Goodwin analyzed music videos and developed 6 categories that videos typically fit into: intertextuality, artist close-ups, star iconography, voyeurism, music and visuals, and lyrics and visuals. Star iconography represents artists through branding, style, or brand values. Voyeurism exposes audiences to revealing clothing or intimate settings. Music and visuals correlate visuals to illustrate, amplify, or contradict the music. Artist close-ups familiarize audiences with new artists. Intertextuality references other works. Lyrics and visuals illustrate or amplify the song lyrics.