INTSEMI Group 5: Report

1. Global Prohibitions Regime: The Evolution of
Norms in International Society
Ethan Nadelmann

2. Introduction
1st Problem:
Piracy and
• norms that prohibits, both in international law and in the privateering
domestic criminal law of states
2nd Problem:
Slavery
• piracy, slavery, trafficking in slaves, counterfeiting of national
currencies, hijacking of aircraft, trafficking in women and 3rd Problem:
children for purposes of prostitution and trafficking in Fugitives Beyond
controlled psychoactive substances Border
4th Problem:
• Norms strictly restrict the conditions under which states can International
participate in and authorize these activities and proscribe all Drug Trafficking
involvement by non-state actor. 5th Problem:
Prostitution
• Substance of norms and process -> institutionalized in global 6th Problem:
prohibition regimes. Killing of Whales
and Elephants
• Evolution of norms into global prohibition regime
7th Problem: Fate
and Future of
global
prohibition
regimes

3. Introduction
1st Problem:
Piracy and
What happens when a state refuse to participate in global privateering
prohibition regimes?
2nd Problem:
Those who refuse or fail to conform are labeled as deviants and
Slavery
condemned not just by states but by most communities and
individuals as well. 3rd Problem:
Fugitives Beyond
What factors do international regimes tend to reflect? Border
4th Problem:
• moral and emotional factors International
• religious beliefs, humanitarian sentiments, faith in Drug Trafficking
universalism, compassion, conscience, paternalism, fear and 5th Problem:
prejudice are often involved in international regimes. Prostitution
6th Problem:
Example: Regimes stemming out from Western Europe reflect Killing of Whales
the needs and interests of powerful states as well as the and Elephants
influence of the Enlightenment and contemporaneous religious
and moral notions. 7th Problem: Fate
and Future of
global
prohibition
regimes

4. Introduction
1st Problem:
How do international regimes emerge? Piracy and
privateering
• To protect the interests of the state and other powerful members
2nd Problem:
of the society.
Slavery
• To deter, suppress, or punish undesirable activities 3rd Problem:
Fugitives Beyond
• To provide for order, security and justice among members of a Border
community. 4th Problem:
International
• To give force and symbolic representation to the moral values, Drug Trafficking
beliefs and prejudices of those who make the laws. 5th Problem:
Prostitution
** inadequacy of unilateral and bilateral law enforcement measures in 6th Problem:
the face of criminal activities that transcend national borders. Killing of Whales
and Elephants
7th Problem: Fate
and Future of
global
prohibition
regimes

5. Introduction
1st Problem:
How do international regimes emerge? Piracy and
privateering
• Certain criminal law evolve into international prohibitions regime
2nd Problem:
because or moral proselytism
Slavery
• Moral proselytism: compulsion to convert others to one’s beliefs 3rd Problem:
and to remake the world in one’s image Fugitives Beyond
Border
4th Problem:
International
Drug Trafficking
5th Problem:
Prostitution
6th Problem:
Killing of Whales
and Elephants
7th Problem: Fate
and Future of
global
prohibition
regimes

6. Introduction
1st Problem:
Transnational moral entrepreneurs Piracy and
privateering
– these groups mobilize popular opinion and political support both
2nd Problem:
within their host country and abroad
Slavery
- stimulate and assist in the creation of like-minded organizations in 3rd Problem:
other countries and play a significant role in elevating their Fugitives Beyond
objective beyond its identification with the national interests of Border
their government. 4th Problem:
International
- efforts are often directed to persuading foreign audiences Drug Trafficking
5th Problem:
Prostitution
6th Problem:
Killing of Whales
and Elephants
7th Problem: Fate
and Future of
global
prohibition
regimes

7. Introduction
1st Problem:
- States or governments do not hold moral views, rather, the capacity Piracy and
of moral arguments to influence government policies privateering
2nd Problem:
- moral views of individuals: cosmopolitan in nature.
Slavery
- Other regimes are concerned not with particular criminal activities 3rd Problem:
but with the mechanisms of international cooperation against crime. Fugitives Beyond
These “procedural” regimes often prove essential to the effective Border
functioning of “substantive” prohibition regimes as well. 4th Problem:
International
- “a universal international society” -> grounded in the gradual Drug Trafficking
homogenization and globalization of norms developed among the 5th Problem:
European states Prostitution
6th Problem:
Killing of Whales
and Elephants
7th Problem: Fate
and Future of
global
prohibition
regimes

8. Introduction
1st Problem:
STAGES OF REGIME DEVELOPMENT Piracy and
privateering
1st stage: most societies regard the targeted activity as entirely
2nd Problem:
legitimate under certain conditions and with respect to certain groups
Slavery
of people.
3rd Problem:
2nd stage: The activity is redefined as a problem as evil. Fugitives Beyond
Border
3rd stage: regime proponents begin to agitate actively for the 4th Problem:
suppression and criminalization of the activity by all states and the International
formation of international conventions. Drug Trafficking
5th Problem:
4th stage: the activity becomes the subject of criminal laws and police Prostitution
action throughput much of the world, and international institutions 6th Problem:
emerge to play a coordinating role. Killing of Whales
and Elephants
5th stage: An incidence of proscribed activity is greatly reduced,
persisting only on a small scale and in obscure locations. 7th Problem: Fate
and Future of
global
prohibition
regimes

9. Introduction
1st Problem:
Before seventeenth century Piracy and
privateering
Premises of the Medieval International Law (Georg Schwarzenberger) 2nd Problem:
Slavery
a.) War was the basic state of international relations even between
independent Christian communities. 3rd Problem:
Fugitives Beyond
b.)Rulers saw themselves entitled to treat foreigners at their absolute Border
discretion 4th Problem:
International
c.)High seas were no-man’s-land. Drug Trafficking
5th Problem:
Prostitution
6th Problem:
Killing of Whales
and Elephants
7th Problem: Fate
and Future of
global
prohibition
regimes

10. Introduction
1st Problem:
Political Magnates’ View on Piracy: Piracy and
privateering
• Source of wealth and political power 2nd Problem:
Slavery
• Useful both for increasing their own possessions and for 3rd Problem:
undermining the strength of competitors Fugitives Beyond
Border
4th Problem:
International
Drug Trafficking
5th Problem:
Prostitution
6th Problem:
Killing of Whales
and Elephants
7th Problem: Fate
and Future of
global
prohibition
regimes

11. Introduction
1st Problem:
In the sixteenth century Piracy and
privateering
• Rewards and incidence of piracy jump dramatically with the broad 2nd Problem:
expansion of the maritime commerce. Slavery
Note: officially or unofficially sponsored by European
3rd Problem:
governments.
Fugitives Beyond
Border
How piracy/ privateer was practiced during:
4th Problem:
Wartime International
privateering is in effect Drug Trafficking
an officially sanctioned version of piracy directed toward a 5th Problem:
state’s enemies and anyone engaged in trading with its Prostitution
enemies. 6th Problem:
Killing of Whales
and Elephants
7th Problem: Fate
and Future of
global
prohibition
regimes

12. Introduction
1st Problem:
Piracy and
How piracy/ privateer was practiced during: privateering
2nd Problem:
Peacetime Slavery
same private shippers were granted letters of reprisal by their
3rd Problem:
governments
Fugitives Beyond
• authorizing them to recoup any losses due to piracy by
Border
pirating from other ships bearing the same nationality as
the pirates 4th Problem:
International
What happens when professional privateers lost their official Drug Trafficking
sanctions? 5th Problem:
Prostitution
EITHER sought employment by another monarch OR became 6th Problem:
unsanctioned pirates. Killing of Whales
and Elephants
7th Problem: Fate
and Future of
global
prohibition
regimes

13. Introduction
1st Problem:
Early seventeenth century Piracy and
privateering
C.M. Senior 2nd Problem:
“...prospects of infidels carrying Christians into bestial Slavery
captivity in North Africa gave efforts to eradicate piracy an urgency
3rd Problem:
and crusading zeal which they had previously lacked...one objective
Fugitives Beyond
on which all Christian nations were agreed was the desirability of
Border
crushing the Turkish pirates.”
4th Problem:
• Between, French, Spanish, Dutch, and English fleets sailed against International
the pirate base in North Africa. Drug Trafficking
5th Problem:
Prostitution
6th Problem:
Killing of Whales
and Elephants
7th Problem: Fate
and Future of
global
prohibition
regimes

14. Introduction
1st Problem:
End of seventeenth century Piracy and
privateering
• Change in Europe’s International Relations 2nd Problem:
a rapid change increase in the volume of trade and Slavery
diplomacy
3rd Problem:
• Private fiefdoms and armies were co-opted or eliminated Fugitives Beyond
pirates were warned to abandon their ways or risk the Border
wrath of increasingly powerful navies 4th Problem:
International
• Royal Navy Drug Trafficking
1690s: improved England’s power to police the high seas 5th Problem:
and its growing empire; gave particular force to the new Prostitution
injunction against pirating 6th Problem:
Killing of Whales
and Elephants
7th Problem: Fate
and Future of
global
prohibition
regimes

15. Introduction
1st Problem:
Piracy and
What Britain has exercised in order to stop piracy: privateering
• pirates and their collaborators were hunted down 2nd Problem:
Slavery
• colonial administrators admonished to enforce the new antipiracy
3rd Problem:
laws ardently
Fugitives Beyond
Border
• foreign leaders warned to cease sponsoring pirate expeditions and
4th Problem:
to crack down on unauthorized pirates operating within and from
International
their territories.
Drug Trafficking
• failed to comply often found British and other European naval 5th Problem:
forces crowding local harbors to lend force to their demand. Prostitution
6th Problem:
Note: According to Senior, “Piracy is undergoing a transformation from Killing of Whales
being a national industry to becoming an international threat.” and Elephants
7th Problem: Fate
and Future of
global
prohibition
regimes

16. Introduction
1st Problem:
Immediate regularization on International Relation was impossible Piracy and
then due to the following reason: privateering
2nd Problem:
• both states and privateers continued to operate against one
Slavery
another in the Americas and Asia
3rd Problem:
• European powers did not apply the same standards of behavior to Fugitives Beyond
their dealings with most nations beyond their continent. Border
4th Problem:
• non-European states and even some of the colonies regarded the International
European efforts as unwarranted and unwelcome infringements Drug Trafficking
into local struggles over power and wealth. 5th Problem:
Prostitution
• Privateering or government-sanctioned piracy during wartime, was 6th Problem:
not effectively delegitimized until the nineteenth century. Killing of Whales
and Elephants
7th Problem: Fate
and Future of
global
prohibition
regimes

17. Introduction
1st Problem:
• Maxim: Pirata est hostice humani generis [a pirate is an enemy of Piracy and
the human race] privateering
 seeped from the treatises on the international law into 2nd Problem:
the political psyches of governments. Slavery
• norm of civilized behavior during peacetime extended to one’s 3rd Problem:
fellow citizens and allies and, also to anyone other than an armed Fugitives Beyond
combatant. Border
4th Problem:
• delegitimization of government-sanctioned piracy was not sufficient International
to ensure the virtual elimination of piratical activities from the high Drug Trafficking
seas 5th Problem:
Prostitution
• Eventually, piracy had been all but eliminated from the high seas at 6th Problem:
the latter part of the nineteenth century. Killing of Whales
and Elephants
7th Problem: Fate
and Future of
global
prohibition
regimes

18. Introduction
1st Problem:
17th and 18th century Piracy and
privateering
• After the Peace of Utrecht (1713) 10 million Africans was
2nd Problem:
transported in America.
Slavery
• Liverpool became the center of slave trading 3rd Problem:
Fugitives Beyond
19th century Border
4th Problem:
• 1807: the banning of slave trade started International
Drug Trafficking
• 1833: removal of the institution of slavery 5th Problem:
Prostitution
• 1840s: the Royal Navy sent warships to control slave trafficking 6th Problem:
and the bilateral and multilateral agreements between African Killing of Whales
rulers and European countries regarding slave trade were also and Elephants
made
7th Problem: Fate
and Future of
global
prohibition
regimes

19. Introduction
1st Problem:
19th century Piracy and
privateering
2nd Problem:
• Paris Peace Conference (1814-1815), Congress of Vienna (1815)
Slavery
and Congress of Verona (1822): Britain promoted anti-slavery
campaigns 3rd Problem:
Fugitives Beyond
• 2 diplomatic devices are introduced by Harold Nicolson Border
4th Problem:
• Treaty of London (1841), Treaty of Washington (1862) and Brussels International
Convention (1890) promoted global criminalization of slave trade Drug Trafficking
5th Problem:
Prostitution
6th Problem:
Killing of Whales
and Elephants
7th Problem: Fate
and Future of
global
prohibition
regimes

20. Introduction
1st Problem:
Britain Piracy and
privateering
Why did Britain suppress Slavery? 2nd Problem:
• The idea of the natural rights of man from the religious and Slavery
humanitarian principles and the principles of enlightenment
3rd Problem:
Fugitives Beyond
• Moral entrepreneurs and Anti Slavery Society emerged which made
Border
British elite and government oppose slavery
4th Problem:
• White man’s burden International
Drug Trafficking
5th Problem:
Prostitution
6th Problem:
Killing of Whales
and Elephants
7th Problem: Fate
and Future of
global
prohibition
regimes

21. Introduction
1st Problem:
Britain abolitionist Piracy and
privateering
• played a part in raising Britain government internationally 2nd Problem:
Slavery
• made an impact on foreign opinion regarding immorality of slavery
3rd Problem:
Fugitives Beyond
• British and Foreign anti-slavery society
Border
• Promoted liberal principles that dominated Europe 4th Problem:
International
Drug Trafficking
5th Problem:
Prostitution
6th Problem:
Killing of Whales
and Elephants
7th Problem: Fate
and Future of
global
prohibition
regimes

22. Introduction
1st Problem:
Regimes against slavery Piracy and
privateering
• Supported by most governments 2nd Problem:
Slavery
• Criminalize international commerce
3rd Problem:
Fugitives Beyond
• Moral entrepreneurs played a big role
Border
• Pronounced that the elimination of slavery will result to other 4th Problem:
forms of labor. International
Drug Trafficking
5th Problem:
Prostitution
6th Problem:
Killing of Whales
and Elephants
7th Problem: Fate
and Future of
global
prohibition
regimes

23. Introduction
1st Problem:
Early 17th Century Piracy and
privateering
• Hugo Grotius argued that governments were obliged either to 2nd Problem:
return criminals to the “locus deficit” Slavery
3rd Problem:
• This made both the practice of extradition and the negotiation of
Fugitives Beyond
extradition treaties rare occurrences
Border
•
4th Problem:
International
Drug Trafficking
5th Problem:
Prostitution
6th Problem:
Killing of Whales
and Elephants
7th Problem: Fate
and Future of
global
prohibition
regimes

24. Introduction
1st Problem:
18th Century Piracy and
privateering
1. European governments negotiated dozens of extradition treaties 2nd Problem:
to address problems of fugitives such as Pirates, and border Slavery
bandits; Military deserters.
3rd Problem:
Fugitives Beyond
2. Most vigorous extradition efforts were directed to those who
Border
conspired against sovereign, embezzled funds from the treasury,
or committed violent acts against the officials and other well 4th Problem:
connected members of the upper class. International
Drug Trafficking
3. Governments interest in extraditing and punishing fugitives 5th Problem:
expanded as they represented their citizens interests and assumed Prostitution
broader criminal justice responsibilities. 6th Problem:
Killing of Whales
and Elephants
7th Problem: Fate
and Future of
global
prohibition
regimes

25. Introduction
1st Problem:
Late 19th Century Piracy and
privateering
• Extradition relations have expanded in number 2nd Problem:
Slavery
• Problems in the lack of complementarity in extradition between
3rd Problem:
COMMON LAW NATIONS and CIVIL LAW NATIONS
Fugitives Beyond
Border
• Civil law tradition of non-extradition of nationals represents the
most conspicuous relic of nationalist resistance to international law 4th Problem:
enforcement cooperation International
Drug Trafficking
5th Problem:
Prostitution
6th Problem:
Killing of Whales
and Elephants
7th Problem: Fate
and Future of
global
prohibition
regimes

26. Introduction
1st Problem:
Today Piracy and
privateering
• International law scholars acknowledge the Grotian Perspective 2nd Problem:
regarding the obligation to extradite or prosecute Slavery
3rd Problem:
• Governments are increasingly willing to devise the ways of
Fugitives Beyond
circumventing their own legal restrictions on renditions of fugitives
Border
• Indications that both common law and civil law countries are 4th Problem:
considering legalistic and nationalist reservations to unencumbered International
extradition of vicarious prosecution. Drug Trafficking
5th Problem:
Prostitution
6th Problem:
Killing of Whales
and Elephants
7th Problem: Fate
and Future of
global
prohibition
regimes

27. Introduction
1st Problem:
Piracy and
Samples of Psychoactive Substances: privateering
• Alcohol
2nd Problem:
• Tabacco
Slavery
• Opium
• Coffee 3rd Problem:
• Coca Fugitives Beyond
Border
Different Uses of these Substances: 4th Problem:
• Medicinal International
• Ritual Drug Trafficking
• Recreational Purposes 5th Problem:
Prostitution
Some of the Ways of Government Control: 6th Problem:
• death penalty Killing of Whales
• taxation and Elephants
• zoning
7th Problem: Fate
and Future of
global
prohibition
regimes

28. Introduction
1st Problem:
Piracy and
privateering
Vast majority of states count themselves as members of the global 2nd Problem:
drug prohibition regime Slavery
3rd Problem:
• production, sale and even possession of such substances that are
Fugitives Beyond
outside strictly regulated medical and scientific channels are
Border
punished with criminal sanctions
4th Problem:
• criminal justice agencies in most countries are deeply involved in International
investigating and prosecuting drug law violations Drug Trafficking
5th Problem:
• the rhetoric “war on drugs” has also been globalized Prostitution
6th Problem:
Killing of Whales
and Elephants
7th Problem: Fate
and Future of
global
prohibition
regimes

29. Introduction
1st Problem:
United Kingdom Piracy and
• British government privateering
principal sponsor of the opium trade 2nd Problem:
Slavery
• Eventually, opposition regarding the trade gain force during the
3rd Problem:
Opium Wars
Fugitives Beyond
Examples of Organizations:
Border
British Quakers
leading moral entrepreneurs of the antiopium 4th Problem:
campaign International
Drug Trafficking
• Anglo-Oriental Society for the Suppression of the Opium Trade 5th Problem:
played a major role during the next four decades in Prostitution
organizing sentiment against the opium trade, proselytizing to the 6th Problem:
public, and lobbying the government. Killing of Whales
and Elephants
7th Problem: Fate
and Future of
global
prohibition
regimes

30. Introduction
1st Problem:
• Reversal on British government policy Piracy and
moral impulses over political and economic interests privateering
2nd Problem:
Note: Britain did not extend to support for an aggressive global Slavery
campaign against the trade 3rd Problem:
Fugitives Beyond
Border
4th Problem:
International
Drug Trafficking
5th Problem:
Prostitution
6th Problem:
Killing of Whales
and Elephants
7th Problem: Fate
and Future of
global
prohibition
regimes

31. Introduction
1st Problem:
United States Piracy and
• Americans, notably missionaries returned from the Far East, were privateering
the ones who initiated the campaign globally.
2nd Problem:
Slavery
Effects of campaign: 3rd Problem:
• emergence of drug control legislation Fugitives Beyond
• emergence of drug prohibition Border
• Antiopium laws in the State 4th Problem:
city ordinances in San Francisco (1857) and Virginia City, International
Nevada (1876) Drug Trafficking
5th Problem:
Prostitution
• Even with the vigorous international efforts of American 6th Problem:
Prohibitionists, the effort to create an antialcohol regime failed. Killing of Whales
and Elephants
7th Problem: Fate
and Future of
global
prohibition
regimes

32. Introduction
1st Problem:
Note: Piracy and
• the nature of the global drug control regime reflected the privateering
predominance of the United States and Europe in establishing global
norms concerning the selection and appropriate uses of 2nd Problem:
psychoactive substances. Slavery
3rd Problem:
Fugitives Beyond
• the global drug enforcement regime reflected the desire and Border
capacity of the United States to impose its drug-related norms on the 4th Problem:
rest of the world. International
Drug Trafficking
5th Problem:
• the future of the global drug control regime will certainly hinge in Prostitution
good part on the substitutability of those drugs which make up most
6th Problem:
of the illicit global drug traffic today by psychoactive substances and
Killing of Whales
stimuli that are available.
and Elephants
7th Problem: Fate
and Future of
global
prohibition
regimes

33. Introduction
1st Problem:
Sidenote: Piracy and
privateering
Advantage of Drug trafficking: 2nd Problem:
Slavery
• unlike currency counterfeiting, no particular expertise or
3rd Problem:
resources are required to produce, smuggle, or sell many of the
Fugitives Beyond
illicit drugs.
Border
• unlike slaves, illicit drugs are easily concealed by producers, 4th Problem:
smugglers, dealers, and consumers. International
Drug Trafficking
• unlike piracy, slavery, and counterfeiting, drug trafficking 5th Problem:
produces very few victims who have an interest in notifying Prostitution
criminal justice authorities. 6th Problem:
Killing of Whales
and Elephants
7th Problem: Fate
and Future of
global
prohibition
regimes

34. Introduction
1st Problem:
Late 19th century Piracy and
privateering
• White slavery was first referred to entire system of licensed 2nd Problem:
prostitution in existence throughout much of Europe and parts of Slavery
US
3rd Problem:
Fugitives Beyond
• Activist sought the abolition of licensed prostitution
Border
• White slavery was known as the “White slave trade” 4th Problem:
International
Drug Trafficking
5th Problem:
Prostitution
6th Problem:
Killing of Whales
and Elephants
7th Problem: Fate
and Future of
global
prohibition
regimes

35. Introduction
1st Problem:
Piracy and
• International Movement to abolish was led by transnational moral privateering
entrepreneurs 2nd Problem:
Slavery
• Dominant figures in Europe: Josephine Butler persuaded
3rd Problem:
Parliament to repeal the contagious Diseases Prevention Act
Fugitives Beyond
Border
• In the US: Mann-Elkins Act prohibited international traffic in
women for purposes of prostitution 4th Problem:
International
• An international conference and agreement was made to condemn Drug Trafficking
the practice. Unfortunately, the creation of this regime was not 5th Problem:
followed Prostitution
6th Problem:
Killing of Whales
and Elephants
7th Problem: Fate
and Future of
global
prohibition
regimes

36. Introduction
1st Problem:
Piracy and
• Different social, economic and demographic conditions stimulated privateering
transnational movement of prostitutes during the 1800s 2nd Problem:
Slavery
Today
3rd Problem:
Fugitives Beyond
• Small scale of international movement of women for purposes of
Border
prostitution
4th Problem:
• Development of effective contraception and start of the “Sexual International
Revolution” reduced inhibitions to female activity Drug Trafficking
5th Problem:
Prostitution
6th Problem:
Killing of Whales
and Elephants
7th Problem: Fate
and Future of
global
prohibition
regimes

37. Introduction
1st Problem:
Piracy and
• Despite all that, prostitution is peculiarly resistant to criminal privateering
justice measures. 2nd Problem:
Slavery
• The existence of a nearly universal notion that a particular activity
3rd Problem:
is wrong has not translated into the evolution of a global regime to
Fugitives Beyond
prohibit it.
Border
4th Problem:
International
Drug Trafficking
5th Problem:
Prostitution
6th Problem:
Killing of Whales
and Elephants
7th Problem: Fate
and Future of
global
prohibition
regimes

38. Introduction
1st Problem:
Whales Piracy and
privateering
• The resistance of the killing of whales started during the 1930s and 2nd Problem:
1940s Slavery
3rd Problem:
• 52 nations supported the ban of killing of whales in 1972 United
Fugitives Beyond
Nations Conference.
Border
• People against it increased in numbers, exposing it through the
media 4th Problem:
International
• There is an international convention that controls it but did not Drug Trafficking
entirely ban the killing 5th Problem:
Prostitution
• Some countries such as Japan, Iceland, Greenland, Spain and Soviet 6th Problem:
Union still violate the international convention Killing of Whales
and Elephants
7th Problem: Fate
and Future of
global
prohibition
regimes

39. Introduction
1st Problem:
Whales Piracy and
privateering
• There are still what they call “Pirate Whalers” of Peru, Chile and 2nd Problem:
Taiwan. Slavery
3rd Problem:
• Countries like the United States, Australia and most especially
Fugitives Beyond
Greenpeace played a great role in managing the whalers.
Border
4th Problem:
International
Drug Trafficking
5th Problem:
Prostitution
6th Problem:
Killing of Whales
and Elephants
7th Problem: Fate
and Future of
global
prohibition
regimes

40. Introduction
1st Problem:
Elephants Piracy and
privateering
• In East and central Africa the population of elephants greatly 2nd Problem:
decreased Slavery
3rd Problem:
• Other government officials and some conservationist supported
Fugitives Beyond
the resistance in killing of elephants especially as a sport
Border
• They succeeded in banning of selling ivory in the global trade in 4th Problem:
1989 with the help of the US government International
Drug Trafficking
5th Problem:
Prostitution
6th Problem:
Killing of Whales
and Elephants
7th Problem: Fate
and Future of
global
prohibition
regimes

41. Introduction
1st Problem:
Elephants Piracy and
privateering
• People against it used different tactics like producing the movie 2nd Problem:
entitled Bloody Ivory Slavery
3rd Problem:
• Selling of ivory cannot be fully eliminated as long as nations will
Fugitives Beyond
favor the sale of ivory such as Japan which consumes 40% of
Border
Africa’s ivory
4th Problem:
• Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species was able International
to reduce the price of ivory in mid-1989 Drug Trafficking
5th Problem:
Prostitution
6th Problem:
Killing of Whales
and Elephants
7th Problem: Fate
and Future of
global
prohibition
regimes

42. Introduction
1st Problem:
I. Activities Targeted By Future Global Prohibition Regimes Piracy and
privateering
A. Extraterritorial Violations of Federal Statutes 2nd Problem:
a. Against Tax Evasion, Money laundering, etc. Slavery
b. Emergence of Multilateral Regimes
3rd Problem:
Fugitives Beyond
B. Unauthorized Development of Atomic, Biological, Chemical and
Border
Other Weapons
Anti-Hi-jacking Regime 4th Problem:
International
C. Protection, Reduction and Conservation Drug Trafficking
Civil Regulatory Agencies, Criminal Sanctions 5th Problem:
Prostitution
6th Problem:
II. Possibility of Legitimate Activities to Be Target of Global Killing of Whales
Prohibition Regimes and Elephants
International Traffic in Tobacco
7th Problem:
Fate and Future
of global
prohibition
regimes

43. Introduction
1st Problem:
Piracy and
III. Lessons and Insights Into The Evolution of Norms in Global Society privateering
Emergence of Norms and Its Promotion 2nd Problem:
Slavery
IV. Norms That Evolve Into Global Prohibition Regimes
3rd Problem:
A. 1st: Mirror the Criminal Law of States That Have Dominated Global
Fugitives Beyond
Society
Border
B. 2nd: Target Criminal Activities
4th Problem:
V. Global Prohibition Regimes International
A. Certain Activities Must Be Banned Drug Trafficking
B. Vulnerability of An Activity to Global Suppression Efforts By States 5th Problem:
Prostitution
6th Problem:
Killing of Whales
and Elephants
7th Problem:
Fate and Future
of global
prohibition
regimes