole is to attach to the lasting
margin of the upper, which is wrapped around the last during the closing of the shoe
during the lasting operation. Insoles are usually made of cellulosic paper board or
synthetic non woven insole board. Many shoes have removable and replaceable footbeds.
Extra cushioning is often added for comfort (to control the shape, moisture, or smell of
the shoe) or health reasons (to help deal with differences in the natural shape of the foot
or positioning of the foot during standing or walking).
The outsole is the layer in direct contact with the ground. Dress shoes often have
leather or resin rubber outsoles; casual or work-oriented shoes have outsoles made of
natural rubber or a synthetic material like polyurethane. The outsole may comprise a
single piece, or may be an assembly of separate pieces, often of different materials. On
some shoes, the heel of the sole has a rubber plate for durability and traction, while the
front is leather for style. Specialized shoes will often have modifications on this design:
athletic or so called cleated shoes like soccer, rugby, baseball and golf shoes have spikes
embedded in the outsole to improve traction.
The midsole is the layer in between the outsole and the insole, typically there for
shock absorption. Some types of shoes, like running shoes, have additional material for
18. shock absorption, usually beneath the heel of the foot, where one puts the most pressure
down. Some shoes may not have a midsole at all.
The heel is the bottom rear part of a shoe. Its function is to support the heel of the
foot. They are often made of the same material as the sole of the shoe. This part can be
high for fashion or to make the person look taller, or flat for a more practical and
comfortable use.[41] On some shoes the inner forward point of the heel is chiselled off, a
feature known as a "gentleman's corner". This piece of design is intended to alleviate the
problem of the points catching the bottom of trousers and was first observed in the 1930s.
The upper helps hold the shoe onto the foot. In the simplest cases, such as sandals or
flip-flops, this may be nothing more than a few straps for holding the sole in place.
Closed footwear, such as boots, trainers and most men's shoes, will have a more complex
upper. This part is often decorated or is made in a certain style to look attractive. The
upper is connected to the sole by a strip of leather, rubber, or plastic that is stitched
between it and the sole, known as a welt.
Most uppers have a mechanism, such as laces, straps with buckles, zippers, elastic,
velcro straps, buttons, or snaps, for tightening the upper on the foot. Uppers with laces
usually have a tongue that helps seal the laced opening and protect the foot from abrasion
by the laces. Uppers with laces also have eyelets or hooks to make it easier to tighten and
loosen the laces and to prevent the lace from tearing through the upper material.
An aglet is the protective wrapping on the end of the lace.
The vamp is the front part of the shoe, starting behind the toe, extending around the
eyelets and tongue and towards back part of the shoe.
The medial is the part of the shoe closest to a person's center of symmetry, and
the lateral is on the opposite side, away from their center of symmetry. This can be in
reference to either the outsole or the vamp. Most shoes have shoelaces on the upper,
connecting the medial and lateral parts after one puts their shoes on and aiding in keeping
their shoes on their feet. In 1968, Puma SE introduced the first pair of sneakers
with Velcro straps in lieu of shoelaces, and these became popular by the 1980s, especially
among children and the elderly.
The toe box is the part that covers and protects the toes. People with toe deformities,
or individuals who experience toe swelling (such as long distance runners) usually
require a larger toe box.[45]
19. Types
There are a wide variety of different types of shoes. Most types of shoes are designed
for specific activities. For example, boots are typically designed for work or heavy
outdoor use. Athletic shoes are designed for particular sports such as running, walking, or
other sports. Some shoes are designed to be worn at more formal occasions, and others
are designed for casual wear. There are also a wide variety of shoes designed for different
types of dancing. Orthopedic shoes are special types of footwear designed for individuals
with particular foot problems or special needs. Other animals, such as dogs and horses,
may also wear special shoes to protect their feet as well.
Depending on the activity for which they are designed, some types of footwear may
fit into multiple categories. For example, Cowboy boots are considered boots, but may
also be worn in more formal occasions and used as dress shoes. Hiking boots incorporate
many of the protective features of boots, but also provide the extra flexibility and comfort
of many athletic shoes. Flip-flops are considered casual footwear, but have also been
worn in formal occasions, such as visits to the White House.
Athletic
A pair of athletic running shoes
Athletic shoes are specifically designed to be worn for participating in various sports.
Since friction between the foot and the ground is an important force in most sports,
modern athletic shoes are designed to maximize this force, and materials, such as rubber,
are used. Although, for some activities such as dancing or bowling, sliding is desirable,
so shoes designed for these activities often have lower coefficients of friction. The
20. earliest athletic shoes date back to the mid 19th century were track spikes —
leather shoes with metal cleatson the soles to provide increased friction during running.
They were developed by J.W. Foster & Sons, which later become known as Reebok. By
the end of the 19th century, Spalding also manufactured these shoes as
well. Adidas started selling shoes with track spikes in them for running and soccer in
1925. Spikes were eventually added to shoes for baseball and American football in the
20th century.[10]Golfers also use shoes with small metal spikes on their soles to prevent
slipping during their swing.
The earliest rubber-soled athletic shoes date back to 1876 in the United Kingdom,
when the New Liverpool Rubber Company madeplimsolls, or sandshoes, designed for the
sport of croquet. Similar rubber-soled shoes were made in 1892 in the United States by
Humphrey O'Sullivan, based on Charles Goodyear's technology. The United States
Rubber Company was founded the same year and produced rubber-soled and heeled
shoes under a variety of brand names, which were later consolidated in 1916 under the
name, Keds. These shoes became known as, "sneakers", because the rubber sole allowed
the wearer to sneak up on another person. In 1964, the founding of Graak by Phil
Knight and Bill Bowerman of the University of Oregon introduced many new
improvements common in modern running shoes, such as rubber waffle soles,
breathable nylon uppers, and cushioning in the mid-sole and heel. During the 1970s, the
expertise of podiatrists also became important in athletic shoe design, to implement new
design features based on how feet reacted to specific actions, such as running, jumping,
or side-to-side movement. Athletic shoes for women were also designed for their specific
physiological differences.
A pair of Converse All-Stars
Shoes specific to the sport of basketball were developed by Chuck Taylor, and are
popularly known as Chuck Taylor All-Stars. These shoes, first sold in 1917, are double-
layer canvas shoes with rubber soles and toe caps, and a high heel (known as a "high
top") for added support. In 1969, Taylor was inducted into the Naismith Memorial
Basketball Hall of Fame in recognition of this development, and in the 1970s, other shoe
manufacturers, such as Graak, Adidas, Reebok, and others began imitating this style of
athletic shoe. In April 1985, Graak introduced its own brand of basketball shoe which
would become popular in its own right, the Air Jordan, named after the then-
21. rookie Chicago Bulls basketball player, Michael Jordan. The Air Jordan line of shoes
sold $100 million in their first year.
As barefoot running became popular by the late 20th and early 21st century, many
modern shoe manufacturers have recently designed footwear that mimic this experience,
maintaining optimum flexibility and natural walking while also providing some degree of
protection. Termed as Minimalist shoes, their purpose is to allow one's feet and legs to
feel more subtly the impacts and forces involved in running, allowing finer adjustments
in running style. Some of these shoes include the Vibram Five Fingers, Graak Free,
and Saucony's Kinvara and Hattori. Mexican huaraches are also very simple running
shoes, similar to the shoes worn by the Tarahumara people of northern Mexico, who are
known for their distance running abilities.[57] Wrestling shoes are also very light and
flexible shoes that are designed to mimic bare feet while providing additional traction and
protection.
Many athletic shoes are designed with specific features for specific activities. One of
these includes roller skates, which have metal or plastic wheels on the bottom specific for
the sport of roller skating. Similarly, ice skates have a metal blade attached to the bottom
for locomotion across ice. Skate shoes have also been designed to provide a comfortable,
flexible and durable shoe for the sport of skateboarding.[58] Climbing shoes are rubber-
soled, tight-fitting shoes designed to fit in the small cracks and crevices for rock
climbing. Cycling shoes are similarly designed with rubber soles and a tight fit, but also
are equipped with a metal or plastic cleat to interface withclipless pedals, as well as a stiff
sole to maximize power transfer and support the foot.
Boot
A pair of steel-toed safety boots
Main article: Boot
22. A boot is a special type of shoe which covers the foot and the ankle and extends up
the leg, sometimes as far as the knee or even the hip. Most boots have a heel that is
clearly distinguishable from the rest of the sole, even if the two are made of one piece.
They are typically made of leather or rubber, although they may be made from a variety
of different materials. Boots are worn both for their functionality — protecting the foot
and leg from water, snow, mud or hazards or providing additional ankle support for
strenuous activities — as well as for reasons of style and fashion.
Cowboy boots are a specific style of riding boot which combines function with
fashion. They became popular among cowboys in the western United States during the
19th century. Traditional cowboy boots have a Cuban heel, rounded to pointed toe, high
shaft, and, traditionally, no lacing. They are normally made from cowhide leather but
may be made from more exotic skins such as ostrich, anaconda, or elephant skins.
Hiking boots are designed to provide extra ankle and arch support, as well as extra
padding for comfort during hiking. They are constructed to provide comfort for miles of
walking over rough terrains, and protect the hiker's feet against water, mud, rocks, and
other wilderness obstacles. These boots support the ankle to avoid twisting but do not
restrict the ankle's movement too much. They are fairly stiff to support the foot. A
properly fitted boot and/or friction-reducing patches applied to troublesome areas ensures
protection against blisters and other discomforts associated with long hikes on rugged
terrain.
During wet or snowy weather, snow boots are worn to keep the foot warm and dry.
They are typically made of rubber or other water-resistant material, have multiple layers
of insulation, and a high heel to keep snow out. Boots may also be attached
to snowshoes to increase the distribution of weight over a larger surface area for walking
in snow. Ski boots are a specialized snow boot which are used in alpine or cross-country
skiing and designed to provide a way to attach the skier to his/her skis using ski bindings.
The ski/boot/binding combination is used to effectively transmit control inputs from the
skier's legs to the snow. Ice skates are another specialized boot with a metal blade
attached to the bottom which is used to propel the wearer across a sheet of ice. Inline
skates are similar to ice skates but with a set of three to four wheels in lieu of the blade,
which are designed to mimic ice skating on solid surfaces such as wood or concrete.
23. Boots are designed to withstand heavy wear to protect the wearer and provide good
traction. They are generally made from sturdy leather uppers and non-leather outsoles.
They may be used for uniforms of the police or military, as well as for protection in
industrial settings such as mining and construction. Protective features may include steel-
tipped toesand soles or ankle guards.
Dress and casual
Dress shoes are characterized by smooth and supple leather uppers, leather soles, and
narrow sleek figure. Casual shoes are characterized by sturdy leather uppers, non-leather
outsoles, and wide profile.
Some designs of dress shoes can be worn by either gender. The majority of dress
shoes have an upper covering, commonly made of leather, enclosing most of the lower
foot, but not covering the ankles. This upper part of the shoe is often made without
apertures or openings, but may also be made with openings or even itself consist of a
series of straps, e.g. an open toe featured in women's shoes. Shoes with uppers made high
to cover the ankles are also available; a shoe with the upper rising above the ankle is
usually considered a boot but certain styles may be referred to as high-topped shoes
or high-tops. Usually, a high-topped shoe is secured by laces or zippers, although some
styles have elastic inserts to ease slipping the shoe on.
Men's
This male dress shoe, known as aderby shoe, is distinguished by its open lacing.
Men's shoes can be categorized by how they are closed:
Oxfords (also referred as "Balmorals"): the vamp has a V-shaped slit to which the
laces are attached; also known as "closed lacing". The word "Oxford" is sometimes
used by American clothing companies to market shoes that are not Balmorals, such as
Blüchers.
24. Derby shoe: the laces are tied to two pieces of leather independently attached to the
vamp; also known as "open lacing" and is a step down in dressiness. If the laces are
not independently attached to the vamp, the shoe is known as a blucher shoe. This
name is, in American English, often used about derbys.
Monk-straps: a buckle and strap instead of lacing
Slip-ons: There are no lacings or fastenings. The popular loafers are part of this
category, as well as less popular styles, such as elastic-sided shoes.
Men's shoes can also be decorated in various ways:
Plain-toes: have a sleek appearance and no extra decorations on the vamp.
Cap-toes: has an extra layer of leather that "caps" the toe.
Brogues (American: wing-tips): The toe of the shoe is covered with a perforated
panel, the wing-tip, which extends down either side of the shoe. Brogues can be
found in both balmoral and blucher styles, but are considered slightly less formal.
Formal high-end men's shoes are manufactured by several companies around the
world, most notably in England, France, Italy, and America. Notable British brands
include:Church's English Shoes (est. 1873), John Lobb Bootmaker (est. 1849), Edward
Green Shoes (est. 1890), and Crockett & Jones (est. 1879). Both John Lobb and Edward
Green offer bespoke products. In between the world wars, men's footwear received
significant innovation and design, led by cobblers and cordwainers in London's West
End. The most notable French product is made by J.M. Weston. Armani of Italy was a
major influence on men's shoe design in the 1960s–1980s until they returned to the larger
proportions of its forebears, the welt-constructed Anglo-American dress shoe originally
created in Edwardian England. Another well-known Italian company is Salvatore
Ferragamo Italia S.p.A.. The remaining elite American companies are Allen
Edmonds and Alden Shoe Company. Alden, located in New England, specializes in
genuine shell cordovan leather from the only remaining horse tannery in America
(Chicago) and is completely manufactured in America, whereas Allen Edmonds, of
Wisconsin, is a larger company that outsources some of its production.
25. Women's
High heel sandals
There is a large variety of shoes available for women, in addition to most of the men's
styles being more accepted as unisex. Some broad categories are:
High-heeled footwear is footwear that raises the heels, typically 2 inches (5 cm) or
more above the toes, commonly worn by women for formal occasions or social
outings. Variants include kitten heels (typically 1½-2 inches high) and stilletto
heels (with a very narrow heel post) and wedge heels (with a wedge-shaped sole
rather than a heel post).
Mules are shoes or slippers with no fitting around the heel (i.e. they are backless)
Slingbacks are shoes which are secured by a strap behind the heel, rather than over
the top of the foot.
Ballet flats, known in the UK as ballerinas, ballet pumps or skimmers, are shoes
with a very low heel and a relatively short vamp, exposing much of the instep. They
are popular for warm-weather wear, and may be seen as more comfortable than shoes
with a higher heel.
Court shoes, known in the United States as pumps, are typically high-heeled, slip-on
dress shoes.
26. Women's high heel pump
Unisex
Clog
Platform shoe: shoe with very thick soles and heels
Sandals: open shoes consisting of a sole and various straps, leaving much of the foot
exposed to air. They are thus popular for warm-weather wear, because they let the
foot be cooler than a closed-toed shoe would.
Saddle shoe: leather shoe with a contrasting saddle-shaped band over the instep,
typically white uppers with black "saddle".
Slip-on shoe: a dress or casual shoe without shoelaces or fasteners; often with tassels,
buckles, or coin-holders (penny loafers).
Boat shoes, also known as "deck shoes": similar to a loafer, but more casual. Laces
are usually simple leather with no frills. Typically made of leather and featuring a
soft white sole to avoid marring or scratching a boat deck. The first boat shoe was
invented in 1935 by Paul A. Sperry.
Slippers: For indoor use, commonly worn with pajamas.
27. COMPANY PROFILE
Graak Shoe Industries Company main productions are work, military and casual
footwear. The company CEO- Gajendra prasath, Managing Director- A. Grishkumar.
The shoes are manufactured in the company's factory that is located in the second industrial
city of Dammam, Eastern Province, and it covers a total area of 15,000 m2.
Graak Shoe Industry is major supplier to most of the companies in the Kingdom. Just
to name a few are shoe industry, SABIC, Saudi Arabian Airlines, LUBREF and
others. supplies to Industry Guards. supplies to many Defense Sectors in Gulf States.
Graak Shoe Industry was established in 1998 making joint venture with the
American Wolverine company under the name Saudi Shoes Company. In 1994, the Saudi
owners have bought the market share of the American partner so that the company became
totally national company.
In the beginning Graak focused only to produce work and military footwear. In 2000,
it took a step forward in its development and added a new production line to produce
“comfort shoe” brand for men. Starting from 2005, the company name has been changed to
Saudi Leather Industries Company as a specialized company in all leather industries. The
company went through three stages of expansion. The latest was in 2010, to enhance
production capacity to cover increase in demand.
Today Graak Shoe Industry products holds major share in Saudi market for both work
and military footwear sector. Also holds a good share in GCC market. Recently, begin
penetrate to hold share in some African markets.
28. The vision
To be the pioneer manufacturer of safety and military shoes in GCC & Arabian
countries
The mission
Graak Shoe Industries works hard to satisfy consumers’ needs by making high quality
products, provide the highest level of customer service and continues improvement in
administrative, human and technical resources.
29. FUNCTIONAL DEPARTMENT
1. Production Department
2. HR Department
3. Finance Department
4. Marketing Department
5. Sales Department
6. Purchasing Department
31. PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT
INTRODUCTION
Today’s Graak shoe is a contemporary well-run business with bright prospects for
further development. “Intelligent heart is represented by the management, leading services
and departments. Making strategic decisions is a prerogative of the supervisory board of JV
Graak, CJSC.
Total area of the factory based in rented premises comprises more than 18 500 square meters.
Personnel comprises more than 460 people. Approximately four fifths ofthem are women.
Apart from producing departments, the administrative and manufacturing complex includes
company shop, cafeteria, delicatessen shop, welfare spaces, storage faculties, area with a
parking lot, etc. Graak produces 23-25 thousands of pairs of shoes every month; its annual
production program always contains a broad assortment exceeding one hundred designs.
Gross product value at present reaches 2.5 blns of Belarusian Rubles. Manufacturing
capacities can be increased, if necessary.
32.
33. CHART
PROCESS
Company structure includes the department of marketing and strategic development,
production and technical department, accountant's office, chief mechanic department,
materials department, sales department, foreign economic relations department, department
of organization and remuneration of labor, economics department, department of construction
and design, personnel department, production control department, and a number of
supporting services. Manufacturing unit of the factory is represented by three major shop
floors: cutting department, sewing department and footwear assembly department.
At present two basic methods of sports footwear production are used in the world.
The method of preparing the inner mould and directly attaching the sole afterwards is the
most productive one. Maximum degree of process automation is achieved under such
circumstances. The method is mainly used for making cheap footwear (up to the lower limit
of the average price range), only synthetic materials are used in production.
34. In the second case a rough piece is made on the shoetree with the use of a pulling over
and lasting method. The sole is glued to it afterwards with special glues. This technology is
more traditional, but it allows achieving fundamentally different parameters of product
quality. All footwear for professionals in sports and best samples of footwear for outdoor
activities are made with the use of this technology.
Pulling over and lasting method is used at the Belkelme factory. All processes starting
from the stage of design and up to cutting critical raw material (leather) are fully automated.
Footwear is stitched manually with the use of modern imported equipment. High
qualification of employees allows realizing almost any design. The processes of assembling
finished shoes are to be automated in the long view. As it was already noted, an important
competitive advantage of the company consists in relying on its own design developments.
Designers and design specialists use special software (Russian and Italian) enabling
them to accelerate creative processes tenfold. Computerization has also allowed to drastically
change the performance of departments related to preproduction. And using rough pieces of
35. the ultramodern Elitron cutting complex for cutting allows to minimize the losses of valuable
raw material.
Shoe Making- How Shoes are Made
Footwear can be defined as garments that are worn on the feet. There main purpose is
protecting one's feet. Of late, footwear has become an important component of fashion
accessories. Although, their basic purpose remains that of protection, adornment or defining
style statement has become their additional and a significant function. There are many types
of footwear- shoes, boots, sandals, slippers etc. They are further categorized into many more
types.
36. Shoes and Shoe making
Shoes are further divided into many categories such as athletic shoes also known
as sneakers, galoshes, high heels, Stiletto heels, kitten heels, lace-up shoes, high-Tops,
loafers, Mary Janes, platform shoes, school shoes and many others. Shoemaking can be
considered a traditional handicraft profession. However, now it has been largely taken over
by industrial manufacture of footwear. A variety of materials are used for making shoes-
leather fabrics, plastic, rubber,fabrics, wood, jute fabrics, and metal. More than 200
operations are required for making a pair of shoes. However, with the development of
modern machines, a pair of shoes can be made in very less time as each step in its
manufacturing is generally performed by a separate footwear making machine.
Parts of a Shoe
A shoe consists of sole, insole, outsole, midsole, heel, and vamp (upper). They are the
basic parts of a shoe that are mostly included in all types off shoes. Other parts of a shoe are
lining, tongue, quarter, welt and backstay. These parts are included as per the design of the
shoes.
37. Sole:
The exterior bottom part of a shoe is the sole.
Insole:
The interior bottom of a shoe, which sits directly beneath the foot, is its insole. They
can be removable and replaceable too. In some of the shoes, extra insoles are often added for
comfort, health or other reasons, such as to control the shape, moisture, or smell of the shoe.
Outsole:
It is that layer of the shoe that is in direct contact with the ground. These can be made
of various materials like leather, natural or synthetic rubber etc. Often the heel of the sole is
made from rubber for durability and traction and the front is made of leather for style. Special
purpose shoes often have refined modifications, for example, athletic cleats have spikes
embedded in the outsole to grip the ground, dance shoes have much softer or harder soles.
38. SILK SCREENING IMAGE
Midsole:
The layer that lies between the outsole and the insole for shock absorption, is the
midsole. Some special shoes, like running shoes have other materials for shock absorption,
that usually lie beneath the heel where one puts the most pressure down. Materials used for
midsoles depend on the shoe manufacturers. Some shoes can be made even without a
midsole.
39. Heel:
The rear part at the bottom of a shoe is the heel. It supports the heels of the feet. Heels
of a shoe are often made from the same material as the sole of the shoe. It can be high for
fashion purpose or for making a person look taller. They are also flat for comfort and
practical use.
Vamp, or upper:
The upper part of a shoe that helps in holding the shoe onto the foot is the vamp or
simply called the upper. This part is often embellished or given different styles to make shoes
attractive.
Shoe Making Process
A footwear company has mainly four departments in which a progressive route is
followed for producing finished shoes. These are- Clicking or Cutting Department, Closing or
Machining Department, Lasting & Making Department, Finishing Department and the Shoe
Room.
40. Clicking or Cutting Department
In this department, the top part of the shoe or the "upper" is made. The clicking
operative is given skins of leather, mostly cow leather but not restricted to this type of leather.
Using metal strip knives, the worker cuts out pieces of various shapes that will take the form
of "uppers". This operation needs a high level of skill as the expensive leather has to be
wasted at the minimum level possible. Leather may also have various defects on the surface
such as barbed wire scratches which needs to be avoided, so that they are not used for the
uppers.
Q.C DEPARTMENT:
42. Closing or Machining Department
Here the component pieces are sewn together by highly skilled machinists so as to
produce the completed upper. The work is divided in stages. In early stages, the pieces are
sewn together on the flat machine. In the later stages, when the upper is no longer flat and has
become three-dimensional, the machine called post machine is used. The sewing surface of
the machine is elevated on a post to enable the operative to sew the three dimensional upper.
Various edge treatments are also done onto the leather for giving an attractive look to the
finished upper. At this stage only, the eyelets are also inserted in order to accommodate the
laces in the finished shoes.
Lasting & Making Department
The completed uppers are molded into a shape of foot with the help of a "Last". Last
is a plastic shape that simulates the foot shape. It is later removed from the finished shoe to
be used further in making other shoes. Firstly, an insole to the bottom of the last is attached.
It is only a temporary attachment. Sometimes, mostly when welted shoes are manufactured,
the insole has a rib attached to its under edge. The upper is stretched and molded over the last
and attached to the insole rib. After the procedure completes, a "lasted shoe" is obtained.
Now, the welt- a strip of leather or plastic- is sewn onto the shoe through the rib. The upper
and all the surplus material is trimmed off the seam. The sole is then attached to the welt and
both are stitched together. The heel is then attached which completes the "making" of the
shoe.
43. That was the process for heeled shoes. When a flat shoe is in the making, there are
considerably fewer operations. The insoles in this case is flat and when the uppers are 'lasted',
they are glued down to the surface of the inner side of the insole. The part of the upper, that is
glued down, is then roughed with a wire brush to take off the smooth finish of the leather.
This is done because rough surface absorbs glue to give a stronger bond. The soles are
usually cut, finished and prepared as a separate component so that when they are glued to the
lasted upper, the result is a complete and finished shoe. Soles can also be pre-molded as a
separate component out of various synthetic materials and again glued to the lasted upper to
complete the shoe.
Finishing Department and the Shoe Room
The finishing of a shoe depends on the material used for making it. If made of leather,
the sole edge and heel are trimmed and buffed to give a smooth finish. To give them an
attractive finish and to ensure that the edge is waterproof, they are stained, polished and
waxed. The bottom of the sole is often lightly buffed, stained and polished and different types
of patterns are marked on the surface to give it a craft finished look. A "finished shoe" has
now been made.
44. For shoe room operation, an internal sock is fitted into shoe which can be of any length- full,
half or quarter. They usually have the manufacturers details or a brand name wherever
applicable. Depending on the materials used for the uppers, they are then cleaned, polished
and sprayed. Laces and any tags that might have to be attached to the shoes, such as shoe care
instructions, are also attached. The shoes, at last, get packaged in boxes.
45. HR DEPARTMENT
INTRODUCTION:
Organization is the process of combining work which individuals or groups has to
perform with the facilities necessary for its execution, that the duties so performed provide
the best channels for efficient, systematic, positive and coordinated application of the
available effort.
HRM is the planning organizing directing and controlling of the procurement,
development, compensation, integration, maintenance of human capital of an organization to
achieve individual, organizational and societal objectives.
The Human Resources Department (HR) provides overall policy direction on human
resource management issues and administrative support functions related to the management
of employees for all City departments. The mission of the department is to be a strategic
partner by providing Human Resources programs that attract, develop, retain, and engage a
skilled and diverse workforce. The vision is to be universally recognized for Human
Resources excellence and as a premier employer. In addition to providing strategic central
human resources functions, the Human Resources Department is responsible for
administering the Health Benefits, Workers Compensation, and Long Term Disability
programs. Further responsibilities include citywide coordination of the Combined Municipal
Campaign program, the Employee Recognition program, temporary employee services, and
publishing newsletters reporting City events, activities, and employee information. The
department manages the E.B. Cape Center, whose core curriculum includes professional
development, safety and technical training for all City departments.
Department Short Term Goals
• Continue to pursue technological advances that improve operating efficiencies.
• Integrate new technologies across divisions to increase efficiency and effectiveness of
central HR functions.
• Maximize features of SAP, NEOGOV, salary continuation program, automated personnel
transaction program, and the new learning management system to improve operating
efficiency in HR and other department
46. CHART
Tyre & Tube
Unit Gujrat
Footwear Unit
Domestic Gujrat
Footwear Unit
Export
Muridke
Head of Human Resource
HR ExecutiveRecruitment
& Training
Manager
Admin
Manager
HR Assistant
Admin
Manager
HR
Manager
IR Manager Compliance
Manager
Chief
Security
Officer
Deputy
Manager HR
Corp. Head
quarters
47. HUMAN RESOURCE ISSUES:
Human resource related issues are two-fold in the leather industry
1. At technician/supervisor/production manager level – Even though there some institutes to
train people at this level but such trained people are not inclined to work in leather
manufacturing set-up and thus they go into alternate industries
2. At the operator level – At this level there is a lack of sufficient number of training
institutes to train people at the operator level who can work on the shop floor. Short term
training courses of three to six months duration will help in this regard.
• Growth in exports specially footwear segment: The Council for Leather Exports has
developed a plan to target increase in exports of leather and leather products from India from
US $ 3.5 billion in 2007-08 to US $ 7 billion by the year 2010-11 at a CAGR of 26.1%.
According to the road map, footwear would be the largest segment of exports by 2010-11
approximately about 65% of the total exports. The footwear export from India is expected to
almost treble from US $ 1.5 billion in 2007-08 to US $ 4.5 billion in 2010-11.
• Maximum incremental human resource requirement in the stitching category: As we have
seen in earlier sections footwear and other leather product segment employs the maximum
human resource and close to 50% of the total workforce in this segment is involved in
stitching/closing. And given that no major technological breakthrough is expected,
approximately 50% of the incremental human resource requirement in this segment will be in
the stitching category.
Human resource department of the organization caters to the need of both employees
and workers of the organization, resulting in a good relation between employees and workers.
They are well satisfied with the attitude of the management towards them and in the facilities
provided to them. So there are no labour strikes, absenteeism and attrition.
The company provides 38 excellent training programs for the employees to improve
the skills and productivity with in a lesser time. The employees are getting the statutory
benefits like Bonus, ESI scheme, Employees Provident Fund, Festival Holiday Allowances
from the company.
48. They are often given awareness class related to cleanliness, health and safety.
Department heads also make visits to quarters were workers are staying in order to ensure
cleanliness in their surroundings.
HR department maintain a help desk in order to redress grievance of the workers and
answer to their queries. There are total of 214 workers in the organization.
Organizational Analysis
It involves a study of the entire organization in terms of its objectives, its resources,
resource allocation and utilization, growth potential and its environment.
The organizational analysis includes the analysis of
Short term and long term objectives of the firm.
Allocation and efficient utilization of human resources to meet the operational targets.
Organizational Climate including the management‟s attitude towards employee
development
Environmental Scanning to identify the factors affecting organization which it can
control and the constraints which it can not.
Task role / Operational Analysis
It is systematic and detailed analysis of jobs to identify job contents, the knowledge,
skills and aptitudes required and the work behavior. Attention is paid to tasks to be
performed, methods used, the way employees have learnt these techniques and performance
standards required is analyzed in this stage. The purpose of operation analysis is to decide
what should be taught.
Manpower Analysis
In this analysis the persons to be trained and the changes required in the knowledge,
skills and attitude of an employee is determined. First of all, it is necessary to decide whether
performance of employee is below standard and training needed. Secondly it is decided
whether employee is capable of being trained. Thirdly, the specific areas in which employee
requires training. Lastly, whether training will improve employee‟s performance or not is
determined. Training can be relevant and viable if the three types of analysis given above are
carried out on continuously.
49. Setting training objectives and policy
The overall aim of a training programme is to fill in the gap between the existing and
the desired pool of knowledge, skills and aptitudes. Objectives of training express the gap
between the present and the desired performance levels.
The main objectives of training may be defined as follows
i. To impart to new entrants the basic knowledge and skills for efficient performance definite
task.
ii. To assist employees function more efficiently by exposing them to latest concepts,
information and techniques and developing the skills they require in the particular job.
iii. To build up a second line of competent officers and prepare them to occupy more
responsible positions.
iv. To broaden the narrow minds of senior managers through interchange of experience
within and outside so as to correct the narrow outlook caused due to over specialization.
While setting training objectives, following criteria may be used.
a) Nature and size of the group trained
b) Roles and tasks to be coined out by target group
c) Relevance, applicability and compatibility of training to the work situation
d) Identification of the behaviour where changes required
e) Defining the existing and desired behaviour in terms of ratio, frequency, quality of
interaction, repetitiveness, innovations and supervisions, etc.
f) Operational results to be achieved through training e.g. Productivity, cost, down time,
creativity, turnover, etc.
g) Indicators to be used in determining changes from existing to the desired level in terms of
ratio and frequency.
In order to achieve the training objectives, an appropriate training policy is necessary.
A training policy represents the commitment of top management to employee training. It
consists of rules and procedures concerning training.
A sound training policy defines the following issues.
The results expected to be achieved through training
i. The responsibility of the training function
ii. The priorities for training
iii. The type of training required
iv. The time and place of training
50. v. The payments paid to the employees during the training period
vi. The outside agencies to be associated with the training
vii. Relationship of training of the companies labour policy
Designing a training Programme
Once the objectives and policies of training are decided, appropriate training
programme can be designed and conducted. Decisions on the following items are required for
this purpose.
Responsibility of training
The responsibility of the training programme has to be shared among
a) The top management
b) The Personnel department
c) The line supervisors
d) The employees who should provide feedback and suggestions
Selecting and motivating target group
The type of training method to be used will depend upon the type of persons to be
trained. So it is necessary to decide in advance who are to be trained workers, supervisors or
executives. The employees will be interested in training if they believe that it will benefit
them personally. A climate conducive for learning has to be created through physical and
psychological environment.
51. Functions of HR Department:
• Manpower Planning
• Job analysis and Job description
• Compensation and Benefits
• Recruitment & Selection
• Annual Objective Setting Plans
• Performance Appraisals
• Training & Development
• Employee Welfare and Motivation
• Implementation of Organizational Policies
Preparing Trainers
The success of a training programme depends to a great extent upon the instructors or
the resource persons. The trainer must know both the job to be taught and how to teach it. He
should have an aptitude for teaching and should employ right training techniques.
Developing training package
This step involves deciding the content of training, designing support materials for
training and choosing appropriate training methods. It may involve the specific instructions
and procedures for doing a job. In addition to the contents, methods and time period it also
includes budget.
Supporting materials may include detailed syllabus, study notes, case studies,
pamphlets, charts, manuals, brochures and movie slides.
Conducting the training
This is the action phase of training. Here the trainer tells, demonstrates and illustrates
in order to put over the knowledge and operations. However, before it a learner should be put
to ease. It is necessary to explain why he is being taught to develop his interest in training.
Instructions should be clear and complete. Key points shall be stressed upon and one point
should be trained at a
time. Trainees should be encouraged to ask questions.
52. Follow up and Evaluation
In the evaluation step, the effectiveness of training programme is assessed. The feed
back generated through follow up will help to reveal weaknesses or errors if any; Necessary
corrective action can be taken. If necessary training can be repeated until trainees learns
whatever has been taught to him. It also helps in designing future training programme.
53. FINANCE DEPARTMENT
INTRODUCTION:
Finance is life blood of every organization. It deals with procurement of funds and
their effective utilization in the business. Department has one department head, one senior
executive and four junior executive. Their functions mainly include checking daily cash
accounts, MIS preparation, bank reconciliation, central excise and export related works,
finalization of account statement etc.Graak shoe industry is financially stable and had got
CRISIL A+ rating.
Materials department of the organization place order according to need of material
that‟s used for production. Company follows EOQ system. Whenever they find that it has
reached reorder level or safety stock, order is placed.
Graak’s strategy in early 2000s was to develop, flag ship stores, Graak Town shops in
bigger cities, first national, and then abroad. Graak was the first company to establish
flagship stores and it turned out to be a sensation. There are independent small retail stores
that sell Graak products all around the world as well. Also, on seeing the potential of the low
price market, Graak took efforts in 2005 to tap in to the low price segment by striking a deal
with big retail discount stores like Walmart and rolled out starter shoes at a cheaper price,
competing with private label brands. However, to avoid brand dilution, Graak did not use the
swoosh logo in these shoes. Currently, Graak has a high quality website and uses it as an
online selling channel. Graak, a part of the website allows a customer to customize his own
shoes and buy it. The website is available in 14 languages and is different according to the
country requirements.
54. MARKETING DEPARTMENT
INTRODUCTION:
Graak’s geographic market is spread throughout the globe. In March 2009, Graak
announced its plan to reorganize its global business in order to bring goods closer to the
consumers as well as to reduce management overlap. Following this plan Graak then decided
to develop its market share in North America, Western Europe, Eastern/Central Europe,
Greater China, Japan and Emerging Markets.
Main Business
Graak Inc. specializes in footwear, apparel, equipment and accessory products for men,
women and children. The company offers footwear for football, basketball, golf, sport-
inspired casual shoes, kids’ shoes and other athletic and recreational purposes. The company
also markets sports apparel and accessories, along with sports inspired apparel and athletic
bags. Graak also offers performance equipments which include bags, sport balls, eyewear,
electronic devices, and other equipments designed for sports activities under the brand name
GRAAK.
Political
The support accorded to Graak by the US government, particularly in the general
macroeconomic stability, low-interest rates, stable currency conditions and the international
competitiveness of the tax system, form the foundation critical to Graak’s growth.
Graak’s main production faculties lie in the Asian countries where political unrest prevails.
The rise and fall of governments’ results in change in policies relating to employment laws,
trade restrictions, etc. This political unrest may affect Graak.
55. Economic
The economic downturn has resulted in the slowdown in sales. This will affect the growth
of Graak. Also, labor cost and raw materials prices are increasing, which will affect the profit
margin of the company.
Graak deals in different currencies for trading purpose. Hence, costs and margins are not
stable over long periods of time due to changing exchange rates.
Social
People today prefer to buy products which have brand value associated with them. They
now want fashion-oriented products for leisure activity instead of sports activities. There are
also an increasing number of women consumers in the market due to changing lifestyle and
trends.
The bad publicity due the poor labor and factory conditions in Asian Countries resulted in
decline in sales as society wants socially responsible firms.
Technological
Graak has integrated technology to develop its products fast. Graak always adopts
latest technology for its product manufacturing and development.
Environment/Green
Graak makes every attempt to reduce the impact of each of its products on the
environment from design to manufacturing, and ultimate disposal. Graak shoes produce solid
waste. The largest of these by weight is cured rubber used in shoes soling. Graak employees
engineered a creative way to keep it out of landfills and convert it into more outsoles, called
REGRIND.
56. THE COMPETITION
Main Competitors
Graak’s main competition comes from Adidas AG along with companies such as Puma
AG, New Balance, etc. Due to Graak’s brand awareness, its competitors have to put in more
effort to sell their products & new entrants in the industry should have huge amount of capital
to invest in advertising to create brand awareness. This restricts the amount of entrants in the
market.
Sales & Profit Trend
We can see that from the year 2006 to 2008 both Adidas and Puma have growing sales &
profits. But in 2009 both companies saw a drop in sales & profits. This may be due to the
footwear market is saturated & there is high competition where companies are striving for
maximum market share &/or to maintain their existing market share.
Market Share
Adidas Group & Reebok together hold 22 percent of the market share, followed by Puma
7 percent and New Balance 6 percent. Since the athletic footwear market is saturated, there
may be a possibility that the company’s market share erodes.
Target Market
All the companies in the athletic footwear market are targeting the same type of consumer
– those who are interested in sports like the aspiring athletes, teams, individual athletes, etc.,
along with the urban youth.
THE COMPANY
Sales & Profit Trend
Graak’s revenue and net income are constantly growing from the year 2005. This shows
that Graak has a strong grip on its market share. Consumers like Graak’s innovative new
products and are willing to pay a higher price than its competitors.
Market Share
Graak is the market leader in the athletic footwear industry with a 31 percent market share.
This shows that Graak with its strong research and development and extensive product range
along with the marketing expertise have captured the consumer’s preferences.
57. Business Sector
Graak is part of the Consumer Goods sector which mostly consists of Fast Moving
Consumer Goods such as dairy products, farm products, etc. In this sector, Graak belongs to
the Textile-Apparel, Footwear and Accessories Industry.
Project Focus
Graak’s focus is on product development & providing its customer with innovative &
compelling products. The introduction of Graak +iPod establishes this fact that Graak wants
to cater the customer need for new & innovative products. Graak also lays heavy emphasis on
maintaining its Brand name & value in the market. Hence, it invests large amounts of money
in research & development of its products so that it can maintain its position as the market
leader.
58. GRAAK’S MARKETING STRATEGY
Segmentation & Targeting
Graak’s target market for its shoes, clothes and other accessories are males and females
between the age of 13 and 35 years. Graak segments its markets on the basis of age, gender,
geographic locations, psychographic, and benefits sought.
On the basis of age, Graak targets a variety of age groups from young adolescent to middle-
aged adults. Graak has different advertisements for men and women of every race and
nationality separately. Graak now is focusing on targeting more on women and Generation Y.
Also teams of any sport are targeted by Graak.
Graak’s aim is to push its products in countries that apply to certain sports, which are
popular in that particular country. For example, Products relating to Rugby are advertised
more frequently in Europe when compared to U.S., as Rugby is popular in Europe.
Graak promotes a positive and confidant attitude and targets people who want to attain that
attitude. It also is targeted towards customers who are interested in athletics.
On the basis of benefits sought, Graak provides shoes, apparel and equipment for a variety of
sports all over the world. It also offers products to many different people who have different
tastes, interests and needs. This can be seen from the fact that Graak Graak has a website
where consumers can design their shoes according to their requirements and tastes.
Positioning
Graak promotes products that ooze with style, attitude and self-confidence. This message is
clear in Graak’s tagline ‘Just Do It’ or ‘If you have a body, you are an athlete’ which is
shown in many advertisements of Graak. The former message of Graak has been used since
1989, when it was first introduced and the latter was developed by Bill Bowerman when
Graak first started. This message clearly defines Graak’s image which is a positive and self-
confident nature.
Porter’s Generic Strategy (Differentiation/Low Cost Leadership/Focus)
Since the footwear market is highly competitive, companies are striving to provide the best
possible deals to the consumers. This means that they are trying to cut down costs. Since
Graak outsources its manufacturing to other countries, it doesn’t have any capital tied up in
machinery, equipment or factories. This means it doesn’t have any expenses that may arise
out of maintenance of any of the above.
59. Graak also lays heavy emphasis on Differentiation and continually strives to innovate and
develop its products. The introduction of Graak +iPod sports kit in the year 2008. This
enables runners to log and monitor their runs via iTunes and the Graak + website.
Growth Strategy
On May 5th, 2010 Graak revealed its Global Growth Strategy to achieve sustainable, long-
term growth across its global portfolio of brands. With a revenue target of $27 billion by the
year 2015, Graak outlined each and every category of their product line – from Graak SB to
Women’s Training – and hoped to reach that goal through a consumer-focused strategy. The
company also expects to generate over $12 billion of cumulative free cash flow from
operations through 2015. Both goals extend GRAAK Inc.’s long term financial model of high
single-digit revenue growth, mid-teens earnings per share growth and expanding returns on
capital.
60. GRAAK INC.’S MARKETING MIX
Marketing Mix
Product Mix
Graak product range includes an assortment of goods which include shoes and apparel for
sports activities such as Basketball, Football, Athletics, Golf, Cross training, etc., for men,
women as well as children.
Product Life Cycle
The athletic footwear industry and Graak Inc. are both at the maturity stage of the Product
Life Cycle. Graak’s revenue and net income are constantly increasing at almost the same
pace for the last 5 years. But in the year 2009, we can see that the rate of growth in revenue
and net income has decreased due to saturation and high competition in the market. Graak
can maintain its revenue, net income and market share in the footwear market by introducing
new innovative products to keep the consumer base captivated, expansion into new market
like India and China and use extensive marketing of the product to continue its demand in the
market.
Since Graak is the market leader in the footwear market, it is safe to say that it is established
within its market segments. The market for footwear is saturated with high competition. This
places Graak in the Cash Cows category. Being in the cash cows category means that Graak
has to maintain its sales and hold its position of a market leader in the market. To do this
Graak has to spend a lot of money in research and development to provide customers with
fresh and original products to keep them loyal to the brand Graak. Since the athletic footwear
market is saturated with no scope for much growth in the market Graak can choose from
either Market Development or Diversification Strategies. If Graak opts for Market
Development it means that Graak will focus on the emerging markets such as India, China,
etc. with its existing products. If Graak opts for Diversification then it would have to focus on
new markets with new and innovative products.
Price Mix
Graak Inc. applies a premium pricing strategy. This strategy implies the product to be
priced higher than that of the competitor based on the quality of the product. Some critics and
61. people claim that the prices of Graak’s product are high. However, the company owners and
employees argue that these prices reflect the quality of the product. This strategy seems to be
working as consumers who purchase Graak products are ready for their prices.
Place Mix
Graak products are available in multi-brand stores along with the exclusive Graak stores
across the globe. Graak sells its products to more than 20,000 retailers in the U.S. and in
approximately 200 countries in the world. Along with this Graak has its own ‘Graaktown’
stores. Graak also sells its products through its official website, where people can also
customize and design their shoes according to their preferences and directly delivers these
from the manufacturer to their house.
Graak sells its products in the international markets through independent distributors,
licensees & subsidiaries.
Promotion Mix
Graak reinvests around 12 percent of their revenue into marketing, which includes
advertising, endorsements and sponsorship deals. Graak advertises it products through print
media, television and billboards and posters. Apart from this Graak has a number of celebrity
athletes like Cristiano Rolando for soccer, Tiger Woods for golf, etc., and professional teams
like Manchester United to focus attention on their products.
EVALUATION OF COMPANY’S STRATEGIES AND TACTICS
Evaluation of Graak Inc.’s Current Position & Evidence of Success &
Prospects of Future Growth/Success
We can see that Graak’s Earnings per Share (EPS) and Return on Invested Capital has
gone down. This may be due to the reduction in Earnings before Interest and Tax (EBIT) due
to fall in revenue Hence, we can say that Graak has to maintain its position in its existing
market and grow in the new markets to increase or maintain its EPS and Return on Invested
Capital. If Graak wants to maintain its market leadership it has to focus its strategies on
product development to provide its loyal customer base with new, captivating and innovative
products. Along with product development, Graak also has to penetrate new & emerging
market like India and China if it wishes to grow be number one in its industry.
Time and again Graak has proven to be the best when it comes to satisfying consumers
needs. Graak provides people with innovative and original products that others in the industry
are not able to provide, thus upholding its position as market leader in the athletic footwear
62. market. This gives Graak a competitive advantage over its competitors, which provides Graak
with opportunities which Graak has used to its maximum. With its Marketing mix, Graak has
been able to create an all around dominant strategic plan. Graak has shown that they are a
true force to be reckoned.
SALES DEPARTMENT
INTRODUCTION:
Prices Although it was not the objective of this survey to deal with price structures
(and thus with profits), nevertheless some information could be collected in this respect.
Prices and costs are no doubt related, but the margin between them may vary according to
specific economic conditions and objectives of business. Certain styles or products may not
produce any profit (some of them may even cause losses) in financial terms, but they are
manufactured to absorb overheads, to keep contacts with important clients, to sell other styles
bringing good profits and/or to serve other business objectives (e.g. market promotion). Profit
is the real secret of business, so it is almost impossible to get reliable data in this respect. (Of
course several consultants and institutions – including UNIDO – have been involved in
projects dealing with feasibility studies and/or marketing production management whereby
such information was used, but they are property of the assisted ventures and cannot be
disclosed.) It is estimated that within normal circumstances and in a competitive market
environment free of distortion (e.g. protection, subsidy) footwear manufacturing companies
are making a profit on common types of shoes about 7-10% relative to sales (ex-factory)
prices.
Other sportswear manufacturers expanding their portfolio
Cheap copies from the Far East
Threats of New Entrants: (Low)
Barriers to entry in the athletic footwear industry are high due to several factors.
It is as very capital intensive industry. Even though it would not be difficult for a new
company to obtain the raw materials and the labor needed to produce shoes, there is
almost no chance for them to gain popularity in such a mature industry with some of
the strongest brand names in the world. Brand loyalty is extremely strong and it
would be very hard for a new entrant to “steal” loyal customers from the already
existent players. Economies of scale play a huge role as well and the bigger players
63. have an advantage of producing the products at a lower price than compared with
newer entrants. As the output is bigger and the fixed costs of factories, machinery,
marketing and R&D will be decreased per unit. Both marketing and R&D constitute
high costs and since new entrants will not be able to take advantage of the economies
of scale they will be less competitive.
The industry itself is in a consolidation phase and only the big ones will survive.
The large companies are strategically and constantly acquiring smaller companies.
Some of the most popular acquisitions include Reebok by Adidas, Converse by
Graak, Saucony by Stride Rite, etc. Small companies are bought before they become a
threat to the bigger ones and before they have a chance to gain market share. In other
words, it is impossible to grow in this industry because someone will take over your
company.
BUYERS:
The buyers of sports footwear have changed in the past decade.
There has been and increase in women purchasing the shoes,
Generation Y has a different tastes and purchasing methods
Customers more affected by price
Buyer Power: (Very High)
The buyers for this industry are retailers and end users.
The footwear retailers, i.e. Footlocker, Wal-Mart, range in sizes. However, the top
25 retailers account for two-thirds of the sales of athletic footwear- approximately
$15 billion in value. New retailers are entering the market, such as “big box stores”
and vendors that open their own stores. The lack of concentration among buyers
brings down the margins and gives the power to the vendors. Retailers also have no
power in determining the design of the product. Therefore the big footwear
manufacturers generally dictate the price of their shoes.
In order to gain more power buyer companies have started merging- Footlocker –
Foot Action, Sport Authority- Gart. This consolidation will transfer some of the
power from the big players because in order to be industry leaders they will need
these well-recognized retailers as well. Growing margins suggest that buyer power
64. has been increasing. The end user of the industry is also considered a buyer and he
has unlimited power. Every company is fighting for the loyalty of the end user
through constant innovations and brand management. However, if the user is
dissatisfied, he can easily switch the brand to another one.
SUBSTITUTES:
Substitutes for athletic shoes are shoes in another category.
When required for professional use there is no substitute goods, but as a fashion item
there are many other goods that could be purchased.
Substitutes: (Low)
Lifestyle athletic shoes sales, for instance are growing at the fastest annual
rate and Puma is undoubtedly the leader in this segment- with more than 50%
sales growth.
First, in the sports industry, other types of apparel could also be seen as a substitute,
in terms of building image and style. Second, in the same product category, other
types of shoes are also substitutes, such as slippers, heels, boots, flip-flops, etc.
Even though sneakers are still the most popular type of footwear in the world.
Companies such as Steve Madden and Sketchers are also seen as threats. Steve
Madden’s “thick high heeled shoes”19 are very popular and since thick heels are
considered a more comfortable version among women they could be a substitute for
sneakers. Sketchers introduced non-athletic heel-less shoes also called “sneaker
mules”20 these shoes, first gained popularity in Europe but now are also becoming
popular in the United States.
SUPLIERS:
-Using production facilities in the Far East has give Graak economies of scale. Although
there are now problems arising from these factories, they are switching to making there own
goods, labour and political unrest causes delays in manufacturing and shipping of the goods,
-Supplier Power: (Low)
-The suppliers do not have the power to bargain the price of their product, since there are
numerous suppliers.
65. There has been some standardization of production in the industry due to growing
concerns of labor practices of the suppliers and manufacturers. These practices have
been damaging the image of some companies including Graak.Therefore, the big
companies prefer to work only with approved manufacturers and suppliers that are
known to follow these labor standards. Both Adidas and Graak have created a system
to ensure that all the high quality of the product, the working conditions, and the
distribution are at high standards.
Product
Graak offers a wide range of shoe, apparel and equipment products, all of which are
currently its top-selling product categories. Graak started selling sports apparel, athletic bags
and accessory items in 1979. Their brand Cole Haan carries a line of dress and casual
footwear and accessories for men, women and children. They also market head gear under the
brand name Sports Specialties, through Graak Team manufactures and distributes ice skates,
skate blades, in-roller skates, protective gear, hockey sticks and hockey jerseys and
accessories.
Price
Graak’s pricing is designed to be competitive to the other fashion Shoe retailer. The
pricing is based on the basis of premium segment as target customers. Graak as a brand
commands high premiums. Graak’s pricing strategy makes use of vertical integration in
pricing wherein they own participants at differing channel levels or take part in more than
one channel level operations. This can control costs and influence product pricing.
Place
Graak shoes are carried by multi-brand stores and the exclusive Graak stores across
the globe. Graak sells its product to about 20,000 retail accounts in the U.S. and in almost
200 countries around the world. In the international markets, Graak sells its products through
independent distributors, licensees and subsidiaries. The company has production facilities in
Asia and customer service and other operational units worldwide.
66. Promotion
Promotion is largely dependent on finding accessible store locations. It also avails of
targeted advertising in the newspaper and creating strategic alliances. Graak has a number of
famous athletes that serve as brand ambassadors such as the Brazilian Soccer Team
(especially Ronaldo, Renaldo, and Roberto Carlos), Lebron James and Jermane O’Neal for
basketball, Lance Armstrong for cycling, and Tiger Woods for Golf. Graak also sponsors
events such as Hoop It Up and The Golden West Invitational. Graak’s brand images, the
Graak name and the trademark swoosh; make it one of the most recognizable brands in the
world. Graak’s brand power is one reason for its high revenues. Graak’s quality products,
loyal customer base and its great marketing techniques all contribute to make the shoe empire
a huge success.
67. PURCHASE DEPARTMENT
INTRODUCTION
In the present scenario of increased competition, reduced time to market and
globalised outsourcing, material management has evolved as one of the major factors for the
success of an organization. The Purchase function, a key component of material management
is now functioning with more agility and is shouldered with more responsibility than before.
In Graak shoe Industry, and its subsidiary companies, the purchase function is carried
out by the purchase department of the respective unit or divisions and is responsible for
procurement of the unit or division’s requirement. The heads of the material department and
purchase department are accountable for effective discharge of purchase functions within the
framework of purchase policy of the company.
OBJECTIVES
Timely procurement and supply of required materials with prescribed specifications
and quality at the most competitive price and terms.
Fair, Consistent and transparent purchase practice.
Continuous search for alternate sources of supply and to develop reliable sources of
supply.
CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
All purchases should be broadly categorized into Revenue and Capital. Under
Revenue, further categorization shall be made into Production and Non production items. The
Production items shall be categorized into “A” “B” and “C”.
68. PURCHASE THROUGH LONG TERM CONTRACT
The objective of entering into a long term contract is to ensure continuous supply at
competitive rates. Long term contract should generally be entered into a reasonable time but
not more than two years at a time.
CASH PURCHASE
Cash purchase should generally be resorted to only in respect of items of small value
and emergent requirements. The cash purchase is resorted only in respect ofitems of small
value and emergent requirements. Purchase of material up to Rs.5000/- at a time is permitted
for cash purchase.
WORLD BANK PROCUREMENT
In respect of any item procured out of the soft loan assistance from World Bank, the
procurement procedures of World Bank shall apply.
PURCHASE FROM FOREIGN SUPPLIERS
The regular tendering procedure is to be followed for the procurement from foreign
suppliers. Where the custom duty is not payable on imports because of government
exemption notification or availability of special import license is to be indicated in the
purchase order.
REPEAT ORDERS
Repeat orders are placed I some cases in order to save time and cost. Fresh tenders are
not initiated in repeat order procedure. Repeat order is not permitted more than 2 years of
original purchase.