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- 1. Biomedical Research: Its About Saving Lives Arnold L. Goldman DVM, MS Canton Animal Hospital Americans For Medical Progress Presented at Wheeler High School North Stonington, CT April 8, 2010
- 2. How many have ever been sick? How many have ever taken medicine? How many have ever had a vaccine? How many use an asthma inhaler? How many know someone who has had cancer? How many know someone who has had surgery?
- 3. Henry Melanoma Milton Leukemia Irving Lung Cancer Lillian Hypertension Tillie CHF Helen Stroke Evie MI Nat Pancreatic Cancer Medical Research Improves The Human Condition A Compassionate Society Seeks to Help Its Members
- 4. We Want To Help All Our Family Members ARNIE ????? CLAIRE ????? HAP ????? BELLE ????? CHIEF ?????
- 8. Veterinary Vaccines Vaccines to protect pets, farm animals, working animals and wildlife
- 9. Number of People Who Benefit Annually 450,000 Growth Hormone 1 520,000 Coronary Bypass 2 1,500,000 Erythropoietin 3 34,000,000 Anticoagulants 4 95,000,000 Asthma Medications 5 150,000,000 Antibiotics 6 1. Source: IMS Health, IMS National Prescription Audit TM, 2/2008 2. Source: IMS Health, ClinicalPlus 3. Source: IMS Health, IMS National Sales Perspectives TM, 2/2008 4. Source: IMS Health, IMS National Prescription Audit TM, 2/2008 5. Source: IMS Health, IMS National Prescription Audit TM, 2/2008 6. US Center for Disease Control and Prevention
- 12. Questions of Pain… Anesthesia or analgesia affects results as in testing pain relief drugs
- 13. Duke: An Example Duke at Georgetown Canine Oral Papillomavirus (COPV) Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Duke, adopted by veterinarian
- 18. A Word About Alternatives To Animals… IBM’s Blue Gen / L “Super” Computer
- 20. JAKE: A PERSONAL EXAMPLE…
- 21. Canine Melanoma 20% All Skin Cancers >50% Malignant at Digit Distant Metastasis Untreated Survival 3 - 6 Mos Human Melanoma Most Common Skin Cancer Young Adults, 25-29 75% Skin Cancer Deaths Distant Metastasis Untreated Survival 6 Mos Melanoma: Cancer of Pigment Producing Cells
- 22. Canine Digital Melanoma Metastasized to Lymph Node Lymph Node Heart Lungs 9/26/2000
- 23. 1 Year Response To Xenogeneic Tyrosinase Vaccine 9/2001
- 24. 4 1/2 Year Response To Xenogeneic Tyrosinase Vaccine 2/2005
- 25. New Scientific Knowledge About Melanoma Communicated In Peer Reviewed Medical Literature: April, 2003
- 26. Canine Vaccine Commercially Available 3/26/2007
- 28. Research is About Preserving the Lives of People, Animals, and the Bond Between Us!
- 29. Jake’s Story
- 30. Scientists: Real Heroes Jedd D. Wolchok, MD, PhD Dr. Wolchok is a medical oncologist who specializes in the treatment of melanoma. He is interested in finding new and improved ways to prevent melanoma from recurring after surgery, as well as more effective treatments for the disease when it does recur. His research is focused on the development of innovative ways to use the immune system to treat cancer. Philip Bergman, DVM, PhD Dr. Bergman is one of the nation's leading veterinary oncologists and earned a PhD in human cancer biology from the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, Texas. In collaboration with Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center he developed a canine melanoma vaccine, the first U.S. government-approved vaccine of any kind for the treatment of cancer.
- 31. Uncle Henry Melanoma Dad Leukemia Uncle Irving Lung Cancer Mom Hypertension Grandma Tillie CHF Aunt Helen Stroke Aunt Evie MI Uncle Nat Pancreatic Cancer Medical Advancement Is Not A Hypothetical Imperative! Real People, Real Diseases. It’s About Our Loved Ones .
- 32. Be Informed About the Benefits of Medical Science! Better Still, Choose it as Your College Major. Be the Next Real Hero. Don’t Blindly Follow An Opinion Herd
- 33. For More Information: Americans For Medical Progress www.amprogress.org American Physiological Society www.animalresearchcures.org Dr. Arnold L. Goldman [email_address]
Editor's Notes
- INTRODUCE SELF AND KRISTEN. SAY WHAT YOU DO FOR A LIVING. (DVM, MS, MPH) (CAH, CVMF, AMP) SAY THAT YOU PLAN TO EXPLAIN HOW RESEARCH AFFECTS ANIMALS YOU CARE FOR. SAY THAT YOU WILL OFFER SOME EXAMPLES. THIS PRESENTATION IS DEDICATED TO JAKE, WHO WE WILL LEARN MORE ABOUT BIT LATER Coincidentally Jake died today, April 8, 2006
- How many have ever been sick? How many have ever taken medicine? How many have ever had a vaccine? How many use an asthma inhaler? How many know someone who has had cancer? How many know someone who has had surgery? Is there anyone who has not raised their hand at least once?
- THIS PHOTO FROM 1975 INTRODUCES A FAMILY IN WHICH EACH MEMBER DIED FROM A DIFFERENT ILLNESS. NOTE HENRY, AS WE WILL COME BACK TO HIM LATER. A FACT OF LIFE IS THAT ILLNESS EVENTUALLY AFFECTS EVERYONE. I BELIEVE THAT WITH FUTURE RESEARCH, MANY MORE ILLNESSES WILL ONE DAY BE PREVENTABLE, CURABLE OR TREATABLE.
- THERE’S MORE TO RESEARCH THEN JUST HELPING PEOPLE. AS A VETERINARIAN, I CARE DEEPLY ABOUT MY ANIMAL PATIENTS AND WE NEED NEW TREATMENTS FOR THEIR AILMENTS. THE CREATION OF THESE TREATMENTS CAN ONLY OCCUR IN RESEARCH USING RESEARCH ANIMALS. NATURALLY OCCURRING DISEASE IS NOT PREDICTABLE ENOUGH AND PET OWNERS WANT ONLY KNOWN EFFECTIVE TREATMENTS. WE CAN’T KNOW WHAT ILLNESSES ANY OF US WILL GET BUT WE HOPE EFFECTIVE TREATMENT WILL BE AVAILABLE WHEN THE TIME COMES.
- CLEARLY THERE ARE ETHICAL AND MORAL CONSIDERATIONS MADE WHEN LIVING CREATURES ARE USED IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH. I ASK YOU TO CONSIDER WHETHER IS MORE ETHICAL TO HUMANELY USE ANIMALS IN RESEARCH TO ADVANCE MEDICINE OR TO LEAVE ANIMALS UNUSED, BUT TO LEAVE AVENUES OF EXPLORATION UNPROBED. IF WE CHOOSE THE LATTER COURSE, WE WILL NEVER KNOW IF A LINE OF INQUIRY MIGHT HAVE LED TO A CURE FOR DISEASE. I AM HERE IN SUPPORT OF RESEARCH. AND WHILE I CARE ABOUT THE LIVES OF INDIVIDUAL RESEARCH ANIMALS, I ALSO LOOK AT THE RELATIVE BENEFIT TO POPULATIONS OF ANIMALS OR HUMANS, AND WEIGHT THAT MORE THAN A SINGLE INDIVIDUAL. TO ME IT IS A CLEAR REALITY THAT THERE IS NO FORSEEABLE WAY TO ELIMINATE ANIMAL BASED RESEARCH ON THE HORIZON. CLAIMS TO THE CONTRARY ARE AT BEST WISHFUL THINKING, AND AT WORST A TURN AWAY FROM ENLIGHTENMENT.
- HERE ARE 10 EXAMPLES OF RESEARCH-DERIVED MEDICAL DEVELOPMENTS THAT BENEFIT PEOPLE. [READ THREE FROM EACH COLUMN] AND THERE ARE MYRIAD MORE THAN JUST THESE……
- [READ THE NAMES OF THE RED HIGHLIGHTS] BEFORE THESE MEDICAL ADVANCES, HUMAN LIFE WAS SHORTER, MORE BRUTAL AND LESS PRODUCTIVE. IN FACT WE HAVE BEEN SO HEALTHY, THAT THE REALITY OF MANY DISEASES IS ALMOST FORGOTTEN.
- THESE DEVELOPMENTS HAVE NOT JUST BENEFITTED PEOPLE. ON THE CONTRARY, THIS IS A SHORT LIST OF COMMON VETERINARY VACCINES, ALL DEVELOPED IN RESEARCH ANIMALS. A VARIETY PRODUCTS USED IN PETS, FOOD ANIMALS AND WILDLIFE ARE INCLUDED HERE TO ILLUSTRATE THE POINT.
- THIS SLIDE SHOWS PUBLISHED STATISTICS ON MEDICAL SERVICE USAGE FOR THE US IN 2008. EACH INTERVENTION WAS TESTED IN ANIMALS BEFORE USE IN PEOPLE. NOTE THAT ALMOST 50% OF AMERICANS (THERE’S 325 MILLION OF US) BENEFITTED FROM ANTIBIOTICS THAT YEAR. IN DECADES PAST, MANY THOSE PEOPLE WOULD HAVE DIED FROM THEIR ILLNESSES.
- HOW MANY AND WHAT TYPE OF ANIMALS ARE USED IN RESEARCH? TAKE NOTE OF THE DECLINING NUMBERS OF ANIMALS USED, ESPECIALLY OF CATS, DOGS AND PRIMATES. THESE NUMBERS HAVE STEADILY FALLEN. INDEED MOST RESEARCH IS NOW DONE IN MICE, RATS, RABBITS AND ZEBRAFISH. THE NUMBERS HAVE FALLEN NOT BECAUSE LESS RESEARCH IS BEING DONE, OR THAT THE NEED FOR IT HAS LESSENED BUT BECAUSE OF AN INTENTION TO MINIMIZE THE NUMBERS, BOTH FOR ETHICAL AND COST SAVINGS REASONS.. TODAY TOTAL NUMBERS USED ARE DOWN FROM A HIGH OF OVER 2 MILLION IN 1985 TO LESS THAN 1 MILLION TOTAL TODAY. HIGHER SPECIES USE HAS BEEN REDUCED EVEN FURTHER.
- WHEN LOOKING AT THE NUMBERS OF ANIMALS USED IN RESEARCH, COMPARE THE NUMBERS OF ANIMALS USED FOR OTHER PURPOSES. 9 BILLION CHICKENS ARE RAISED FOR FOOD IN THE US ANNUALLY AS ARE 105 MILLION HOGS RAISED FOR BACON AND PORK. THIS CONTRASTS WITH JUST 1 MILLION RESEARCH ANIMALS. UNLESS YOU BELIEVE THAT HUMAN USE OF ANIMALS FOR FOOD OR RESEARCH ARE WRONG, IT IS EVIDENT THAT THE MAGNITUDE OF THAT USE, IS FAR LESS IN RESEARCH.
- EVERY INSTITUTION THAT DOES RESEARCH IN ANIMALS HAS AN “IACUC”, A COMMITTEE WHICH INCLUDES THE PRIMARY CARE VETERINARIAN FOR THE INSTITUTION, AS WELL AS OTHER ACADEMICS AND MEMBERS OF THE LOCAL COMMUNITY. THEY ENSURE THAT RESEARCH IS DONE SUCH THAT SUFFERING IS AVOIDED OR MINIMIZED. THE IACUC IS RESPONSIBLE TO THE INSTITUTION, WHOSE REPUTATION AND GRANT FUNDING HINGE ON PROPER ADHERENCE TO THE LAW. THAT LAW IS ENFORCED BY THE USDA, WHICH HAS THE LEGAL AUTHORITY TO ENSURE ANIMAL WELFARE STANDARDS ARE MET. UNTREATED PAIN IS ONLY PERMITTED IF THE RESEARCH ITSELF IS EVALUATING PAIN RELIEF MEDICATIONS, AND ALLEVIATING PAIN WITH OTHER DRUGS WOULD COMPROMISE THE RESEARCH ITSELF.
- DUKE THE BEAGLE STARTED LIFE AT GEORGETOWN UNIVERSTY IN THEIR RESEARCH BEAGLE COLONY. HIS LIFE REFLECTS A COMMON SCENARIO FOR HIGHER SPECIES IN RESEARCH TODAY: THE ANIMALS ARE FREQUENTLY ADOPTED BY EMPLOYEES ONCE THE STUDIES THEY ARE INVOLVED WITH IS COMPLETE. I SAW THIS REPEATEDLY WHILE IN VETERINARY SCHOOL AND IT OCCURS TODAY.
- THE 3R’S (REFINE, REDUCE, REPLACE) ARE STANDARD POLICY AND PROCEDURE FOR TODAY’S RESEARCHERS. THIS IS TRUE BECAUSE: SOCIETY HAS A MORAL INTEREST IN LIMITING ANIMAL SUFFERING FUNDING AGENCIES HAVE A FINANCIAL INTEREST IN USING THE RIGHT NUMBER OF ANIMALS, NO MORE NO LESS INSTITUTION HAS AN OBLIGATION TO CONDUCT RESEARCH ETHICALLY AND LEGALLY INVESTIGATOR NEEDS TO HAVE VALID RESULTS, BUT WORK WITHIN A BUDGET
- REFINEMENT IS ABOUT QUALITY OF LIFE FOR THE RESEARCH ANIMALS. LIVING CONDITIONS, INCLUDING ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT PAIN RELIEF WHENEVER POSSIBLE, AND TREATMENT FOR NATURALLY OCCURRING ILLNESS TRAINING AND CREDENTIALLING OF CAREGIVERS (CVT, RVT, LVT)
- REDUCTION IS ABOUT USING THE MINIMUM NUMBER OF ANIMALS TO ENSURE A STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT SAMPLE, AVOIDING EQUIVOCAL RESULTS OR THE NEED FOR REPETITION. MISSING A STATISTICALLY VALID ASSOCIATION MAY MEAN MISSING A NEW TREATMENT OR STRATEGY TO TREAT DISEASE. EXPERIMENTS NEED TO BE CAREFULLY PLANNED, NOT LEAST BECAUSE THE USE OF ANIMAL LIFE TO GAIN NEW KNOWLEDGE REQUIRES SERIOUSNESS OF PURPOSE. USE OF FEWEST ANIMALS OVERALL THROUGH REUSE OF SAME ANIMALS
- REPLACEMENT MEANS, WHERE POSSIBLE, TO ELIMINATE THE USE OF ANIMALS THROUGH NON-ANIMAL TECHNIQUES. THIS IS MOST USEFUL IN THE EARLIEST STAGES OF RESEARCH, BUT DOES NOT OBVIATE THE NEED FOR LATER CLINICAL TRIALS IN ANIMALS. IT IS A LAUDABLE FUTURE GOAL TO REPLACE ANIMALS WHENEVER POSSIBLE AND PRACTICAL. THE TAKE HOME MESSAGE HERE, IS THAT THIS IS NOT TRUE TODAY AND IS UNLIKELY TO BE TRUE IN YOUR LIFETIMES.
- ALTERNATIVES TO USING ANIMALS IN RESEARCH ARE FREQUENTLY RAISED AS A REASON TO STOP USING ANIMALS NOW. THESE TECHNIQUES DO HAVE LIMITED USEFULNESS, BUT IT IS FANTASY THAT THEY CAN FULLY SUBSTITUTE FOR EVALUATING TREATMENTS IN LIVING SPECIES. CELL OR TISSUE CULTURE CAN TELL US THE EFFECT OF A SUBSTANCE ON INDIVIDUAL CELLS, BUT NOT ENTIRE ORGANS AND NOT ENTIRE LIVING ORGANISMS. … AND THIS IS BLUE GEN / L THE FASTEST SUPERCOMPUTER CURRENTLY OPERATIONAL TODAY. AT FULL CAPACITY IT IS ESTIMATED TO BE CAPABLE OF SIMULATING 50% OF THE OPERATIONS OF A RATS BRAIN, AND AT 1/10TH THE RATS COMPUTING SPEED. MORE FUNDAMENTALLY, HOWEVER, COMPUTERS ARE CALCULATING DEVICES WITH METHODS AND DATA PROGRAMMED AND INPUT BY PEOPLE. BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES ARE FAR MORE COMPLEX THAN OUR ABILITY TO ACCURATELY AND COMPLETELY PREDICT THEM. IT IS HUMAN ARROGANCE TO SUPPOSE THAT WE CAN MODEL AN ENTIRE LIVING CREATURE ACCURATELY IN DISEASE, MUCH LESS IN RESPONSE TO A PROPOSED NEW TREATMENT FOR DISEASE.
- IN SUMMARY: CRUCIAL BECAUSE WE NEED TREATMENT FOR DISEASE IRREPLACEABLE BECAUSE NO OTHER METHOD WORKS HUMANE BECAUSE OVERSEEN AND REGULATED
- NOW FOR AN EXAMPLE OF RESEARCH IN ACTION JAKE WAS KRISTEN’S DOG. AND JAKE MADE MEDICAL HISTORY. YOU WILL ALSO SEE THAT NOT ALL RESEARCH OCCURS SOLELY IN RESEARCH ANIMALS.
- IN DISCUSSING JAKE WE WILL ALSO TALK ABOUT HENRY. THAT’S BECAUSE BOTH JAKE AND HENRY HAD MELENOMA, A FORM OF CANCER. MELENOMA WAS ONE FORM OF CANCER, LIKE PANCREATIC CANCER, THAT WAS UNIFORMLY A DEATH SENTENCE. IT WAS AS TRUE FOR ANIMALS AS WELL AS PEOPLE.
- AT THE TIME OF JAKE’S DIAGNOSIS OF NAILBED MELENOMA IN SEPTEMBER 2000, A METASTATIC MASS WAS ALSO FOUND IN HIS CHEST. SURGERY OFFERED NO ASSURANCE OF COMPLETE REMOVAL, AS MICROSCOPIC METASTASIS WAS LIKELY LURKING ELSEWHERE. KRISTEN REFUSED TO ACCEPT THE POOR PROGNOSIS AND WE LEARNED OF A STUDY IN NYC THAT WAS ACCEPTING NEW PATIENTS. SHE INVESTIGATED THAT STUDY AND JAKE WAS ENROLLED, AND THE REST IS MEDICAL HISTORY…
- ONE YEAR LATER, JAKE HAD ALREADY SURVIVED 200% LONGER THAN ANY PRIOR DOG WITH THIS DIAGNOSIS THIS XRAY IMAGE SHOWS REGRESSION OF MASS AND MORE SIGNIFICANTLY NO FURTHER SPREAD
- AFTER FOUR AND 1/2 MORE YEARS, THE MASS REMAINED BUT EVEN SMALLER, AND JAKE WAS STILL ALIVE. HE WAS NOW 15 YEARS OLD….NEAR THE END OF HIS EXPECTED LIFESPAN, INDEED BEYOND THAT OF THE TYPICAL LARGER DOG.
- BY APRIL 2003 THE DATA DERIVED FROM THE STUDIES IN WHICH JAKE WAS ENROLLED BEGAN TO APPEAR IN SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS THIS RESEARCH, STARTED IN MICE, WAS NOW DOCUMENTED AS BENEFICIAL TO CLINICAL CASES IN DOGS
- BY MARCH 2007, A COMMERCIAL VACCINE PRODUCT IS MADE AVAILABLE FOR ALL DOGS WITH MELANOMA AND MEANWHILE……THE DRAMATIC SUCCESS IN CANINE PATIENTS LED THE FDA TO ALLOW “FAST TRACK” CLINICAL TRIALS IN HUMAN PATIENTS
- THIS WORK SHOWS THAT RESEARCH DONE IN ONE SPECIES CAN DIRECTLY RELATE TO SOLVING PROBLEMS IN THAT SPECIES AND OTHERS. PEOPLE ARE ALIVE TODAY BECAUSE OF RESEARCH BEGUN IN MICE, STUDIED FURTHER IN DOGS AND FINALLY TRIALLED IN PEOPLE. COMPARATIVE & COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH, BETWEEN & AMONG SPECIES AND DISCIPLINES IS THE ESSENCE OF THE “ONE HEALTH” MEDICAL PARADIGM OF TODAY. IT IS THE KEY CONCEPT IN HEALTH RESEARCH TODAY. ONE HEALTH RECOGNIZES THE INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PEOPLE, ANIMALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT AND HOW THESE INTERACT IN HEALTH AND DISEASE. THIS INTERSECTION BETWEEN SPECIES, PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY OFFERS CLUES TO THE WORKINGS OF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS AND HOW TO CURE THEIR ILLNESSES. ANSWERS ARE SOUGHT, EVERYWHERE.
- KRISTEN’S BELOVED DOG JAKE DID UNFORTUNATELY PASS AWAY, BUT NOT OF MELANOMA. BEFORE HE DIED, HE HAD LIVED OVER 15 YEARS, INCLUDING OVER 1000 DAYS WITH MELENOMA IN REMISSION, AND FOR HIS CONTRIBUTIONS TO SCIENCE HE WAS NAMED “CONNECTICUT PET OF THE YEAR” IN 2005. KRISTEN TOOK THE INITIATIVE TO ENROLL JAKE IN THE MELANOMA VACCINE STUDY AND FOLLOW THROUGH WITH DOZENS OF TRIPS TO NYC TO GET HIS VACCINES. KRISTEN WILL TALK ABOUT WHAT JAKE MEANT TO HER, HER THOUGHTS ON SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY AND INTRODUCE A SHORT VIDEO, KRISTEN? [AT CONCLUSION OF VIDEO, KRISTEN GIVES MICROPHONE BACK TO DR ARNIE]
- KRISTEN’S COMMENTS: KRISTEN PASSES MICROPHONE BACK TO DR ARNIE AT CONCLUSION OF HER COMMENTS.
- I’D LIKE TO TAKE NOTE OF SOME UNSUNG HEROS. REAL HEROES. HEROS WHO MAKE LIFE BETTER FOR PEOPLE AND ANIMALS. THEY’RE NOT ATHLETES OR ENTERTAINERS. THEY’RE SCIENTISTS. JEDD WOLCHOK AND PHIL BERGMAN WOULD NEVER THINK TO CHARACTERIZE THEMSELVES AS HEROS. BUT LOOK WHAT THEY’VE DONE. THEIR RESEARCH COLLABORATION LED TO THE CANINE MELANOMA VACCINE AND IN TURN TO A HUMAN MELANOMA VACCINE. MELANOMA IS TODAY NO LONGER A DEATH SENTENCE, BUT IS A NEWLY TREATABLE DISEASE. I AM IN AWE OF THE MINDS WHO MAKE THESE TYPE OF ADVANCES. REAL HEROS.
- NOW WE HAVE COME FULL CIRCLE, BACK TO THE REASON FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH, WHICH IS TO HELP THOSE AFFLICTED WITH ILLNESS. UNCLE HENRY COULD SURVIVE HIS MELANOMA TODAY. OH YES, DID I TELL YOU THIS WAS MY FAMILY? ONE DAY, PERHAPS ALL THE CONDITIONS THIS FAMILY HAD WILL BE TREATABLE OR CURABLE. IF IT HAPPENS, YOU CAN BE SURE THAT THE RESEARCH THAT LED TO IT WILL HAVE BEEN DONE WITH ANIMALS. I BELIEVE NOT DOING THAT RESEARCH IS BOTH UNETHICAL AND IMMORAL.
- YOU CAN PLAY A ROLE IN ADVANCING SCIENCE AND MEDICINE, EITHER BY YOUR DIRECT INVOLVEMENT OR JUST THROUGH UNDERSTANDING AND COMMUNICATING TO PEERS, THE TRUTH ABOUT RESEARCH AND THE IMPORTANCE TO ALL LIVING CREATURES, OF CONTINUING TO MAKE MEDICAL PROGRESS BY ALL POSSIBLE MEANS. BE INFORMED ABOUT THE IMPORTANCE AND FACTS OF ANIMALS USED IN RESEARCH. EDUCATE YOUR FAMILY AND FRIENDS. TAKE SCIENCE CLASSES IN COLLEGE IN ORDER TO BE A MORE EDUCATED CONSUMER OF MEDICAL SERVICES AND A BETTER INFORMED CITIZEN. BETTER STILL, CHOOSE A NATURAL SCIENCE MAJOR AND BE A PART OF AN ENTERPRISE THAT HAS THE POTENTIAL TO SAVE LIVES. BE THE NEXT REAL HERO.
- To learn more: AMERICANS FOR MEDICAL PROGRESS AMERICAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OR EMAIL ME, AND I’D BE HAPPY TO COMMUNICATE WITH YOU ABOUT A CAREER IN SCIENCE AND MEDICINE