Global health is an important new term, and an important new concept. The Institute of Medicine refers to global health as "health problems, issues and concerns that transcend national boundaries, may be influenced by circumstances or experiences in other countries, and are best addressed by cooperative actions and solutions." OBJECTIVES OF GLOBAL HEALTH CARE Why should medical students learn about global health CONTINUE… Public health, medicine, and nursing: parts of the same puzzle CHALLENGES IN GLOBAL HEALTH CARE THE KEY CONCEPTS IN RELATION TO GLOBAL HEALTH . THE DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH CONTINUE.. CONTINUE.. Continue… 2. The Measurement of Health Status CONTINUE.. CULTURE AND HEALTH CONTINUE.. 4. The global burden of disease 5. Key Risk Factors for Various Health Conditions CONTINUE.. Trends in Global Deaths 2002-30 HEALTH PATTERNS IN RESOURCE POOR COUNTRIES HEALTH PATTERNS IN RESOURCE RICH COUNTRIES Sharing the information.Network formation REFERENCES THANK YOU

1. PRESENTEE:
MS. DIKSHA
NPCC 1ST YEAR
(NURSE PRACTITIONER)

2. OBJECTIVES:
 Historical development of terms.
 Key concepts and challenges in relation
to global health care.
 The key concepts and trends in global
health care system.
 Conclusion.

3. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
OF TERMS:
HEALTH : Acc. to WHO(1948) “Health is a
state of complete physical, mental and social
wellbeing not merely an absence of disease
and infirmity.”

4. INTERNATIONAL
HEALTH
Definition :
“International health refers to the interlocking and
interrelated health status of people throughout the
world and to efforts to improve the health of all
people of every country.”

5. GLOBAL HEALTH
Global health is defined as “ The area of
study, research and practice that places a
priority on improving health and achieving
equity in health for all people.”

6.  Global health is an important new
term, and an important new
concept. The Institute of Medicine
refers to global health as
"health problems, issues and
concerns that transcend national
boundaries, may be influenced by
circumstances or experiences in
other countries, and are best
addressed by cooperative actions
and solutions."

7.  a high life expectancy and ageing populations.
an expansive health and medical care system.
 a rapidly growing private health market.
 health as a dominant theme in social and
political discourse.
 health as a major personal goal in life.

8. DISCIPLINE INVOLVED IN
GLOBAL HEALTH
 Social sciences
 Behavioural sciences
 Law
 Economics
 History

9. CONTINUE…
 Engineering
 Biomedical sciences
 Environmental sciences

10. • As of today, medical schools have very few
lectures on global health in their curricula.
• Health is becoming a global problem, with
chronic diseases being a number one killer
around the globe.
• By learning more about global health
research, medical students will be better
equipped to face the challenges of their
unique profession.

11. • Know the differences between global and
international health research
• Identify key challenges to global health
• Recognize the importance of information
sharing in the area of global health
• Recognize the importance of preventive
activities in improving global health
• Recognize the need for global networking to
improve global health locally and globally

14. 1. The determinants of health
2. The measurement of health status
3. The importance of culture to health
4. The global burden of disease
5. The key risk factors for various health
problems
6. The organisation and function of health
systems

15.  Genetic make up
 Age
 Gender
 Lifestyle choices
 Community influences
 Income status
 Geographical location
 Culture

17. Environmental factors
Work conditions
Education
Access to health services

18. Malnutrition –
more susceptible to disease and less likely to
recover
Cooking with wood and coal –
lung diseases
Poor sanitation –
more intestinal infections
Poor life circumstances –
commercial sex work and STIs, HIV/AIDS

19. Advertising tobacco and alcohol –
addiction and related diseases
Rapid growth in vehicular traffic often with
untrained drivers on unsafe roads-
road traffic accidents

20. PLUS MORE GENERAL FACTORS SUCH AS:
 ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
 POPULATION GROWTH/PRESSURE
 URBANISATION
 DEVELOPMENT OF COUNTRY OF
RESIDENCE

21.  Cause of death
Obtained from death certification but limited
because of incomplete coverage.
 Life expectancy at birth
The average number of years a new-borns
baby could expect to live if current trends in
mortality were to continue for the rest of the
new-born's life.

22.  Maternal mortality rate
The number of women who die as a result of
childbirth and pregnancy related complications
per 100,000 live births in a given year

23.  Culture:
The predominating attitudes and
behaviour that characterise the
functioning of a group or organisation
 Traditional health systems
Beliefs about health
e.g. epilepsy – a disorder of neuronal
depolarisation vs a form of possession/bad
omen sent by the ancestors

24. Psychoses – ancestral problems requiring the
assistance of traditional healer/spiritualist.
 Influence of culture of health
Diversity, marginalisation and vulnerability
due to race, gender and ethnicity

25. Predicted changes in burden of disease from
communicable to non-communicable between 2004
and 2030
Reductions in malaria, diarrhoeal diseases, TB
and HIV/AIDS
Increase in cardiovascular deaths, COPD, road
traffic accidents and diabetes mellitus
Ageing populations in middle and low income
countries.
Socioeconomic growth with increased car
ownership.

26. Tobacco use –
related to the top ten causes of mortality world
wide
Poor sanitation and access to clean water-
related to high levels of diarrhoeal/water
borne diseases
Low condom use –
HIV/AIDS, sexually transmitted infections

27.  Malnutrition –
Under-nutrition (increased susceptibility to
infectious diseases) and over-nutrition
responsible for cardiovascular diseases,
cancers, obesity etc.

29. Some of the most important
problems in global health today
 There are three broad cause groups of
health problems that, collectively,
constitute the world's total disease burden.
 Group 1: communicable, maternal,
perinatal and nutritional conditions;
 Group 2: non communicable diseases;
 Group 3: injuries.

30. • INFECTIOUS/COMMUNICABLE
DISEASES PREVALENT:
VACCINE PREVENTABLE DISEASES, e.g.
measles
• ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS
(ARI)
• DIARRHOEAL DISEASES (cholera)
• MALARIA
• TB
• HEPATITIS
• HIV/AIDS

31. Plus:
 MALNUTRITION RELATED
CONDITIONS:
- CALORIE DEFICIENCIES
 - MICRO-NUTRIENT
DEFICIENCIES
 TRAUMA/ACCIDENTS
Many of these diseases are treatable

32. Lifestyle factors affecting physical and mental
health:
• Smoking – one third of cancer deaths
related to smoking
• Drinking
• Healthy eating/nutrition
• Physical activity
• Substance abuse

33. Premature mortality (<65):
25% Circulatory diseases
33% Cancers
16% Injuries (RTAs/Suicides) and Poisonings
1% Infectious diseases
Many of these deaths are related to lifestyle
factors and are preventable

34. THE KEY AREAS AND
TRENDS OF GLOBAL
HEALTH CARE

35. THE KEY AREAS AND TRENDS
OF GLOBAL HEALTH CARE
 Health as a global public good
 Health as a key component of global security
 Strengthen global health governance for
interdependence
 Health as a key factor of sound business
 Practice and social responsibility
 Ethical principle of health as global
citizenship.

36. 1. Health as a global public good
 Implies ensuring the value of health,
understanding it as a key dimension of global
citizenship, and keeping it high on the global
political agenda.
 Defining common agendas, increasing the
importance of global health treaties, and
increasing pooling of sovereignty by nation
states in the area of health.
 New interface between foreign and domestic
policies and new forms of sharing of research
and proprietary information to resolve common
health challenges

37. 3. Health as a key component of
global security
 Implies an intensive global health
surveillance role and expanded international
health regulations with interventionist power
for the WHO.
 Sanctions for countries that do not comply—
the reliable financing of a global surveillance
infrastructure and a rapid health response
force would be ensured through a new kind of
global financing mechanism or a global public
goods tax.

38. 4. Global health governance for
interdependence
 Health as component of global security.
Strengthening the WHO and Strengthening
the WHO and giving it a new and stronger
mandate. Must have the constitutional
capability to ensure agenda coherence in
global health and be able to strengthen its
convening capabilities, ensure transparency
and accountability in global health
governance through a new kind of reporting
system that is requested of all international
health actors.

39. CONTINUE..
 Recognition of its coordination and leadership
role to reduce the transaction costs for
countries including a brokering role in relation
to the health impacts of policies of other
agencies. Be the coordinator of health in
crises by acting as the intermediate health
authority.
 Gain more coordinating power for the actions
necessary to reach the Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs) on health.

40. 5. Health as factor of sound business
practice and social responsibility.
Falls into the realm of the MDGs. Scope for
business involvement in development, not only
in form of the public- private partnerships around
diseases but also for producing and marketing
healthy and safe products to the poor.
Also means increasing the capacity of the WHO
to negotiate a new system of access to drugs
based on a global public goods model.

41. CONTINUE..
 To work on new financing models to establish a
system to ensure how contributions of the rich
world ensure access to prevention, care, and
treatment in developing countries. Health and
social protection cannot be separated.

42. 6. Ethical principle of health as
global citizenship
 Means working to develop a common notion
of social justice and a system of international
law where human rights constitute a legal
claim.
 Globe social protection becomes a global
challenge. Global institutions have focused on
the global public goods necessary to the
expansion of trade and commerce but have
severely neglected the expansion of social
public goods.

43. CONTINUE…
 Radically different approaches and
question are very premise of what at
the global level is a public and what
is a private good.

44. GLOBAL HEALTH DIPLOMACY
(GHD)
 There is an increasing range of health issues that
transcend national boundaries and require action
on the global forces that determine the health of
people.
 The broad political, social and economic
implications of health issues have brought more
diplomats into the health arena and more public
health experts into the world of diplomacy.
 GHD aims to capture these multilevel and multi-
actor negotiation processes that shape and
manage the global policy environment for health.

45. CONTINUE..
Diplomats need to interact with the private sector,
NGOs, scientists, activists and the media, since all
these actors are part and parcel of the negotiating
process.
GHD is gaining in importance and its negotiators
should be well prepared.
GHD has shifted to include other spaces of
negotiation and influence, and the number of
organizations dealing with health has increased
exponentially.

46. Global health and information.
 One of the biggest challenges to global health is
access to information.
 Much of clinical practice and prevention is the
sharing of knowledge. If we can harness the
information revolution we can have a profound
effect with our patients and with the people of the
world.
 Global health is a knowledge organization, with
multiple different disciplines tied together by lines
of communication to attack global problems.

48. Conclusion.
• International health + Global public health +
Collective health + Global health diplomacy =
LIFE’S RIGHT.

49. Open Source
http://www.pitt.edu/~super1/lecture/lec6921/index.htm
Supercourse and Disaster Management Training
http://www.pitt.edu/~super1/lecture/lec21601/index.htm
Social Epidemiologic Methods in International Population
Health and Health Services Research
http://www.pitt.edu/~super1/lecture/lec17561/index.htm
Principles of Research Synthesis
http://www.pitt.edu/~super1/lecture/lec9611/index.htm