This editorial provides an overview and introduction to a special issue of the International Journal of Critical Infrastructures on enhancing resilience in critical infrastructure systems. It summarizes key concepts discussed in the issue such as infrastructure dependency, interdependency, resilience, and risk governance for interconnected infrastructure systems. The editorial also previews the 10 papers in the special issue, which contribute to understanding how resilience can be applied to address challenges in different critical infrastructure systems and engineering systems more broadly. The papers evaluate approaches for assessing, enhancing, and modeling resilience in areas like transportation, dams, nuclear power plants, and buildings to help infrastructure systems withstand, recover from, and adapt to disruptions.
This document analyzes the functions approach to studying innovation systems, using the California wind energy innovation system (CAWEIS) as a case study. It presents a theoretical framework that maps the components, structure, and functions of an innovation system over time. The framework allows comparison of different systems and insight into how system structure relates to performance. The document applies this framework to analyze CAWEIS over 30 years, dividing it into 5 periods based on key events. It identifies the system's components, maps how the structure changed over time, and analyzes how 7 key functions of the system, like entrepreneurship and knowledge development, were fulfilled in each period.
Assessing the resilience of a city in relation to its healthy urban systems: ...Dr.Hayam alsa'atee
This research investigates the relationship between city resilience and its urban
systems. The study determines the efficiency of a healthy urban system as one of a main
characteristic in achieving a compatible resilient city. Most of the current studies are theoretical
and suggest pathways and procedures that are beyond virtual practices. Healthy urban systems
are suggested to link human well-being with the effectiveness of the city infra-structure and
municipal services. These services are associated with the drinking water supply, sewage
disposal, garbage system, and adequacy of the transport system.
Este documento presenta el Experto Universitario en Redes Sociales y Marketing Online ofrecido por la Universidad de Sevilla. El curso dura 34 ECTS a lo largo de 850 horas, con 220 horas presenciales. Cubre temas como la integración de redes sociales en organizaciones, el marketing en entornos digitales, y tendencias emergentes en medios digitales. El objetivo es enseñar habilidades para gestionar presencia corporativa en redes y crear contenidos digitales como parte de planes de marketing.
ICBRR-Integtrated Community Based Risk ReductionShesh Kafle
Integrated Community Based Risk Reduction (ICBRR) is a holistic and multi-sectoral intervention in which at-risk communities are actively engaged in the identification, analysis, treatment, monitoring and evaluation of risks in order to reduce their vulnerabilities and enhance their capacities. This presentation gives an overview of the key concepts, evolution and processes of ICBRR program in Pakistan.
Este documento presenta un curso de introducción a la astronomía. Explica los principales movimientos de la Tierra como la rotación, la traslación y la precesión, y cómo esto afecta los días, noches y estaciones. También describe la esfera terrestre y las coordenadas geográficas usadas para ubicar posiciones en la Tierra.
www.musicaymercado.org
La revista Música & Mercado surgió, en 2001, para incentivar un pensamiento innovador, entusiasta y empresarial en relación al perfeccionamiento del segmento de audio, iluminación e instrumentos musicales.
-----
PRENSA, IPAD, IOS, ANDROID
Ahora usted puede descargar nuestras aplicaciones gratuitas iPad y móvil.
Descargue para iPad:
https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/musica-mercado-magazine/id735289846?mt=8
Aplicación móvil de la revista Música & Mercado
Android: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=hr.apps.n154831325
iPhone: https://itunes.apple.com/br/app/musica-y-mercado-spanish/id705134984?mt=8
El documento anuncia un taller que se llevará a cabo el 5 de junio para despertar a la alegría de vivir mediante el conocimiento propio y la visión de la realidad. El taller enseñará sobre Diksha, una herramienta que ayuda a la integración del aprendizaje y la disolución del sufrimiento. El taller será impartido por Ma José Fuentes Carmona y tendrá lugar del 5 de junio de 10 a 14 horas con un costo de 50 euros.
This document analyzes the functions approach to studying innovation systems, using the California wind energy innovation system (CAWEIS) as a case study. It presents a theoretical framework that maps the components, structure, and functions of an innovation system over time. The framework allows comparison of different systems and insight into how system structure relates to performance. The document applies this framework to analyze CAWEIS over 30 years, dividing it into 5 periods based on key events. It identifies the system's components, maps how the structure changed over time, and analyzes how 7 key functions of the system, like entrepreneurship and knowledge development, were fulfilled in each period.
Assessing the resilience of a city in relation to its healthy urban systems: ...Dr.Hayam alsa'atee
This research investigates the relationship between city resilience and its urban
systems. The study determines the efficiency of a healthy urban system as one of a main
characteristic in achieving a compatible resilient city. Most of the current studies are theoretical
and suggest pathways and procedures that are beyond virtual practices. Healthy urban systems
are suggested to link human well-being with the effectiveness of the city infra-structure and
municipal services. These services are associated with the drinking water supply, sewage
disposal, garbage system, and adequacy of the transport system.
Este documento presenta el Experto Universitario en Redes Sociales y Marketing Online ofrecido por la Universidad de Sevilla. El curso dura 34 ECTS a lo largo de 850 horas, con 220 horas presenciales. Cubre temas como la integración de redes sociales en organizaciones, el marketing en entornos digitales, y tendencias emergentes en medios digitales. El objetivo es enseñar habilidades para gestionar presencia corporativa en redes y crear contenidos digitales como parte de planes de marketing.
ICBRR-Integtrated Community Based Risk ReductionShesh Kafle
Integrated Community Based Risk Reduction (ICBRR) is a holistic and multi-sectoral intervention in which at-risk communities are actively engaged in the identification, analysis, treatment, monitoring and evaluation of risks in order to reduce their vulnerabilities and enhance their capacities. This presentation gives an overview of the key concepts, evolution and processes of ICBRR program in Pakistan.
Este documento presenta un curso de introducción a la astronomía. Explica los principales movimientos de la Tierra como la rotación, la traslación y la precesión, y cómo esto afecta los días, noches y estaciones. También describe la esfera terrestre y las coordenadas geográficas usadas para ubicar posiciones en la Tierra.
www.musicaymercado.org
La revista Música & Mercado surgió, en 2001, para incentivar un pensamiento innovador, entusiasta y empresarial en relación al perfeccionamiento del segmento de audio, iluminación e instrumentos musicales.
-----
PRENSA, IPAD, IOS, ANDROID
Ahora usted puede descargar nuestras aplicaciones gratuitas iPad y móvil.
Descargue para iPad:
https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/musica-mercado-magazine/id735289846?mt=8
Aplicación móvil de la revista Música & Mercado
Android: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=hr.apps.n154831325
iPhone: https://itunes.apple.com/br/app/musica-y-mercado-spanish/id705134984?mt=8
El documento anuncia un taller que se llevará a cabo el 5 de junio para despertar a la alegría de vivir mediante el conocimiento propio y la visión de la realidad. El taller enseñará sobre Diksha, una herramienta que ayuda a la integración del aprendizaje y la disolución del sufrimiento. El taller será impartido por Ma José Fuentes Carmona y tendrá lugar del 5 de junio de 10 a 14 horas con un costo de 50 euros.
Epidemiologic Classification of Human Papillomavirus Types Associated with Ce...Alberto Cuadrado
background
Infection with human papilloma virus (HPV) is the main cause of cervical cancer, but
the risk associated with the various HPV types has not been adequately assessed.
methods
We pooled data from 11 case–control studies from nine countries involving 1918 women
with histologically confirmed squamous-cell cervical cancer and 1928 control women.
A common protocol and questionnaire were used. Information on risk factors was
obtained by personal interviews, and cervical cells were collected for detection of HPV
DNA and typing in a central laboratory by polymerase-chain-reaction–based assays
(with MY09/MY11 and GP5+/6+ primers).
results
HPV DNA was detected in 1739 of the 1918 patients with cervical cancer (90.7 percent)
and in 259 of the 1928 control women (13.4 percent). With the GP5+/6+ primer, HPV
DNA was detected in 96.6 percent of the patients and 15.6 percent of the controls. The
most common HPV types in patients, in descending order of frequency, were types 16,
18, 45, 31, 33, 52, 58, and 35. Among control women, types 16, 18, 45, 31, 6, 58, 35, and
33 were the most common. For studies using the GP5+/6+ primer, the pooled odds ratio
for cervical cancer associated with the presence of any HPV was 158.2 (95 percent
confidence interval, 113.4 to 220.6). The odds ratios were over 45 for the most common
and least common HPV types. Fifteen HPV types were classified as high-risk types
(16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68, 73, and 82); 3 were classified as probable
high-risk types (26, 53, and 66); and 12 were classified as low-risk types (6, 11, 40,
42, 43, 44, 54, 61, 70, 72, 81, and CP6108). There was good agreement between our epidemiologic
classification and the classification based on phylogenetic grouping.
conclusions
In addition to HPV types 16 and 18, types 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68, 73,
and 82 should be considered carcinogenic, or high-risk, types, and types 26, 53, and 66
should be considered probably carcinogenic.
El documento proporciona instrucciones para hacer broches de fieltro con forma de muñeca, incluyendo recortar piezas de fieltro para la cabeza, piernas y pelo de la muñeca, dibujar la cara con un lápiz, diseñar y coser ropa como un vestido, rellenar la muñeca con algodón, añadir manos, y decorar con accesorios como bolsos o gorros.
Este documento presenta una estrategia de distribución comercial para la empresa Laboratorios Válquer. Propone utilizar tanto canales mayoristas como contactar directamente con peluquerías y salones de belleza para llegar a más clientes profesionales. También discute errores pasados al fijar precios muy diferentes para el mismo producto y sugiere adaptar la línea de productos, precios y canales de distribución para mejorar la estrategia comercial.
El documento trata sobre los principios físicos de la refrigeración como la presión, saturación, temperatura y los procesos de evaporación, compresión y condensación. Explica conceptos clave como el punto de saturación, la clasificación de refrigerantes y los componentes de un sistema de refrigeración como el evaporador, condensador y el ciclo completo del proceso. También cubre el uso de la presión en procesos comerciales como la venta de gases y su procesamiento para su distribución.
Factory-Direct Waterless Car Wash & Conventional Car Care Product ExportPearl Nano Promotions
Pearl® Global Limited’s innovative and environmentally friendly waterless car wash & car detailing products are supplied throughout the world to leading organisations
Holdt på Realfagseminaret 2009 på Røros av Janne Beate Utåker, rådgiver ved Institutt for kjemi, bioteknologi og matvitenskap og representant i utdanningsutvalget
(under Det nasjonale fakultetsmøte for realfag)
The Sperry Van Ness® organization shares a portion of their new weekly listings via their national sales call. Email info@svn.com if you would like to attend our weekly call which we open up to the brokerage community.
La Tarjeta de Salud de Winalite te protege de la radiación todos los electrodomésticos, computadores, celulares. Estos constantemente estan produciendo radiación nociva para la salud. Esta tarjeta absorbe la radiación de estos aparatos electricos hasta en 99% protegiéndonos de muchas enfermedades ocasionadas por estos elementos. Más información: anioncolombia@gmail.com
Mohammad Sajid Arfi has over 10 years of experience as a planning engineer working on oil and gas, refinery, and petrochemical projects in Saudi Arabia and India. Some of his project experience includes projects for Kemya, SAMREF, Aramco, Sabic, and Petro-Rabigh.
His responsibilities have included developing master schedules, monitoring project progress, preparing reports, and coordinating teams to control project schedules and meet deadlines. He is proficient in the use of scheduling software like Primavera P6 and Microsoft Project.
Introducción a los Medios Sociales de Soraya Paniagua, www.sorayapaniagua.com. Explicacion completisima de la estructura de la web 2.0 y medios sociales en el 2012.
J_Severloh_Café centroamericano en el mercado mundialRUTAslideshare
I Foro Trinacional de la Región Trifinio. Ofreció una mirada panorámica a la producción y demanda de café en el mundo, haciendo hincapié en los mercados emergentes del café: tanto los nuevos países productores de café, como los nuevos consumidores. En ese contexto, explicó cómo se posiciona el café centroamericano, sus retos y oportunidades, particularmente en el segmento de café de calidad. “La Región Trifinio tiene calidad y el mercado quiere calidad”. Felicitó la iniciativa de la Mesa de Café, recordando cómo al inicio, el mismo Plan Trifinio era una visión de pocos, cuando ahora es una realidad para miles de productores.
Presentations created for the Social Media Days conference in Hamburg, Germany. Stats are taken from multiple sources but majority are from our Digital Republic research report.
Global Market Sharing is a multi-level marketing company that provides financial freedom and independence through becoming a distributor. It emphasizes messages around wealth creation, work-life balance, and building a team to generate recurring income. The company operates in the wireless industry and offers advantages like no contracts or deposits for customers.
Este documento analiza el comportamiento técnico de la acción FRAN en la bolsa de valores de Argentina. Explica que la acción rebotó luego de tocar su soporte a $101,7, impulsada por indicadores como el MACD y el Estocástico. Proporciona resistencias y soportes clave, e indica que las señales de compra ocurrirían si el MACD cruza la línea cero y el Estocástico se mantiene alto, mientras que las señales de venta ocurrirían si se rompe la línea de
Este documento presenta una solución de pizarra digital interactiva de bajo costo que convierte cualquier superficie blanca en una pizarra táctil mediante el uso de un control remoto Wiimote inalámbrico y lápices infrarrojos. Incluye un kit básico a 259€ que contiene el hardware, software y manual de instalación necesarios, o un sistema portátil a 131€ para uso esporádico. El proceso de instalación es sencillo y requiere anclar el adaptador al techo y proveer energía eléct
La correlación indica la fuerza y la dirección de una relación lineal entre d...Alfredo Salas
La correlación mide la fuerza y dirección de la relación lineal entre dos variables aleatorias. La fuerza de la correlación depende de qué tan estrecha y alargada es la nube de puntos que representa las dos variables, mientras que la dirección indica si la relación es positiva (ambas variables aumentan juntas) o negativa (una variable aumenta mientras la otra disminuye). El coeficiente de correlación de Pearson cuantifica esta relación en un valor entre -1 y 1, donde valores cercanos a 1 o -1 indican una correlación fuerte y valores cercanos
Traditionally, the performance of critical infrastructure
(e.g., power grid, telecommunication or water supply
systems) has been analysed by classical risk assessment
methods for their safe and reliable design and operation
(Linkov et al., 2014). This approach allows responding
adequately to known and credible hazards and threats.
However, more recently it has become apparent that
additional efforts and considerations are needed beyond
the well-established state-of-the-art to ensure efficient
recovery from low-probability high-impact disruptive
events (Panteli & Mancarella, 2015). As a consequence,
increased attention is given worldwide to the resilience
of infrastructure systems, which is considered a key
property to adequately deal with disruptions, i.e., natural
and man-made disasters (i.e., technical, human and
organizational factors and intentional attacks) (Jackson,
2015). This view is strongly supported by the notion that
not all hazards and threats can be averted (Cimellaro,
2016), as major disasters repeatedly demonstrated in the
past decades (Garrick, 2008; Zio & Aven, 2013). Wellknown
examples include the September 11 terrorist
attacks in 2001, hurricane Katrina in 2005, the blackouts
in North America (2003) (Andersson et al., 2005), India
(2012) (Tang et al., 2012), and Turkey (2015) (European
Enhancing post disaster recovery by optimal infrastructure capacity buildingeSAT Publishing House
This document discusses enhancing post-disaster recovery through optimal infrastructure capacity building. It presents a model to minimize the cost of meeting demand using auxiliary capacities when disaster damages infrastructure. The model uses genetic algorithms to select optimal capacity combinations. The document reviews how infrastructure provides vital services supporting recovery activities and discusses classifying infrastructure into six types. When disaster reduces infrastructure services, a gap forms between community demands and available support, hindering recovery. The proposed research aims to identify this gap and optimize capacity selection to fill it cost-effectively.
Epidemiologic Classification of Human Papillomavirus Types Associated with Ce...Alberto Cuadrado
background
Infection with human papilloma virus (HPV) is the main cause of cervical cancer, but
the risk associated with the various HPV types has not been adequately assessed.
methods
We pooled data from 11 case–control studies from nine countries involving 1918 women
with histologically confirmed squamous-cell cervical cancer and 1928 control women.
A common protocol and questionnaire were used. Information on risk factors was
obtained by personal interviews, and cervical cells were collected for detection of HPV
DNA and typing in a central laboratory by polymerase-chain-reaction–based assays
(with MY09/MY11 and GP5+/6+ primers).
results
HPV DNA was detected in 1739 of the 1918 patients with cervical cancer (90.7 percent)
and in 259 of the 1928 control women (13.4 percent). With the GP5+/6+ primer, HPV
DNA was detected in 96.6 percent of the patients and 15.6 percent of the controls. The
most common HPV types in patients, in descending order of frequency, were types 16,
18, 45, 31, 33, 52, 58, and 35. Among control women, types 16, 18, 45, 31, 6, 58, 35, and
33 were the most common. For studies using the GP5+/6+ primer, the pooled odds ratio
for cervical cancer associated with the presence of any HPV was 158.2 (95 percent
confidence interval, 113.4 to 220.6). The odds ratios were over 45 for the most common
and least common HPV types. Fifteen HPV types were classified as high-risk types
(16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68, 73, and 82); 3 were classified as probable
high-risk types (26, 53, and 66); and 12 were classified as low-risk types (6, 11, 40,
42, 43, 44, 54, 61, 70, 72, 81, and CP6108). There was good agreement between our epidemiologic
classification and the classification based on phylogenetic grouping.
conclusions
In addition to HPV types 16 and 18, types 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68, 73,
and 82 should be considered carcinogenic, or high-risk, types, and types 26, 53, and 66
should be considered probably carcinogenic.
El documento proporciona instrucciones para hacer broches de fieltro con forma de muñeca, incluyendo recortar piezas de fieltro para la cabeza, piernas y pelo de la muñeca, dibujar la cara con un lápiz, diseñar y coser ropa como un vestido, rellenar la muñeca con algodón, añadir manos, y decorar con accesorios como bolsos o gorros.
Este documento presenta una estrategia de distribución comercial para la empresa Laboratorios Válquer. Propone utilizar tanto canales mayoristas como contactar directamente con peluquerías y salones de belleza para llegar a más clientes profesionales. También discute errores pasados al fijar precios muy diferentes para el mismo producto y sugiere adaptar la línea de productos, precios y canales de distribución para mejorar la estrategia comercial.
El documento trata sobre los principios físicos de la refrigeración como la presión, saturación, temperatura y los procesos de evaporación, compresión y condensación. Explica conceptos clave como el punto de saturación, la clasificación de refrigerantes y los componentes de un sistema de refrigeración como el evaporador, condensador y el ciclo completo del proceso. También cubre el uso de la presión en procesos comerciales como la venta de gases y su procesamiento para su distribución.
Factory-Direct Waterless Car Wash & Conventional Car Care Product ExportPearl Nano Promotions
Pearl® Global Limited’s innovative and environmentally friendly waterless car wash & car detailing products are supplied throughout the world to leading organisations
Holdt på Realfagseminaret 2009 på Røros av Janne Beate Utåker, rådgiver ved Institutt for kjemi, bioteknologi og matvitenskap og representant i utdanningsutvalget
(under Det nasjonale fakultetsmøte for realfag)
The Sperry Van Ness® organization shares a portion of their new weekly listings via their national sales call. Email info@svn.com if you would like to attend our weekly call which we open up to the brokerage community.
La Tarjeta de Salud de Winalite te protege de la radiación todos los electrodomésticos, computadores, celulares. Estos constantemente estan produciendo radiación nociva para la salud. Esta tarjeta absorbe la radiación de estos aparatos electricos hasta en 99% protegiéndonos de muchas enfermedades ocasionadas por estos elementos. Más información: anioncolombia@gmail.com
Mohammad Sajid Arfi has over 10 years of experience as a planning engineer working on oil and gas, refinery, and petrochemical projects in Saudi Arabia and India. Some of his project experience includes projects for Kemya, SAMREF, Aramco, Sabic, and Petro-Rabigh.
His responsibilities have included developing master schedules, monitoring project progress, preparing reports, and coordinating teams to control project schedules and meet deadlines. He is proficient in the use of scheduling software like Primavera P6 and Microsoft Project.
Introducción a los Medios Sociales de Soraya Paniagua, www.sorayapaniagua.com. Explicacion completisima de la estructura de la web 2.0 y medios sociales en el 2012.
J_Severloh_Café centroamericano en el mercado mundialRUTAslideshare
I Foro Trinacional de la Región Trifinio. Ofreció una mirada panorámica a la producción y demanda de café en el mundo, haciendo hincapié en los mercados emergentes del café: tanto los nuevos países productores de café, como los nuevos consumidores. En ese contexto, explicó cómo se posiciona el café centroamericano, sus retos y oportunidades, particularmente en el segmento de café de calidad. “La Región Trifinio tiene calidad y el mercado quiere calidad”. Felicitó la iniciativa de la Mesa de Café, recordando cómo al inicio, el mismo Plan Trifinio era una visión de pocos, cuando ahora es una realidad para miles de productores.
Presentations created for the Social Media Days conference in Hamburg, Germany. Stats are taken from multiple sources but majority are from our Digital Republic research report.
Global Market Sharing is a multi-level marketing company that provides financial freedom and independence through becoming a distributor. It emphasizes messages around wealth creation, work-life balance, and building a team to generate recurring income. The company operates in the wireless industry and offers advantages like no contracts or deposits for customers.
Este documento analiza el comportamiento técnico de la acción FRAN en la bolsa de valores de Argentina. Explica que la acción rebotó luego de tocar su soporte a $101,7, impulsada por indicadores como el MACD y el Estocástico. Proporciona resistencias y soportes clave, e indica que las señales de compra ocurrirían si el MACD cruza la línea cero y el Estocástico se mantiene alto, mientras que las señales de venta ocurrirían si se rompe la línea de
Este documento presenta una solución de pizarra digital interactiva de bajo costo que convierte cualquier superficie blanca en una pizarra táctil mediante el uso de un control remoto Wiimote inalámbrico y lápices infrarrojos. Incluye un kit básico a 259€ que contiene el hardware, software y manual de instalación necesarios, o un sistema portátil a 131€ para uso esporádico. El proceso de instalación es sencillo y requiere anclar el adaptador al techo y proveer energía eléct
La correlación indica la fuerza y la dirección de una relación lineal entre d...Alfredo Salas
La correlación mide la fuerza y dirección de la relación lineal entre dos variables aleatorias. La fuerza de la correlación depende de qué tan estrecha y alargada es la nube de puntos que representa las dos variables, mientras que la dirección indica si la relación es positiva (ambas variables aumentan juntas) o negativa (una variable aumenta mientras la otra disminuye). El coeficiente de correlación de Pearson cuantifica esta relación en un valor entre -1 y 1, donde valores cercanos a 1 o -1 indican una correlación fuerte y valores cercanos
Traditionally, the performance of critical infrastructure
(e.g., power grid, telecommunication or water supply
systems) has been analysed by classical risk assessment
methods for their safe and reliable design and operation
(Linkov et al., 2014). This approach allows responding
adequately to known and credible hazards and threats.
However, more recently it has become apparent that
additional efforts and considerations are needed beyond
the well-established state-of-the-art to ensure efficient
recovery from low-probability high-impact disruptive
events (Panteli & Mancarella, 2015). As a consequence,
increased attention is given worldwide to the resilience
of infrastructure systems, which is considered a key
property to adequately deal with disruptions, i.e., natural
and man-made disasters (i.e., technical, human and
organizational factors and intentional attacks) (Jackson,
2015). This view is strongly supported by the notion that
not all hazards and threats can be averted (Cimellaro,
2016), as major disasters repeatedly demonstrated in the
past decades (Garrick, 2008; Zio & Aven, 2013). Wellknown
examples include the September 11 terrorist
attacks in 2001, hurricane Katrina in 2005, the blackouts
in North America (2003) (Andersson et al., 2005), India
(2012) (Tang et al., 2012), and Turkey (2015) (European
Enhancing post disaster recovery by optimal infrastructure capacity buildingeSAT Publishing House
This document discusses enhancing post-disaster recovery through optimal infrastructure capacity building. It presents a model to minimize the cost of meeting demand using auxiliary capacities when disaster damages infrastructure. The model uses genetic algorithms to select optimal capacity combinations. The document reviews how infrastructure provides vital services supporting recovery activities and discusses classifying infrastructure into six types. When disaster reduces infrastructure services, a gap forms between community demands and available support, hindering recovery. The proposed research aims to identify this gap and optimize capacity selection to fill it cost-effectively.
In recent years, structural integrity monitoring has become increasingly important in structural engineering and construction management. It represents an important tool for the assessment of the dependability of existing complex structural systems as it integrates, in a unified perspective, advanced engineering analyses and experimental data processing. In the first part of this work
the concepts of dependability and structural integrity are
discussed and it is shown that an effective integrity assessment
needs advanced computational methods. For this purpose, soft computing methods have shown to be very useful. In particular, in this work the neural networks model is chosen and successfully improved by applying the Bayesian inference at four hierarchical levels: for training, optimization of the regularization terms, databased model selection, and evaluation of the relative importance of different inputs. In the second part of the article,
Bayesian neural networks are used to formulate a
multilevel strategy for the monitoring of the integrity of long span bridges subjected to environmental actions: in a first level the occurrence of damage is detected; in a following level the specific damaged element is recognized and the intensity of damage is quantified.
From Awareness to Action Accounting for InfrastructureInterJeanmarieColbert3
From Awareness to Action: Accounting for Infrastructure
Interdependencies in Disaster Response and
Recovery Planning
Anu Narayanan1 , Melissa Finucane1, Joie Acosta1, and Amanda Wicker1
1RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA
Abstract This paper highlights challenges and open questions pertaining to physical and social
infrastructure system interdependencies and their implications for disaster response, recovery, and
resilience planning efforts. We describe the importance of understanding interdependencies in disaster
contexts and highlight limitations to existing approaches. Suggestions for understanding and addressing
interdependencies focus on increasing availability of tools for assessing interdependencies and increasing
stakeholder and decisionmaker uptake of infrastructure interdependency‐related information in planning
efforts.
Plain Language Summary Interdependent physical and social systems offer enormous benefits
for daily life because they produce and distribute essential goods and services that are necessary for health,
safety, and economic well‐being. For instance, the power grid is required for effective functioning of
information systems and cell phones, which underpin effective functioning of hospitals, water and sewer
systems, traffic lights, and home appliances. In return, communications and information technology is
required for effective functioning of the power grid, especially to meet the concurrent demands for reliable
energy supply, protection, and automation. In this paper, we describe how failure in interdependent
systems can be catastrophic and lead to death and prolonged human suffering. We examine difficulties in
linking failures in interdependent systems to measurable social impacts including: limited availability of
data and models, disciplinary silos that might stand in the way of different stakeholders, practitioners, and
experts working together on this inherently cross‐disciplinary problem, and diversity in infrastructure
systems, disruptive events, and communities. We suggest that awareness of the vulnerabilities in
interdependent infrastructure systems needs to be coupled with coordinated action and collaboration among
government agencies, communities, and industries.
1. Introduction
Some of the worst disasters in recent memory are the outcomes of low‐probability, high‐consequence events
that have brought with them failures of interdependent infrastructure systems (Alexander, 2018). By “infra-
structure,” we mean not just physical assets (e.g., the power grid, water and wastewater systems, and telecom-
munications networks) but also social systems that play a key role in human health, safety, and well‐being
(e.g., government functions, educational programs, parks, and recreation systems). Interdependent infra-
structure systems are susceptible to a wide array of shocks (typically abrupt) and stressors (typically slow,
with cumulative effects). In addition to natural disasters, shocks can also include ...
An overarching process to evaluate risks associated with infrastructure netwo...Infra Risk
International Conference Analysis and Management of Changing Risks for Natural Hazards. November 18-19, 2014, Padua, Italy.
‘An overarching process to evaluate risks associated with infrastructure networks due to natural hazards’ (extended abstract)
Hackl, J., Adey, B.T., Heitzler, M., Iosifescu, I., Hurni, L.
This document presents a Systems Engineering Vision for the year 2035. It aims to inspire and guide the future of systems engineering across diverse stakeholders. The vision sees systems engineering evolving to address increasing complexity, uncertainty, and demands for systems that are capable, dependable, sustainable and socially acceptable. Key aspects of the envisioned future include model-based systems engineering practices enabled by digital tools and environments, reuse of engineering assets through product lines and patterns, and a workforce with skills in both technical and soft domains supported by continuous learning. Realizing this vision will require collaboration across industries, academia and governments to meet identified challenges and implement roadmaps for research, practices, applications, tools and workforce competencies.
Evaluating Platforms for Community Sensemaking: Using the Case of the Kenyan ...COMRADES project
This document describes a study that evaluated how platforms can support community sensemaking during disruptive events. The researchers conducted a scenario-based evaluation using data from Kenya's 2017 elections. Twelve students participated in the evaluation. They were given the task of mapping reports of voting incidents and irregularities from Kenya's Uchaguzi platform to assess the validity of the elections and support security forces. The goal was to examine how such a platform could aid non-mandated responders' situational understanding. Data was collected on the participants' sensemaking process to identify requirements for resilience platforms and inform future research.
Sustainable transportation indicators are measurement tools that can help assess how sustainable infrastructure projects are. Some key indicators relate to the economic, environmental, social, and technical dimensions of sustainability. For the economic dimension, common indicators include impact on the economy, willingness to pay, affordability, costs, and financial factors. Environmental indicators may track pollution, waste generation, ecological impacts, and climate emissions. Social indicators can include employment, health, safety, public participation, and cultural heritage. Technical indicators assess performance, reliability, durability, flexibility, resilience, and vulnerability of the transportation system. Sustainable indicators aim to simplify complex sustainability assessments and support decision-making around transportation planning and projects.
This document discusses the development of autonomous systems and the importance of architecture in their design and implementation. It reviews how automation systems have evolved over time and highlights three key aspects for building autonomous system architectures: extensibility, evolvability, and collaborability. The document then presents an architecture for an autonomous waterborne transportation system composed of four layers - object, cyberspace, cognition, and application - designed according to these principles to allow the system to autonomously complete functions like control and transportation services.
This document discusses resilience and vulnerability in smart urban systems from two perspectives: spatial economics and transport. It provides background on definitions of smart cities and outlines research questions around whether smart cities can evolve in complex and resilient ways. Key points covered include different definitions of resilience from engineering and ecological perspectives, the use of complex network and dynamic models to study resilience, and different interpretations of resilience in spatial economic studies.
Structural integrity monitoring for dependabilityFranco Bontempi
Dependability of a structural system is a comprehensive concept that – by definition – describes the quality of the system as its ability to perform as expected in a way that can justifiably be trusted. One of the attributes of dependability is integrity, which can be interpreted as the absence of improper alterations of the structural configuration. The assessment of the integrity during the whole life-cycle can be carried out efficiently by implementing a monitoring system able to detect and diagnose any fault at its onset. The essential feature of the monitoring system dealt with in the paper is the elaboration of data gathered on site by a combination of simulation and heuristics. In detail, the first part of the paper deals with the extension of the concept of dependability, as formulated in computer science, to structural engineering. The second part illustrates a two-step hierarchical strategy for the assessment of the integrity of a structure through monitoring of its response under ambient vibrations; Bayesian neural network models are used for fault detection and diagnosis from observable symptoms. In the first step, the occurrence of any fault is detected and the relevant portion of the structure identified; in the second step the specific element affected by the fault is recognised and the intensity of the alteration of the structural performance
evaluated. The strategy is applied to assess the integrity of a long-span suspension bridge subjected to wind action and traffic loading. As the bridge is under design, measured data are simulated by analysing the response of a detailed FE model of the whole structural system. The final objective of the study is the optimal design of the integrity monitoring system for the bridge.
This document discusses how blockchain-based tokenization can be used to finance infrastructure projects. It analyzes an example of an energy asset security token offering and finds that tokenization can improve infrastructure asset liquidity, transaction efficiency, and transparency. However, the potential of tokenization has not been fully realized due to limited technical infrastructure, regulation uncertainties, token market volatility, and lack of public sector involvement. The document contributes to understanding how blockchain can be implemented in infrastructure finance and the role of tokenization in public-private partnerships and project finance structures.
In recent years more and more demanding structures are designed, built and operated
to satisfy the increasing needs of the Society. This kind of structures can be denoted
as complex ones. Among large constructions arrangements, Offshore Wind Turbines
(OWT) are definitely complex structural systems, being this complexity related to
different aspects such as hard nonlinearities, wide uncertainties and strong
interactions, either among the single parts or between the whole structure and the
design environment.
On the whole, the quality of a complex system is denoted by the idea of
dependability, while for a structure the performances are connected to the property of
structural integrity, considered as the completeness and consistency of the structural
configuration. Even if these concepts have been originally developed, respectively, in
computer science and for aerospace applications they can be applied to other high
performance systems as OWT.
The present paper will show some specific aspects of the modern approach
for the design and the analysis of complex structural systems. In the first part of the
paper, the general aspects are recalled like the System Engineering approach and the
Performance-based Design. Attention is devoted to some important aspects, such as
the structure breakdown and the safety and performance allocations. In the second
part of the paper, a basic application of the concepts introduced is presented.
This document summarizes a study assessing the cyber risk to transportation industrial control systems. The study involved auditing a bridge tunnel control system to understand vulnerabilities. Researchers modeled a "Stuxnet-style" cyber attack scenario involving infecting the control system with malware via USB drive. They developed an event tree to estimate the likelihood of such an attack succeeding. They then simulated the attack's effects in a transportation model to analyze regional impact. The study helped raise awareness of cyber risks with operators and leaders. More such assessments are needed to further understanding of vulnerabilities.
This document presents a framework for Performance-Based Hurricane Engineering (PBHE) that accounts for the multi-hazard nature of hurricanes. The framework disaggregates risk assessment into components including hazard analysis, structural characterization, environment-structure interaction analysis, structural analysis, damage analysis, and loss analysis. It considers the separate and interacting effects of hurricane wind, flood, windborne debris, and rainfall hazards. The framework characterizes uncertainties from the environment, structural system, and their interaction. It provides a basis for probabilistic risk assessment and design of structures subjected to multi-hazard hurricane scenarios.
The conventional use of technology at an administrative level constitutes much more than its usage as
an engineered object. Factual evidence of this was established through a study conducted at LSE, to
analyze how the ultimate outcome of technology in practice is largely determined by the interactions
that technology has with its users coming from different institutionalized environments. To do so, the
popular technical deterministic approach is extended, by adopting a socio-political lens aimed at
understanding “technology in practice”. The social constructivist and the structurational stance, put
together, highlight the delicate intricacies that take place during the recursive interaction between the
user and technology, which shapes technology into a socially politicized object.
Assessing the resilience of a city in relation to its healthy urban systems: ...Dr.Hayam alsa'atee
This research investigates the relationship between city resilience and its urban
systems. The study determines the efficiency of a healthy urban system as one of a main
characteristic in achieving a compatible resilient city. Most of the current studies are theoretical
and suggest pathways and procedures that are beyond virtual practices. Healthy urban systems
are suggested to link human well-being with the effectiveness of the city infra-structure and
municipal services.
Dynamic IT Values and Relationships: A Sociomaterial PerspectiveLeon Dohmen
Management scholars are criticized for ignorance and the wrong approach when studying the impact of technology in organizational life. Impact of technology in this paper is interpreted as IT values created or achieved from equivalent and contingent interaction between human (people) and non-human agents (technology, organization). Researchers and theorists propose to include a sociomaterial perspective and to develop general and broader, empirical based patterns across different contexts. Based on a literature review containing publications of theoretical considerations and empirical research this paper introduces a first general and sociomaterial based overview and taxonomy of IT values and their relations. IT values have a techno-economic or socio-techno orientation, are dynamically entangled and competitive, and complementary or overlapping. IT values are related to time, sponsor and, hierarchy. The identified IT values are ordered into a framework which has to be treated as a starting point to discuss further the definition, dynamics and relations of IT values from a sociomaterial perspective.
1) The document describes RISE, a method for designing resilient infrastructures and structures against emergencies.
2) RISE models urban areas and infrastructures as networks of nodes (buildings and facilities) connected by links (roads, pipelines).
3) The method evaluates resilience at multiple scales - from individual nodes and links to the entire network - by analyzing how disruptions like earthquakes or fires impact services and integrity over time.
Causal models for the forensic investigation of structural failuresFranco Bontempi
This document discusses causal models for investigating structural failures. It begins by introducing the concepts of structural complexity and the Swiss Cheese Model for how failures develop. Structural complexity increases with nonlinearities, interactions between parts, and uncertainties. The Swiss Cheese Model represents failures as developing through layers with imperfections that align to cause failure. The document then discusses operational tools for investigation, including breakdown of problems into sub-problems and timeline analysis. It provides an example timeline of a demolition/reconstruction project that collapsed and how breakdown and timeline analysis can be used to identify responsibility.
Similar to Gheorghe and Katina (2014) Editorial (20)
2. 194 A.V. Gheorghe and P.F. Katina
obsolescence, and decreasing capacity to serve future population, continue to persist
(USCBO, 1983; Vaughan and Pollard, 1984). Remarkably, issues confronted in the
21st century – enabling, maintaining, and sustaining public well-being through protection
of infrastructures, continue to challenge policy-makers, infrastructure operators, and
scientists alike (Clinton, 1996; Gheorghe, 2006; Thissen and Herder, 2003). Moreover,
overtime, new threats have emerged from a changing landscape of rapid technological
and institutional changes, increasing complexity steaming from trans-national
interdependencies, and increasing concerns of a more sustainable society that can meet
demand for quality services. These concerns form a nexus of challenges for research in
the domain of critical infrastructures.
The domain of critical infrastructures, at a very basic level, addresses elements of
assessment, remediation, indications and warnings, mitigation, response, and
reconstruction pertaining to hazards, risks, and threats from natural and manmade events
affecting public well-being – public safety, economic vitality, and security. The
frequency of occurrences and increasing loss of lives and property associated with natural
and man-made events leads us to question effectiveness and applicability of traditional
scientific methods. In this special issue, we contribute to a wider body of knowledge
calling for a (re)thinking of critical infrastructures and suggesting viewing infrastructures
as interconnected complex systems. In this paper, basic concepts of dependency and
interdependency, resiliency, and risk governance take precedence (Katina and Hester,
2013).
Infrastructure dependency connotes a reliance on services and products of a given
infrastructure system. This concept addresses how much an infrastructure is a part of
people’s daily lives, and thus, critical to people’s well-being. A review of literature
reveals that economic performance, infrastructure effects, criticality, community
awareness, importance, satisfaction, critical quality, scope, magnitude of failure, system
user impact, political relevancy, and cost to repair provides important measures for
infrastructure dependency (Katina and Hester, 2013).
Critical infrastructures do not operate in isolation. They exhibit interconnectedness
behaviour such that the output of a given infrastructure is contingent on input from other
interconnected infrastructures. This suggests that the goal of maintaining and sustaining
public well-being depends on inputs and outputs from multiple interconnected
infrastructures. Thus, to sufficiently address issues in this domain, an analysts needs to
understand interdependencies among infrastructure systems. This is especially critical
since a seemingly isolated event (i.e., a failure) could have the ability to cascade and
cause major failures far beyond its point of origin (Weil and Apostolakis, 2001; Kröger
and Zio, 2011).
The nature of infrastructure dependency and interdependency suggests that we have
to (re)formulate risk. Traditionally, we have defined risk in terms of probability of
occurrence of an event and its consequences (ASCE, 2009). However, risk governance
for interdependent infrastructure systems must also consider elements beyond system of
interest. Katina and Hester (2013) suggest infrastructure vulnerability, likelihood of
failure, threat, exclusivity, environmental factors, frequency, intent, physical property
damage, safety, and fragility as variables for quantifying risk in infrastructure systems.
Natural systems have an intrinsic ability and tendency to bounce back after an event
(e.g., a failure, an attack). This tendency is what Martin-Breen and Anderies (2011, p.7)
refer to as resilience and define it as “the ability to withstand, recover from, and
reorganize in response to crises”. Our question becomes, could this be said of man-made
3. Editorial 195
infrastructure systems? Disruptions ranging from uncertainty of natural (e.g., hurricanes)
to man-made (e.g., terrorism) events, suggest that policy-makers, infrastructure operators,
and scientists must address infrastructures in terms of resiliency to known and unknown
risk-events. To mimic natural systems, infrastructure systems must be designed with the
capability for quick recovery and survive despite the 21st century ‘wicked’ landscape of
terrorism and global warming (Martin-Breen and Anderies, 2011). Important measures
for infrastructure resiliency include system defensive characteristics (e.g., deterrence,
detection, delay, response, time to recovery; system defensive properties (e.g., physical
barriers), maintenance capability to resist attacks; susceptibility, adaptive capacity, time
to repair, availability of warning systems, and critical time (Katina and Hester, 2013;
Martin-Breen and Anderies, 2011).
Meeting the grand challenge of ensuing public well-being in the domain of critical
infrastructure largely depends on:
1 viewing the world at the metasystem level
2 addressing the high degree of social-technical complexity.
A metasystem provides a view of a higher logical order than any constituent system. The
nature of infrastructure dependency coupled with interdependencies and the associated
risks, suggests a need for holistic view that must draw on variety of fields to support the
“analysis and decision-making regarding the Metasystem” [Gheorghe and Masera,
(2014), p.3]. This is in the opposition to viewing infrastructures closed and isolated
systems. When we engage in research at the metasystem level of critical infrastructures,
we draw upon knowledge on a variety theories, assumptions, models, and methods that
enable conceptualising, design, development, operation, transformation, and maintenance
of interdependent complex systems – or rather as Gheorghe and Masara (2014) posit,
infranomics. Under this paradigm, the analysis is not limited to technical elements of
system of interest; rather, the analyst must address internal as well as external technical
and social elements beyond any one system of interest (Hughes, 1998).
Ultimately, the domain of critical infrastructure deals with engineering systems – “a
class of systems characterized by a high degree of technical complexity, social intricacy,
and elaborate processes, aimed at fulfilling important functions in society” [De Weck
et al., (2011), p.31]. Critical infrastructures are made of parts (elements) that serve a
particular function – perhaps via a series of processes – in the society and thus meet a
basic characterisation of ‘system’ (Gibson et al., 2007). Moreover, engineering systems
are characterised by existing in the real world, artificiality, dynamic, hybrid state, and
involvement of human control (De Weck et al., 2011). Table 1 is drawn to elaborate on
implications of engineering systems for the critical infrastructure domain.
Clearly, the domain of critical infrastructures deals with engineering systems.
However, the dwindling applicability of ‘old’ methods and tools cannot be expected
to address increasing 21st century concerns. There is need to (re)think such issues
as infrastructure protection, deterioration, assessment, remediation, indications and
warnings, mitigation, response, and reconstruction. Again, drawing on current societal
changes, it is increasingly clear that we must continuously evolve our views on basic
concepts of maintain and sustaining public well-being by combining policy, technology,
and science. This special issue presents an initial outlook of recent development
emphasising theory and practice of resiliency in engineering systems. In all, the ten
articles contribute to our contemporary understanding of how resiliency might be used to
4. 196 A.V. Gheorghe and P.F. Katina
address different systems in the domain of critical engineering systems within the
purview of natural and
man-made events.
Table 1 Relating engineering systems to critical infrastructures
Characteristic of
engineering systems
Description of characteristic
Implication for critical
infrastructures
Exists in the real
world
Engineering systems always
have some physical reality
among their components
(De Weck et al., 2011).
Critical infrastructures include
physical systems (e.g., highways
and hospitals) as well as virtual
systems (e.g., supervisory control
and data acquisition, SCADA).
Virtual systems cannot exists
without physical components (e.g.,
routers and servers).
Artificiality Engineering systems exists by
virtue of some human
intervention. A deliberate
process that involves human
design and implementation is
required (De Weck et al.,
2011).
As modern society evolves, creating
new social changes (e.g., demand
for quality goods and services);
human interventions (e.g., policing
and management) provide means to
meeting contemporary challenges in
the domain.
Dynamical The state and configuration of
engineering systems including
properties, elements, and
interrelationships are always
fluid and changing with time
(De Weck et al., 2011).
Critical infrastructures operate in a
changing environmental flux and
evolve to accommodate shifting
needs of the public – largely
influenced by evolving research,
technology, social, and policy
changes.
Hybrid state Engineering systems operate
at a mixture of states such that
some states are continuous
(e.g., water levels at a dam for
electricity generation) while
other are discrete (e.g., on/off
power network) (De Weck
et al., 2011).
Not only must critical
infrastructures operate in a mixture
of hybrid states – continuous and
discrete, they also exists in a failure
mode state and must be restored as
part of their resiliency capability.
Some human control Engineering systems always
require human involvement
such as designers, operators,
or policy-makers (De Weck
et al., 2011).
Infrastructure owners, operators,
consumers, and policy-makers play
a major role the socio-technical
operations as well as performance of
infrastructures.
2 The contents of the special issue
The first paper, by Yannick Hémond and Benoît Robert, focuses on resilience
assessment. Rather than seeing assessment as a one-and-done activity, resilience
assessment is presented as a dynamic continuous process that increases one’s ability to
management infrastructure within a changing environment. Authors provide a set of
measures that can be used for assessment for the infrastructure resiliency. The promising
5. Editorial 197
theoretical methodology has ability to assess resilience – ranging from a firm to a
regional scale.
The second paper is written by Eric Vugrin, Mark Turnquist, and Nathanael Brown
focuses on enhancing resilience in transportation systems. In this paper, the authors draw
on the traditional concept of resilience – physical protection and asset hardening to
include ability to withstand and rapidly recover from disruptions. Specifically, the
authors use a project-oriented perspective to propose a general optimisation methodology
that considers sequencing a set of repair tasks that must be undertaken to enhance
recovery response – a specific component of resilience in a networked transportation
system.
The third paper, by Michael Kalinski, L. Sebastian Bryson, Alex Krumenacher,
Bryan Phillips, Zack Ethington and Benjamin Webster, reviews the current security
landscape for protecting dams as critical infrastructures. The paper focuses on the
enhancing resilience of dams through an integrated approach of detection and
surveillance technologies. Authors suggest that resilience of dams is intrinsically related
to detection, deterrence, and defeat systems. Moreover, Kalinski et al. suggest that the
maintaining public well-being is a complexity issue that might require examination of
technology while considering social and political aspects.
The fourth paper, by William Hurst, Madjid Merabti, and Paul Fergus, is a
continuation of previous research promoting critical infrastructure security through use of
behavioural observation for critical infrastructure security support (BOCISS). Using a
simulated nuclear power plant to generate datasets based on observable behaviours of
system components (normal and attack mode), authors suggest that it is possible to
enhance plant security.
The fifth paper, by Antonio Di Pietro and Stefano Panzieri, focuses on securing
SCADA systems. This paper describes a reference model for a SCADA security testbed
and its constituent elements. The model can be used in the virtual control system
environment for the purpose of testing security standards aimed at prevent and reducing
impact of cyber-attacks on physical processes of critical infrastructures.
In the sixth paper, Hosny Abbas suggests a range of challenges associated with
SCADA systems. To meet the articulated challenges, Abbas suggest use of multi-agent
systems to (re)think software engineering and architecture design. A first generation
methodology supporting multi-agent systems design is provided along with possible
applications in critical industrial systems.
Toshiyuki Yasui, Seiko Shirasaka, and Takashi Maeno’s paper reminds us of the
value of incorporating values of the general public in developing policy aimed at
elevating social concerns related to engineering systems. Using a case of Fukushima,
Japan, the authors propose a participatory and collaborative systems analysis model for
public policy design. The model is then implemented to (re)discover problems and
potential intervention points.
The work of Boris Petrenj and Paolo Trucco proposes a simulation-based approach to
enhance resilience in critical infrastructures. While suggesting that the concept of
resilience might be modified based on system of interest, they offer new measures for
resilience and apply their approach to transportation infrastructure in the Milan
metropolitan area.
The ninth paper, by Berna Eren Tokgoz and Adrian Gheorghe, explores ‘probabilistic
resilience of structures’ that are exposed to natural elements. The authors develop and
6. 198 A.V. Gheorghe and P.F. Katina
implement a new methodology for quantification of resilience using probabilistic
resilience measures of structural loss of estimation function, wind speed probability,
recovery function, and loss of use function along with a geographic information
system-based natural hazard loss estimation software package (i.e., HAZUS) to establish
resilience of buildings. The approach might be used to identify the most vulnerable
buildings in a natural disaster-prone area along with facilitating development of
mitigation strategies for vulnerable buildings.
The final paper, by Tanya Le Sage, Hervé Borrion, and Sonia Toubaline, is focused
on constraints of contemporary modelling and simulation of terroristic attacks.
Specifically, the authors develop a user-layered approach that allows multiple
stakeholders to interface with a single modelling environment. The research in this paper
is concerned with modelling different user groups who have different requirements and
addressing means for reducing vulnerability in such an environment.
From this limited set of papers, we can see limitations of current approaches and the
need to expand our view of critical engineered systems by considering environment,
catastrophe planning, and technological innovation.
Acknowledgements
Many thanks to all the people who helped us in making this special issue possible. First,
we would like to acknowledge the help of our reviewers whose help transformed these
papers and tremendously improved the quality of the papers. We would also like to
extend our appreciation to Miss Liz Harris whose assistance and persistence provided
encouragement for completion of this special issue. Finally, our thanks to the authors
who were willing to transform their manuscripts in a moment’s notice!
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