1. By: Brianna Ferri
Wheaton College
November 5, 2013
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE
POTENTIAL OF THE REOCCURRENCE OF
VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES: MALARIA AND
YELLOW FEVER
2. THE ANTHROPOCENE “ENTIRELY NEW”
• The last 150 years
• “Man-made world” and “recent age of man”
• Human impacts and activities are causing the crisis
known as global climate change or global warming
3. • What do humans do to cause this?
• Burning of fossil fuels – Carbon
dioxide
• The production of natural oil –
Methane
• Agricultural - Nitrous oxide
• Land development/industries –
Fluorinated gases
• Negatively effects the Earth
• Increase in global temperature, rise
in sea level
• Deforestation/habitat fragmentation
• Air pollution
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
4. • Negative effects
• Flooding caused by rise in
sea level, change in ocean
currents causing weather
pattern disturbances
• Melting of polar ice caps and
warming oceans
• Shift in climate in biomes
• Increase in temperature,
increases the potential for
vector-borne diseases
• Creating stable environment
for mosquitoes
WHAT IS THE PROBLEM WITH THIS?
5. THESIS
Research suggest that global climate change will cause an
increase in prevalence of vector-borne diseases to temperate
climates
6. • A viral hemorrhagic disease (in the
genus Flavivirus) that attacks the
immune system
• The vector are mosquitoes from the
genus Aedes, most commonly aegypti
• A parasitic protozoan (in the genus
Plasmodium) disease that attacks
erythrocytes
• The vector are female mosquitoes
from the genus Anopheles
VECTOR-BORNE DISEASE
Malaria Yellow Fever
7. MALARIA: PAST
• Discovered in 1880 by a French army surgeon – Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran
• 1st major outbreak was in the early 1900’s during the construction of the Panama Canal
• It hospitalized over 21,000 people
• The causes
• World trade, slave trading, wars and lack of sanitation
• Eradicated in the USA in 1951
• Central and South America still have a problem but it has declined in prevalence because
of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)
8. • Africa accounts for 80% of the World
Wide cases
• 103 million cases in a single year in
just the 6 regions of Africa
• Nigeria, Congo, Tanzania,
Uganda, Mozambique, Cote
I’dvoire
• The number of cases have dropped
from 145 to 66 million cases in 2012
• It is predicted to resurge and spread to
other countries
MALARIA: PRESENT
9. MALARIA: FUTURE
• Increasing temperature is causing a shift in the climate within the biomes
• Malaria is extremely climate sensitive
• An increase in a half of degree can cause an increase of 30-100% in the population of
mosquitoes
• Higher temperature = more activity and decrease in the incubation time
• Increased rainfall = increased humidity = 60% increase in survival
• By 2100, the potential for an epidemic is more than 100 fold in temperate biomes and a 2
fold in tropical biomes
12. YELLOW FEVER: PAST
• It was discovered in 1900 by the United States army James Carroll
• The disease dates back to the 1500s and there has been several epidemics
• Originated from Africa but was spread to other countries by
• Slave trading, world trade, world wars
• The worst epidemic was in 1793 in Philadelphia which claimed the lives of
over 4,000 people
• Other epidemics were in 1885, 1886, 1902, 1905
13. • An endemic in the tropical biomes of
Africa and Latin America
• Present in the southern United States
• Claims the lives of over 30,000 people
per year but infects over 200,000
people
• There is an increase in prevalence
• Urbanization
• Deforestation
• Increase in human population
• There is a vaccine available: effective
and provides life-long protection
YELLOW FEVER: PRESENT
14. YELLOW FEVER: FUTURE
• Already found in 23 states
• The strain Flavivirus was found in Texas
• Increased in heat and moisture in the temperate biomes = stable environment for the
A.aedes
• Warmed winters will not killed the mosquitoes nor the larvae
• They evolved to survive droughts and became domesticated
• It is temperate sensitive
• Decrease incubation time
• Increased activity and metamorphosis
• Potential for a superbug
15. • From the same genus of viruses as
Yellow Fever
• Found in 45 states, infecting 1,130
people; 44 deaths
• Change in biomes = outbreaks
• The virus thrives in mild winters,
droughts and heat waves
• Drought cause decline in
dragonflies and amphibians, most
importantly frogs
WEST NILE VIRUS
16. • Effects areas along the Gulf and
Atlantic coast
• It has claimed the lives of 33% of the
people infected
• A strong correlation with climate
change
• Increase in 3-5°C = decrease in
incubation time
• Increase transmission and
increase in effective area
• Thrives in weather patterns of warm
and rainy summers
TRIPLE E: EASTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALITIS
17. THE OVERALL EFFECTS
• There are other drivers that add an extra risk to the reoccurrences and virulence of the
diseases
• The effects can be short or long-term on the disease trends
• Climate change has consequences that go far beyond health
• Factors that allow the mosquitoes to thrive (Transmission and survival) are:
• Temperature, humidity, rainfall, daylight, wind
• The temperate regions are having summers like the tropics
• Rapid population growth and massive land change
• Non-immune populations and highly dense areas
19. • The projected path of global
temperature caused by the increasing
emissions of CO2
• The higher the global temperature is,
the high amount of growth will occur in
vector-borne diseases
• Caused by shifting populations
• Shift in their life cycle and
breeding conditions
EVIDENCE
20. • There are a million things we can do
• It can start by a single person, by doing
just one eco-friendly task
• We need to make it aware and educate
people
• These are some examples:
• Decrease human population and
family size
• Stop over consummation and eat
lower on food chain
• Decrease GHG and stop sea level
rise
• Find alternative energy (solar, water,
wind) and use hybrid cars
• Plant more trees, recycle and keep
biodiversity
WHAT DO WE DO?
21. A QUESTION TO THINK ABOUT
• “The increased severity in the tropics is probably related to poorer socioeconomic
conditions. To the extent that global warming increases poverty and its associated ills,
the two-factor complexes will also be affected.” –Robert Shope
22. REFERENCES
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(42).
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http://www,jstor.org/stable/25760204
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http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/history/
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011, December 11). Yellow Fever. CDC. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/yellowfever/
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013, June 7). West Nile Virus. CDC. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/westnile/index.html
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