The document discusses the causes of bad governance in Pakistan. It identifies several key factors, including political instability due to military coups and revolving governments, widespread corruption, lack of accountability, weak institutions, economic challenges like high inflation and unemployment, lack of education, ethnic and religious tensions, and geopolitical challenges related to Pakistan's neighbors and international relations. Addressing these interconnected challenges in a comprehensive manner is needed to improve governance.

1. Group Members: Ali Haider
Sami ullah
Zulqarnain Haider
Javed Akbar

2. Goverence
Goverence is a group of people who rule or run the administration of a
country. In other words, it may be said that a government is the body
of representatives that governs and controls the state at a given time.
Government is the medium through which the power of the state is
employed.
Governance is the act of governing or ruling. It is the set of rules and
laws framed by the government that are to be implemented through
the representatives of the state. Simply put, governance is
what governments do.

3. Good governance
In international development, good governance is
a way of measuring how public institutions
conduct public affairs and manage public
resources in a preferred way.

4. When governance becomes
bad/good
A governance become good when
it fills the needs of it's people.
And it becomes bad when it can
not fill the needs of it's people

7. Causes of bad governance in Pakistan
 Political Instability
 Corruption
 Lack of Accountability
 Weak Institutions
 Economic Challenges
 Lack of Education
 Ethnic and Religious Tensions
 Geopolitical Challenges

8. Political instability
Political instability is one of the critical causes of bad governance
in Pakistan. The country has a history of military coups and political
turmoil. They have led to a lack of continuity and consistency in
government policies and decision-making. This instability has
resulted in a revolving door of governments and leaders, making it
difficult for any one government to establish a long-term vision or
implement effective policies. Furthermore, political instability has
also led to a lack of stability in key institutions such as the judiciary
and the civil service, making it difficult for these institutions to
effectively carry out their responsibilities.
Moreover, this instability has also led to a lack of trust in
government institutions among the public and has made it difficult
for the government to gain their support. This further undermines
the rule of law, weakens public trust in government institutions, and
discourages foreign investment. Consequently, it makes it difficult
for the government to effectively govern and provide basic services
to citizens, leading to public dissatisfaction and mistrust in
government institutions.

10. Corruption
Corruption is another major cause of bad governance in Pakistan. It is
prevalent at all levels of government, from local officials to high-ranking
politicians. This undermines the rule of law and weakens public trust in
government institution .Additionally, it discourages foreign investment.
Corruption takes many forms, such as bribery, embezzlement, and abuse
of power. It is also prevalent in the judiciary and law enforcement, making
it difficult for citizens to access justice and for the government to
effectively enforce the rule of law.
Corruption also leads to a misallocation of resources, with public funds
being used for private gain rather than for the benefit of the population.
This can lead to inadequate public services, such as lack of access to
clean water and electricity, and poor infrastructure. Furthermore,
corruption also creates a vicious cycle where the public loses faith in
government institutions and is less likely to pay taxes or participate in the
political process, which in turn makes it more difficult for the government
to provide services and maintain stability.

12. Lack of accountability
Lack of accountability is another key cause of bad governance
in Pakistan. Government officials and institutions often act with
impunity. And, they are not held accountable for their actions
and decisions. This allows them to work in their own self-
interest rather than in the best interest of the people they
serve.
For instance, public officials are often not held accountable for
their use of public funds or for the provision of public services.
This leads to a lack of transparency and poor service delivery,
which can lead to public dissatisfaction with the government.
Additionally, the lack of accountability also extends to the
judiciary and law enforcement institutions, where officials are
often not held responsible for their actions or for upholding the
rule of law. This can lead to a breakdown of the justice system
and a lack of trust in government institutions among the public.

14. Weak institutions
Weak institutions are another cause of bad governance in Pakistan. Institutions
such as the judiciary, civil service, and law enforcement agencies are often
weak and lack the capacity to effectively carry out their responsibilities.
For instance, the judiciary is often subject to political pressure and corruption,
which can lead to a lack of impartiality and fairness in the justice system.
Furthermore, the civil service is often understaffed and under-resourced. This
can lead to poor service delivery and a lack of capacity to implement government
policies. Additionally, law enforcement agencies are often not equipped or trained
to effectively maintain law and order and protect citizens.
Moreover, weak institutions can also lead to a lack of transparency and
accountability in government. It is because officials are not held accountable for
their actions and decisions. It is making it difficult for citizens to access justice or
hold their government accountable.

15. Economic challenges
Economic challenges are another cause of bad governance in Pakistan.
The country’s economy is facing many challenges. These include high
inflation, high unemployment, and a large trade deficit. These economic
problems can make it difficult for the government to provide basic services
to the population. This can lead to public dissatisfaction with the
government.
For instance, high inflation and unemployment can lead to a decline in
living standards for many citizens. This is making it difficult for them to
afford basic necessities such as food and healthcare. Additionally, a large
trade deficit can lead to a shortage of foreign currency, making it difficult
for the government to import goods and pay for necessary imports.
Furthermore, economic challenges also lead to a decline in foreign
investment and can make it difficult for the government to attract foreign
investment and create jobs.

17. Lack of education
Lack of education is another cause of bad governance in Pakistan.
The country has a high illiteracy rate and many citizens, especially in
rural areas, lack access to basic education. This lack of education
can make it difficult for citizens to participate in the political process
and access government services. Additionally, it is also difficult to
hold their government accountable for them.
For instance, citizens who are not educated may find it difficult to
understand their rights. Moreover, how to access government
services such as healthcare and education can be also difficult.
Additionally, a lack of education also makes it harder for citizens to
understand how their government works and to participate in the
political process, including voting in elections.
Furthermore, a lack of education among government officials can
also lead to poor policy decisions. This is obvious as officials may
not have the knowledge or skills to effectively govern.

19. Ethnic and Religious Tensions
Ethnic and religious tensions are another cause of bad
governance in Pakistan. Pakistan is a diverse country with
many ethnic and religious groups. These tensions can
sometimes lead to conflict and violence that makes it
difficult for the government to effectively govern.
For instance, ethnic and religious tensions can lead to
violence and civil unrest. It can make it difficult for the
government to maintain law and order and protect citizens.
Additionally, ethnic and religious tensions can also lead to
discrimination and marginalization of certain groups.
Furthermore, ethnic and religious tensions can also lead to
a lack of political stability, as different groups may compete
for power and resources, making it difficult for the
government to govern effectively.

21. Geopolitical challenges
Geopolitical challenges are another cause of bad
governance in Pakistan. Pakistan is located at the
crossroads of South and Central Asia. And, its complex
relations with its neighbors and the international
community can make governance more difficult.
For example, Pakistan’s long-standing tensions with India
can lead to political instability. And, a lack of regional
cooperation can have a negative impact on the country’s
economy and security. Additionally, Pakistan’s role in the
ongoing war in Afghanistan and its relationship with the
United States and other international actors can also have
a significant impact on the country’s political stability and
economic development.

23. Conclusion
In conclusion, bad governance is a persistent issue in
Pakistan. There are a variety of factors that contribute to
bad governance in Pakistan discussed above. All these
factors can make it difficult for the government to govern
and provide basic services to citizens effectively. It is
leading to public dissatisfaction and mistrust in government
institutions. Addressing these challenges will require a
comprehensive approach that includes implementing
effective policies, increasing transparency and
accountability, strengthening institutions, and promoting
civic engagement.