Romania’s current tuberculosis (TB) problems illustrate the consequence of what happens when the challenges of such a disease are, for many years, met with lethargy rather than action. The country currently has about 1/4 of all TB cases in the EU and European Economic Area, even though it has just under 4% of the area’s total population. What are the main barriers to addressing TB in Romania? To what extent are there opportunities for change?
Poster presentation at the AIDS 2018 conference in Amsterdam.
By: Marieke J. van der Werf and Csaba Ködmön, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, ECDC.
Presentation delivered by Dr Zsuzsanna Jakab, WHO Regional Director for Europe, at the School of Public Health Management (Chisinau, Republic of Moldova, 24 November 2016)
Presentation delivered by Dr Zsuzsanna Jakab, WHO Regional Director for Europe, at the Advanced Training and Conference on Health Economics (24 June 2015, Budapest, Hungary)
Epidemiology of Tuberculosis (TB) in Albania 1998-2009iosrphr_editor
Abstract : In Albania, many people erroneously think that tuberculosis (TB) is a disease of the past-an illness
that no longer constitutes a public health threat. Surveillance is an integral part of tuberculosis (TB) control.
Albania has a highTB notification rate and there are doubts about underreporting. The evolution of the
incidence of tuberculosis is presented, together with more detailed figures over the period 1998-2009. These
figures were obtained by the monthly forms (called 14/Sh) compared with the individual notification data.
Objective: To examine the distribution and sources of increased tuberculosis (TB) morbidity and reporting
system deficiencies in the Albania from 1998 through 2009. Metodology: The study is descriptive one conductet
during the period 1998-2009. The statistical analysis is based on data reported from regional level (regional
epidemiological departments) to the central level (Public Health Institute). Results: The main findings were:
discordance between the collected data (individual form) and reported data (monthly form); tuberculosis
incidence rate shows little oscillations which ranges from 6.67 to 9.2 cases/100.000 population; 50% of the
regions show a lack of information on the confirmation of diagnosis and laboratory examination type used for
confirmation. Conclusion: TB disease in high-risk populations where it is difficult to detect, diagnose, and treat;
limitations of current control measures and the need for new tests and treatments, including an effective
vaccine; improving information system, regulation of individual form and personnel training.
This document summarizes recent measles outbreaks and epidemiology in Europe. It finds that measles remains endemic in 6 EU countries and that vaccination coverage for the first and second dose of the MMR vaccine remains below 95% in over half of reporting countries. Outbreaks in 2017 have already exceeded case numbers for all of 2016 in some countries. The majority of recent cases are in unvaccinated individuals, especially children ages 1-4 who are the target group for routine vaccination. Several outbreaks have also affected healthcare workers. Actions are needed to strengthen routine childhood vaccination and increase vaccination rates to eliminate measles transmission.
Health 2020 is a new European policy framework for health and well-being adopted by the WHO Regional Committee for Europe in 2012. It aims to significantly improve population health and well-being, reduce health inequities, and ensure sustainable health systems. Health 2020 recognizes that health challenges require involvement across all levels of government and society. It provides an adaptable framework for integrated interventions to address major health issues like noncommunicable and communicable diseases.
This document discusses emerging infectious diseases and antimicrobial resistance as key issues for health governance in Europe. It provides information on progress made in several areas:
1) Establishing a WHO European action plan to address antimicrobial resistance that has been adopted by all 53 member states.
2) Expanding infectious disease surveillance networks to cover all member states.
3) Collecting region-wide data on antimicrobial use and consumption to support action by countries.
4) Adopting strategies in the European action plan for HIV/AIDS from 2012-2015 to reduce vulnerability and optimize prevention and treatment outcomes.
Poster presentation at the AIDS 2018 conference in Amsterdam.
By: Marieke J. van der Werf and Csaba Ködmön, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, ECDC.
Presentation delivered by Dr Zsuzsanna Jakab, WHO Regional Director for Europe, at the School of Public Health Management (Chisinau, Republic of Moldova, 24 November 2016)
Presentation delivered by Dr Zsuzsanna Jakab, WHO Regional Director for Europe, at the Advanced Training and Conference on Health Economics (24 June 2015, Budapest, Hungary)
Epidemiology of Tuberculosis (TB) in Albania 1998-2009iosrphr_editor
Abstract : In Albania, many people erroneously think that tuberculosis (TB) is a disease of the past-an illness
that no longer constitutes a public health threat. Surveillance is an integral part of tuberculosis (TB) control.
Albania has a highTB notification rate and there are doubts about underreporting. The evolution of the
incidence of tuberculosis is presented, together with more detailed figures over the period 1998-2009. These
figures were obtained by the monthly forms (called 14/Sh) compared with the individual notification data.
Objective: To examine the distribution and sources of increased tuberculosis (TB) morbidity and reporting
system deficiencies in the Albania from 1998 through 2009. Metodology: The study is descriptive one conductet
during the period 1998-2009. The statistical analysis is based on data reported from regional level (regional
epidemiological departments) to the central level (Public Health Institute). Results: The main findings were:
discordance between the collected data (individual form) and reported data (monthly form); tuberculosis
incidence rate shows little oscillations which ranges from 6.67 to 9.2 cases/100.000 population; 50% of the
regions show a lack of information on the confirmation of diagnosis and laboratory examination type used for
confirmation. Conclusion: TB disease in high-risk populations where it is difficult to detect, diagnose, and treat;
limitations of current control measures and the need for new tests and treatments, including an effective
vaccine; improving information system, regulation of individual form and personnel training.
This document summarizes recent measles outbreaks and epidemiology in Europe. It finds that measles remains endemic in 6 EU countries and that vaccination coverage for the first and second dose of the MMR vaccine remains below 95% in over half of reporting countries. Outbreaks in 2017 have already exceeded case numbers for all of 2016 in some countries. The majority of recent cases are in unvaccinated individuals, especially children ages 1-4 who are the target group for routine vaccination. Several outbreaks have also affected healthcare workers. Actions are needed to strengthen routine childhood vaccination and increase vaccination rates to eliminate measles transmission.
Health 2020 is a new European policy framework for health and well-being adopted by the WHO Regional Committee for Europe in 2012. It aims to significantly improve population health and well-being, reduce health inequities, and ensure sustainable health systems. Health 2020 recognizes that health challenges require involvement across all levels of government and society. It provides an adaptable framework for integrated interventions to address major health issues like noncommunicable and communicable diseases.
This document discusses emerging infectious diseases and antimicrobial resistance as key issues for health governance in Europe. It provides information on progress made in several areas:
1) Establishing a WHO European action plan to address antimicrobial resistance that has been adopted by all 53 member states.
2) Expanding infectious disease surveillance networks to cover all member states.
3) Collecting region-wide data on antimicrobial use and consumption to support action by countries.
4) Adopting strategies in the European action plan for HIV/AIDS from 2012-2015 to reduce vulnerability and optimize prevention and treatment outcomes.
ECDC poster at the 16th European AIDS Conference, 2017, Milan.
Authors: Lara Tavoschi, Joana Gomes-Dias, Anastasia Pharris, the EU/EEA HIV Surveillance Network
This presentation is part of the report presented by the WHO Regional Director Zsuzsanna Jakab at the 63rd session of the WHO Regional Committee for Europe in Çeşme Izmir, Turkey, on 16 September 2013.
Presentation delivered by Dr Zsuzsanna Jakab, WHO Regional Director for Europe (Positioning the Veneto Region at the core of global and European health policies, 3-4 December 2015, Scuola San Giovanni Evangelista, Venice, Italy)
Improving Type 2 Diabetes Therapy Adherence and Persistence in GermanyTim Borgas
Part of a 6 paper series on how to address avoidable economic and societal burden of T2D in Germany, the UK, the US, Mexico, Brazil and Saudi Arabia. Published by the IMS Institute under: http://www.imshealth.com/en/thought-leadership/ims-institute/reports/diabetes-series
Contemporary health policy context in Europe: some opportunities and challenges
Presentation by Dr Zsuzsanna Jakab, WHO Regional Director for Europe. 8 March 2017, Israel
The document summarizes WHO Regional Office for Europe’s programs and actions for public health. It discusses increasing life expectancy in the region from 75 to 82 years on average but notes inequities persist. It also outlines priority areas for action like investing in health promotion, tackling noncommunicable diseases, and strengthening health systems and emergency preparedness. Specific country programs are highlighted in areas like reducing tobacco use, eliminating measles and rubella, and improving migrant health.
An overview on how European countries have been responding to the HIV epidemic since 2004 based on the commitments as outlined in the Dublin Declaration on Partnership to Fight HIV/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia.
Presentation delivered by Dr Zsuzsanna Jakab, WHO Regional Director for Europe, at the 21st Congress of the European Association of Dental Public Health (1 October 2016 Budapest)
The document discusses the growing burden of allergies in Europe, with over 150 million EU citizens suffering from chronic allergic diseases. Allergies negatively impact quality of life and productivity, resulting in over 100 million lost work and school days annually. The European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology calls for concerted policy actions across public health, research, and medical education to help address this public health crisis, including establishing allergy prevention programs, supporting research, recognizing allergology as a medical specialty, and improving allergy training for primary care physicians.
The United States has been actively researching Western medicine and disease prevention. Influenza is a common viral infection that it is widely known can be fatal. Nonetheless, complacency has become common. Not all workplaces and community training centers outside medical facilities properly train employees on the hazards associated with contracting influenza. However, standard training procedures and a wide variety of resources are used to disseminate awareness of seasonal influenza (flu). The United States Centers for Disease Control (CDC) publish morbidity and mortality rates and alert the public to any pandemics. Its estimates of influenza cases are delivered in three age categories: <19 years, 19–64 years, and ≥65 years (CDC, 2010). This study aims to incorporate prevention methods that have not been used to help protect American workers.
The document outlines an action plan for the health sector response to HIV in Europe with the vision of ending the AIDS epidemic as a public health threat by 2030. It identifies five strategic directions: (1) using data to guide focused services, (2) prioritizing prevention and treatment interventions, (3) delivering equitable services based on human rights, (4) financing a sustainable response, and (5) stimulating innovation. Fast-track actions are outlined under each strategic direction to strengthen coordination, expand testing and treatment, eliminate transmission, and transition to domestic financing. The draft resolution calls on countries to review strategies, strengthen prevention, ensure commitment and financing, and monitor implementation of the plan.
This document provides a summary of the work of the WHO Regional Office for Europe. It discusses progress made in several areas such as:
1) Declining inequalities in life expectancy across countries in the region.
2) Strengthening of policies by European countries to reduce tobacco and alcohol consumption and increase physical activity.
3) Successful control and prevention programs reducing communicable diseases like tuberculosis, measles, and malaria.
4) Efforts to strengthen health systems, promote universal health coverage, and develop a people-centered approach to healthcare delivery.
5) Work to improve emergency preparedness, surveillance of diseases, and response capacity to health emergencies and public health threats.
Presented at the 66th session of the WHO Regional Committee for Europe by:
Dr Oleg Chestnov, Assistant Director-General, WHO
Dr Jill Farrington, Acting Head, NCD Project Office, Moscow
Dr Gauden Galea, Director, Noncommunicable Diseases and
Promoting Health through the Life-course, WHO/Europe
The document is a report from the OECD and European Commission titled "Health at a Glance: Europe 2014" that was released in December 2014. It provides data and analysis on health status, risk factors, health care resources, quality of care, access to care, and health expenditure in European countries. The report finds that while life expectancy has increased across Europe, gaps remain between countries and education levels. It also examines trends in diseases, health risks, health workforce and capacity, treatment outcomes, financial barriers to care, and spending on health systems.
The document summarizes key challenges in health policy and systems in Europe and Turkmenistan. It discusses Health 2020 goals of improving health and reducing inequities. While premature mortality is decreasing, more can be done to reduce risk factors like smoking. Health inequities between countries have decreased but differences remain large. Turkmenistan has made progress but faces challenges like high out-of-pocket costs. Universal health coverage and primary care strengthening are priorities. Developing Turkmenistan's national health policy provides an opportunity to address challenges through multisectoral collaboration.
This document discusses non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and provides information on their global burden, definitions, surveillance, risk factors, and social and economic implications. It notes that NCDs caused 36 million deaths globally in 2008, with 80% of NCD deaths occurring in low- and middle-income countries. In India specifically, NCDs account for 53% of total deaths and their economic costs are substantial. The four main NCDs are cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory disease, and diabetes. Surveillance of NCDs and their risk factors is important for planning prevention and control programs.
This document summarizes the work of the WHO Regional Office for Europe from 2010 to 2014. It outlines the office's strategic priorities, including improving health systems, addressing noncommunicable and communicable diseases, and strengthening emergency preparedness. Key achievements are highlighted, such as increased life expectancy in Europe, declines in premature mortality from noncommunicable diseases, and higher rates of treatment for HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis. Challenges remaining include health inequities and curbing the HIV epidemic. The report emphasizes multisectoral collaboration and a life-course approach to tackle challenges and promote healthier, more equitable and sustainable societies in Europe.
El documento es un decreto del alcalde de Cazorla (Jaén) que aprueba las listas provisionales de admitidos y excluidos para la Bolsa de Trabajo de Emergencia Social. Se incluyen las listas con los nombres y puntuaciones de los admitidos y los motivos de exclusión de otros. Los excluidos tienen 3 días para presentar reclamaciones o documentación. El decreto también ordena informar de esto al pleno municipal.
ECDC poster at the 16th European AIDS Conference, 2017, Milan.
Authors: Lara Tavoschi, Joana Gomes-Dias, Anastasia Pharris, the EU/EEA HIV Surveillance Network
This presentation is part of the report presented by the WHO Regional Director Zsuzsanna Jakab at the 63rd session of the WHO Regional Committee for Europe in Çeşme Izmir, Turkey, on 16 September 2013.
Presentation delivered by Dr Zsuzsanna Jakab, WHO Regional Director for Europe (Positioning the Veneto Region at the core of global and European health policies, 3-4 December 2015, Scuola San Giovanni Evangelista, Venice, Italy)
Improving Type 2 Diabetes Therapy Adherence and Persistence in GermanyTim Borgas
Part of a 6 paper series on how to address avoidable economic and societal burden of T2D in Germany, the UK, the US, Mexico, Brazil and Saudi Arabia. Published by the IMS Institute under: http://www.imshealth.com/en/thought-leadership/ims-institute/reports/diabetes-series
Contemporary health policy context in Europe: some opportunities and challenges
Presentation by Dr Zsuzsanna Jakab, WHO Regional Director for Europe. 8 March 2017, Israel
The document summarizes WHO Regional Office for Europe’s programs and actions for public health. It discusses increasing life expectancy in the region from 75 to 82 years on average but notes inequities persist. It also outlines priority areas for action like investing in health promotion, tackling noncommunicable diseases, and strengthening health systems and emergency preparedness. Specific country programs are highlighted in areas like reducing tobacco use, eliminating measles and rubella, and improving migrant health.
An overview on how European countries have been responding to the HIV epidemic since 2004 based on the commitments as outlined in the Dublin Declaration on Partnership to Fight HIV/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia.
Presentation delivered by Dr Zsuzsanna Jakab, WHO Regional Director for Europe, at the 21st Congress of the European Association of Dental Public Health (1 October 2016 Budapest)
The document discusses the growing burden of allergies in Europe, with over 150 million EU citizens suffering from chronic allergic diseases. Allergies negatively impact quality of life and productivity, resulting in over 100 million lost work and school days annually. The European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology calls for concerted policy actions across public health, research, and medical education to help address this public health crisis, including establishing allergy prevention programs, supporting research, recognizing allergology as a medical specialty, and improving allergy training for primary care physicians.
The United States has been actively researching Western medicine and disease prevention. Influenza is a common viral infection that it is widely known can be fatal. Nonetheless, complacency has become common. Not all workplaces and community training centers outside medical facilities properly train employees on the hazards associated with contracting influenza. However, standard training procedures and a wide variety of resources are used to disseminate awareness of seasonal influenza (flu). The United States Centers for Disease Control (CDC) publish morbidity and mortality rates and alert the public to any pandemics. Its estimates of influenza cases are delivered in three age categories: <19 years, 19–64 years, and ≥65 years (CDC, 2010). This study aims to incorporate prevention methods that have not been used to help protect American workers.
The document outlines an action plan for the health sector response to HIV in Europe with the vision of ending the AIDS epidemic as a public health threat by 2030. It identifies five strategic directions: (1) using data to guide focused services, (2) prioritizing prevention and treatment interventions, (3) delivering equitable services based on human rights, (4) financing a sustainable response, and (5) stimulating innovation. Fast-track actions are outlined under each strategic direction to strengthen coordination, expand testing and treatment, eliminate transmission, and transition to domestic financing. The draft resolution calls on countries to review strategies, strengthen prevention, ensure commitment and financing, and monitor implementation of the plan.
This document provides a summary of the work of the WHO Regional Office for Europe. It discusses progress made in several areas such as:
1) Declining inequalities in life expectancy across countries in the region.
2) Strengthening of policies by European countries to reduce tobacco and alcohol consumption and increase physical activity.
3) Successful control and prevention programs reducing communicable diseases like tuberculosis, measles, and malaria.
4) Efforts to strengthen health systems, promote universal health coverage, and develop a people-centered approach to healthcare delivery.
5) Work to improve emergency preparedness, surveillance of diseases, and response capacity to health emergencies and public health threats.
Presented at the 66th session of the WHO Regional Committee for Europe by:
Dr Oleg Chestnov, Assistant Director-General, WHO
Dr Jill Farrington, Acting Head, NCD Project Office, Moscow
Dr Gauden Galea, Director, Noncommunicable Diseases and
Promoting Health through the Life-course, WHO/Europe
The document is a report from the OECD and European Commission titled "Health at a Glance: Europe 2014" that was released in December 2014. It provides data and analysis on health status, risk factors, health care resources, quality of care, access to care, and health expenditure in European countries. The report finds that while life expectancy has increased across Europe, gaps remain between countries and education levels. It also examines trends in diseases, health risks, health workforce and capacity, treatment outcomes, financial barriers to care, and spending on health systems.
The document summarizes key challenges in health policy and systems in Europe and Turkmenistan. It discusses Health 2020 goals of improving health and reducing inequities. While premature mortality is decreasing, more can be done to reduce risk factors like smoking. Health inequities between countries have decreased but differences remain large. Turkmenistan has made progress but faces challenges like high out-of-pocket costs. Universal health coverage and primary care strengthening are priorities. Developing Turkmenistan's national health policy provides an opportunity to address challenges through multisectoral collaboration.
This document discusses non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and provides information on their global burden, definitions, surveillance, risk factors, and social and economic implications. It notes that NCDs caused 36 million deaths globally in 2008, with 80% of NCD deaths occurring in low- and middle-income countries. In India specifically, NCDs account for 53% of total deaths and their economic costs are substantial. The four main NCDs are cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory disease, and diabetes. Surveillance of NCDs and their risk factors is important for planning prevention and control programs.
This document summarizes the work of the WHO Regional Office for Europe from 2010 to 2014. It outlines the office's strategic priorities, including improving health systems, addressing noncommunicable and communicable diseases, and strengthening emergency preparedness. Key achievements are highlighted, such as increased life expectancy in Europe, declines in premature mortality from noncommunicable diseases, and higher rates of treatment for HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis. Challenges remaining include health inequities and curbing the HIV epidemic. The report emphasizes multisectoral collaboration and a life-course approach to tackle challenges and promote healthier, more equitable and sustainable societies in Europe.
El documento es un decreto del alcalde de Cazorla (Jaén) que aprueba las listas provisionales de admitidos y excluidos para la Bolsa de Trabajo de Emergencia Social. Se incluyen las listas con los nombres y puntuaciones de los admitidos y los motivos de exclusión de otros. Los excluidos tienen 3 días para presentar reclamaciones o documentación. El decreto también ordena informar de esto al pleno municipal.
Este documento presenta un plan de negocios para la creación de una empresa exportadora de aceite de aguacate con el fin de aprovechar la alta producción de aguacate en Colombia. Se realizó un estudio de mercado para definir el mercado objetivo, se analizó la competencia y se establecieron las estrategias comerciales, de producción, organización, legales y financieras. Adicionalmente, se proyectaron las ventas, costos y rentabilidad del proyecto. El plan demuestra la viabilidad técnica, operativa y financiera
La Red de Energía del Perú busca técnicos electricistas recién egresados para el mantenimiento de líneas de transmisión eléctrica en Chiclayo. Se ofrece capacitación y un salario acorde al mercado. Los interesados deben enviar su currículum a la dirección de correo electrónico indicada.
1. El documento describe diferentes procesos innovadores para vincular el consumo y la producción de alimentos, incluyendo consumidores no asociados, co-productores, y movimientos de consumo responsable.
2. Los co-productores son consumidores que son socios en la producción agrícola a través de cooperativas o asociaciones que compran directamente de los productores de una manera solidaria.
3. Los movimientos de consumo responsable han logrado aprobar leyes de soberanía alimentaria y economía social y solidaria en Ecuador.
Featherstone High School uses data from their student information management system (SIMS) to track student performance at both the individual and group level. They analyze data on sub-levels, predicted grades, exam results, and value-added to identify strengths, weaknesses, and target support. Teachers enter assessment data into marksheets, and administrators generate reports to evaluate progress, set strategic priorities, and inform students and parents.
This document surveys the state of research on wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs). It discusses how low-cost hardware like cameras and microphones has enabled the development of networks that can retrieve multimedia content like video and audio streams. The document outlines several applications of WMSNs, from surveillance to healthcare to environmental monitoring. It also discusses challenges in supporting quality of service for multimedia delivery over resource-constrained wireless sensor networks. Open research issues are explored at different layers of the communication protocol stack as well as opportunities for cross-layer optimization and in-network processing of multimedia content.
Copy Starters: 48+ Ideas for Letter & Email OpenersAct-On Software
This document provides 48 ideas for letter and email openers organized into categories. Some suggested opener types include asking a question to engage the reader, asking for help, establishing rapport, using a single powerful word, extending an invitation, flattering or complimenting the reader, conveying a sense of urgency or news, telling a story, warning or reminding the reader, and using a problem-solution structure. The goal is to craft short, scan-friendly openers that will entice readers to continue reading.
Este documento describe un proyecto ecodidáctico implementado en una escuela en Perú. El proyecto busca utilizar los recursos naturales del área para mejorar el aprendizaje de los estudiantes mediante actividades prácticas. Algunas de las innovaciones incluyen la creación de una guía ecodidáctica, convertir las aulas en centros de interpretación, implementar aulas ecológicas y módulos productivos como la siembra de plantas y cría de animales menores.
El documento describe la situación actual de un espacio vacío en el barrio de La Nueva Izquierda del Ensanche de Barcelona que anteriormente ocupaba el convento de las Hermanitas de los Pobres. Los vecinos reclaman que se construyan equipamientos públicos y se mejore el espacio público del barrio, creando zonas verdes, plazas y espacios para la convivencia vecinal. El proyecto propone intervenir tres áreas para atender las demandas vecinales y mejorar la identidad e imagen del barrio.
The document outlines policies and procedures for students participating in an iPad program at Arab City Schools. It provides details on distributing and returning iPads, caring for the devices, acceptable use policies, and consequences for misuse or damage. The goal of the program is to enhance students' education by providing 24/7 access to learning and teaching 21st century skills through technology integration. Students are responsible for the proper care and use of their loaned iPad and must comply with all rules and agreements related to the program.
Presentación para estudiantes de segundo año de curso webmaster de la Academia Área, en Donostia. EL curso habla sobre metodologías de experiencia de usuario, usabilidad, UX, estrategia, etc.
Se describen algunos de los perfiles que toman parte dentro del diseño web, así como un listado de referencias interesantes para los alumnos.
Este documento presenta la misión, visión y ofrecimientos de una academia de artes marciales. Su misión es difundir las artes marciales para formar integralmente a sus estudiantes, y su visión es ser la academia más estructurada en la región en dos años. Ofrece cuatro opciones de membresía con diferentes beneficios y precios por semestre o año, ahorrando hasta un millón de pesos. También resalta los logros deportivos de la academia y sus estudiantes.
La solicitud es para el registro de la empresa de transporte LOGITRANSPORT S.A.C. en el Registro de Micro y Pequeñas Empresas (REMYPE). La empresa fue establecida en 2011 y solicita el registro en noviembre de 2011. La solicitud incluye información sobre la empresa como su razón social, actividades, dirección, y representante legal Cesar David Bustos Espinoza. También incluye detalles sobre dos empleados de la empresa.
El Programa de Voluntariado Ambiental en la Red de Espacios Naturales de Castilla y León es el reflejo del
compromiso altruista y solidario de la sociedad con la protección del medio ambiente.
Pretende convertirse en marco del fomento y apertura de nuevas fórmulas de participación de los ciudadanos en
acciones de voluntariado que contribuyan al conocimiento, disfrute y puesta en valor de nuestro patrimonio natural,
generando vínculos emocionales y posibilitando actitudes y comportamientos activos, mediante la creación de un tejido
social a favor de la recuperación, la gestión sostenible y la divulgación de los valores de nuestro patrimonio natural.
El estudiante tiene un sueño sobre una sala llena de espejos y una mujer misteriosa. Más tarde, durante un viaje escolar a Inglaterra, descubre una habitación idéntica a la de su sueño. Al investigar, se da cuenta de que la mujer puede comunicarse a través de los espejos y que envejece rápidamente al estar en la habitación, como si estuviera atrapado en un bucle temporal.
Come acquisire link attraverso strategie di PRBizup
La presentazione di Matteo Monari spiega come acquisire link attraverso attività di PR, sottolineando la correlazione tra la SEO e le attività di Public Relations che contribuiscono a rafforzare il posizionamento, l’autorità e il traffico di un sito. Le slide sono state presentate durante l'evento SMX Milan 2013.
1. El documento describe diferentes mecanismos de adaptación, lesión y muerte celular ante estímulos. 2. Incluye mecanismos de adaptación como atrofia, hipertrofia e hiperplasia, así como tipos de daño celular como necrosis y apoptosis. 3. Explica las causas de lesión celular como hipoxia, trauma, agentes químicos, infecciosos y nutricionales.
Los relatos en la web social: Memoria social, opiniones, sentimientos y comun...Iria Puyosa
El documento trata sobre la preservación de la memoria social en la web a través del análisis y archivado de objetos digitales como textos, imágenes, videos y publicaciones en redes sociales. Explica los procesos de análisis textual, de sentimiento y multimedia necesarios para organizar y almacenar esta información de forma accesible a largo plazo. También discute la importancia de mantener los objetos digitales dentro de su contexto y entorno de conexiones originales.
Factors associated adherence to TB treatment in Georgia report (eng)Ina Charkviani
This document summarizes a study on barriers and facilitators to adherence to treatment among drug resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) patients in Georgia. The study identified several key factors that influence patient adherence through in-depth interviews and focus groups with patients, providers, and experts. These factors were grouped into structural, social, personal, and health system categories. The study aims to understand reasons for loss to follow-up and inform recommendations to improve treatment outcomes.
his report will first examine the socioeconomic and political dimensions of tackling TB and then look at policy and progress in the areas of prevention, diagnosis and treatment.
Download Whitepaper
MDR-TB continues to ravage Europe, making it the most affected region globally. Only 50% of MDR-TB patients are detected and half of those successfully treated. This calls for increased access to new TB drugs, faster diagnosis, and patient-centered care as advocated in the new End TB Strategy and European action plan. While TB rates are declining in Europe, nearly 1,000 new cases still occur daily, with high burdens in 18 priority countries where 84% of cases and 90% of deaths occur. MDR rates remain high, underscoring the need for better detection and treatment in Europe.
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB) and the co-infection of TB and HIV. It notes that globally about 15% of new TB cases occur in HIV positive individuals. In the South-East Asia region, countries like India, Myanmar, Nepal and Thailand have high burdens of TB/HIV co-infection. The study aims to assess knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding TB and TB/HIV co-infection in Nepal to establish a baseline and inform policy. It outlines the objectives, research questions, and definitions that will be used in the study.
TB/HIV co-infections have risen sharply across Europe between 2011-2015, threatening progress made in reducing TB cases. While TB deaths and cases have decreased and treatment success has increased for most groups, TB/HIV deaths and cases are rising significantly. Drug-resistant TB also remains a major problem, with over half of cases in Europe being multi-drug resistant and about a quarter being extensively drug resistant. Increased efforts are needed across Europe to curb the rise of TB/HIV and improve diagnosis and treatment of drug resistant TB.
This document provides a summary of the 2009 AIDS epidemic update published by UNAIDS and the WHO. It finds that the number of people living with HIV globally continues to rise and reached 33.4 million in 2008. An estimated 2.7 million new HIV infections and 2 million AIDS-related deaths occurred in 2008. While the epidemic has stabilized in most regions, prevalence continues to rise in Eastern Europe and Central Asia and parts of Asia. Sub-Saharan Africa remains most heavily affected, accounting for 71% of new infections globally in 2008. The report examines trends by region and finds evidence of successes in HIV prevention in some countries.
Impact of pulmonary tuberculosis in hiv patients, retrospective study from ja...Dr Nzasi Deppinair Mundabi
A research done by Dr Mundabi to find out how the impact of TB to HIV patients especially concerning the CD4 for patients on ART and regularly followed up.
Robert Koch discovered the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB) in 1882. TB continues to be a major global health problem, especially in low and middle income countries. TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and can affect the lungs and other parts of the body. It ranges from latent asymptomatic infection to active symptomatic disease which can be life threatening and transmissible. Standard treatment involves several antimicrobial drugs but drug resistance is a major issue. Efforts are ongoing to develop better diagnostics, treatments, vaccines and strategies to end the global TB epidemic.
Effectiveness of tuberculosis screening among a high-risk population: recomme...Георги Календеров
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis most commonly affecting lungs. Due to the low detection, possible drug-resistance and coinfections with other diseases, it remains one of the largest global public health problem. TB is considered as a disease of poverty and health inequalities, often associated with HIV infections.
Iveta Angelova Nikolova, PhD
University of architecture, civil engineering and geodesy, Sofia
The document summarizes the key insights from the Global TB Report by WHO 2016 regarding the epidemiology and risk factors of tuberculosis (TB) worldwide. It reveals that TB remains a major global health threat, with an estimated 10.4 million new cases in 2015. Social determinants like poverty, inequality, and lack of access to healthcare play a significant role in the transmission and prevalence of TB. The co-occurrence of TB and HIV presents a complex challenge due to their synergistic relationship and shared risk factors. Despite significant progress in TB control efforts, challenges remain like the emergence of drug-resistant strains and obstacles hindering effective prevention strategies.
This document compares hepatitis C virus (HCV) epidemiology and prevention efforts in Poland and Switzerland. Some key points:
- HCV prevalence is similar in both countries (around 0.7-0.8%), though genotypes and transmission routes differ. Injection drug use is the main route in Switzerland while medical procedures historically drove transmission in Poland.
- Switzerland detects HCV at a higher rate, with around 6 new diagnoses per 100 estimated undiagnosed cases per year compared to 1 in Poland. Treatment rates also differ, at 4 per 100 estimated active infections in Switzerland and 2 in Poland.
- Mortality and advanced liver disease outcomes are higher in Switzerland currently, though rates in Poland may rise without improved screening and
Robert Koch discovered the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB) in 1882. TB continues to be a major global cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in low and middle income countries. TB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and while primarily a pulmonary pathogen, it can infect any part of the body. Patients are classified as having latent TB infection which is asymptomatic but carries a lifetime risk of progression to active TB disease, or active TB disease which is transmissible and symptomatic. Standard TB treatment involves a multi-drug regimen but drug resistance has become a major problem in many areas.
A single low-cost 2.5mg dose of vitamin D was found to boost the immune system's ability to fight tuberculosis (TB) for at least 6 weeks in a randomized controlled trial. Over 90% of TB patients studied in London hospitals had vitamin D deficiency. While vitamin D supplements were commonly used to treat TB before antibiotics, this is the first study to show that vitamin D supplementation can enhance immunity against mycobacteria that cause TB. A single large dose of vitamin D was found to enhance immunity at low cost and with no safety risks, suggesting vitamin D supplements could significantly impact people most at risk for TB.
This study aimed to provide an updated estimate of the global burden of latent tuberculosis (TB) infection. The researchers constructed trends in annual risk of TB infection for countries from 1934 to 2014, using data from LTBI surveys and estimates of smear-positive TB prevalence. They estimated that in 2014, approximately 1.7 billion people, or 23% of the global population, had a latent TB infection. The regions with the highest prevalence were South-East Asia, Western Pacific, and Africa, accounting for around 80% of cases. An estimated 55.5 million people had a recent infection and were at high risk of developing active TB disease, of which around 11% were isoniazid-resistant. Left unaddressed,
WHO Regional Office for Europe's programmes and actions in Tajikistan.
1) The WHO is working with countries in the European Region, including Tajikistan, to implement their Health 2020 strategy to improve health, reduce inequities, and move towards more sustainable health systems.
2) Key priority areas for Tajikistan include improving child and adolescent health, transforming maternal health, tackling noncommunicable diseases, and combating communicable diseases like tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS.
3) The WHO is providing support to Tajikistan in developing policies and strengthening their health systems to address their major health challenges through a life course approach.
The document discusses tuberculosis (TB) in Europe on World TB Day. It notes that while new TB cases are declining by 5% yearly, efforts need to be strengthened to eliminate TB by 2050. Nearly 1000 new cases still occur daily, and Europe is not on track to halve TB mortality by 2015. Multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant TB remain a major problem, with over half of new cases not being detected or successfully treated. The document calls for putting patients at the center of care, developing new drugs with shorter treatment times, improving diagnostics, and increasing funding to eliminate TB in Europe by 2050.
Similar to Getting serious: Romania and tuberculosis (20)
Decades of economic growth and development along with better governance and nutrition-specific programmes had lifted hundreds of millions of people in Asia out of poverty, as well as starvation and malnutrition. However, due to the uneven development, while a large segment of Asian's population had changed their eating habits to over-nutrition diets and worrying about lifestyle diseases like diabetes, cancer and heart diseases, there are still some countries and regions suffering from lack of nutrition. For example, childhood malnutrition and stunting is still prevalent in South Asia, one Indian survey found that 21% of children suffer wasting, and a further 7.5% of children suffer it severely.
For more details, please visit: https://eiuperspectives.economist.com/sustainability/fixing-asias-food-system/white-paper/food-thought-eating-better?utm_source=OrganicSocial&utm_medium=Slideshare&utm_campaign=Amundi&utm_content=Slideshare_whitepaper
The report examines the opportunities and challenges for digital platforms and services in ASEAN countries. It finds that while countries like Singapore have created an accommodating regulatory environment, other ASEAN nations can provide major opportunities due to their large populations but also present regulatory barriers. Digital platforms can help stimulate economic growth, but data localization policies and unclear privacy rules hinder their potential. Public-private cooperation is seen as key to overcoming issues and maximizing the benefits of digital transformation.
The world’s top 100 asset owners (AOs) represent about US$19trn in assets under management. The largest, and potentially most influential, proportion is in Asia—more than a third of the total. Out of the top 20 largest funds, three out of the first five and nearly half of the total are in Asia.
For more insights, please visit: https://eiuperspectives.economist.com/sustainability/sustainable-and-actionable-study-asset-owner-priorities-esg-investing-asia?utm_source=OrganicSocial&utm_medium=Slideshare&utm_campaign=Amundi&utm_content=Slideshare_whitepaper
Internet connectivity has proven to be one of the most profound enablers of social change and economic growth of our time. Beginning with fixed narrowband internet connections and moving through successive generations of increasingly pervasive and powerful networks, connectivity has come to underpin our working and personal lives, empowering businesses to operate more efficiently and with wider reach. In turn, connectivity has sparked and fuelled countless new industries, products and services that are coming to define our modern age. Connectivity has proven to be a vital ingredient for business success.
This report examines the burden of lung cancer in Latin America and how well countries in the region are addressing the challenge. Its particular focus is on 12 countries in Central and South America, chosen for various factors including size and level of economic development: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay.
In the cyber world, many are attacked but not all are victims. Some organisations emerge stronger. The most cyber-resilient organisations can respond to an incident, fix the vulnerabilities and apply the lessons to strategies for the future. A key element of their resilience is governance, a task that falls to the board of directors.
To learn more about the challenges of governing a cyber-resilient organisation, The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) conducted a global survey, sponsored by Willis Towers Watson, of 452 large-company board members, C-suite executives and directors with responsibility for cyber-resilience.
Among the findings:
-In the past year, a third of the companies surveyed experienced a serious cyber-incident — one that disrupted operations, impaired financials and damaged reputations — and most placed high odds on another one in the next 12 months.
-Many companies lack confidence in their ability to source talent and develop a cyber-savvy workforce.
-Executives cite the size of the financial and reputational risk as the most important reason for board oversight.
Artificial intelligence (AI) will profoundly affect the ways in which businesses and governments engage with consumers and citizens alike. From advances in genetic diagnostics to industrial automation, these widespread changes will have significant economic, social and civic implications. As such, Intelligent Economies explores the transformative potential of AI on markets and societies across the developed and developing worlds.
This report, developed by The Economist Intelligence Unit and sponsored by Microsoft, draws on a survey of more than 400 senior executives working in various industries, including financial services, healthcare and life sciences, manufacturing,
retail and the public sector. Survey respondents operate in eight markets: France, Germany, Mexico, Poland, South Africa, Thailand, the UK and the US.
As businesses generate and manage vast amounts of data, companies have more opportunities to gather data, incorporate insights into business strategy and continuously expand access to data across the organisation. Doing so effectively—leveraging data for strategic objectives—is often easier said
than done, however. This report, Transforming data into action: the business outlook for data governance, explores the business contributions of data governance at organisations globally and across industries, the challenges faced in creating useful data governance policies and the opportunities to improve such programmes.
It wasn’t long ago that a work meeting meant gathering around a table to discuss an agenda. These days you may be using Slack, Hangouts or other digital collaboration platforms that blend messaging with video and allow real-time editing of
documents. Even with these tools, communication at work can still break down, potentially endangering careers, creating stressful work environments and slowing growth.
A survey from The Economist Intelligence Unit and sponsored by Lucidchart reveals some of the perceived causes and effects of these communication breakdowns. The survey, conducted from November 2017 to January 2018, included 403 senior executives, managers and junior staff at US companies divided equally and from companies with annual revenue of less than
US$10m, between US$10m and US$1bn and more than US$1bn. The survey research provides insights about what employees see as the biggest barriers to workplace communication, the causes of the barriers and their impact on work life. Complete survey results are included at the end of
this report.
Successful young entrepreneurial innovators have achieved something akin to rockstar status. They grace magazine covers and keynote global conferences, inspiring burgeoning
start-ups and Fortune 50 companies alike.
Collectively, young entrepreneurs are innovative by nature and their thinking is an important source of growth and job creation across the world. Today, with digital tools in hand, leaders are better positioned to expand their businesses across borders, seize niche opportunities and shape the global economic future.
Yet, most of today’s young entrepreneurs want more than status and a global corporate footprint. Their ideas of success arise from powerful social, political and economic convictions.
To find out what really makes young innovators tick, The Economist Intelligence Unit, sponsored by FedEx, surveyed more than 500 of these young entrepreneurs around the globe about their motivations, ideals and priorities. Our survey respondents were between 25 and 50 years of age and all founders, owners or partners of firms with fewer than 500 employees. They are living in North America, Europe, Middle
East, India and Africa, Asia-Pacific, and Latin America. We surveyed them on matters of globalization, technology and social values.
We then compared their views with a similar survey of the general public in the same regions. Side by side, these surveys enabled us to differentiate the outlooks of today’s young and innovative entrepreneurs.
Our surveys identified four key mindsets that guide young entrepreneurs: leading with passion; thinking globally; embracing social responsibility; and banking on connectivity. This report explores the similarities and divergences of today’s young entrepreneurs and the general public. It seeks insights into the elements of the business environment that matter most to entrepreneurs, as well as their views on a variety of issues including free trade and social responsibility.
Education systems across the world are grappling with the challenge of preparing their students for the rapid changes they will experience during their lifetimes. To this end, schools have a critical role in equipping students with the requisite skills and
competencies that will be in demand, particularly as digital technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) increasingly transform businesses and influence economies. In this report, The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) discusses the results of a study that explores how to best prepare primary and
secondary school (referred to in this report as “K-12”) students for the 21st century workplace (“the modern workplace”), where
a mix of hard and soft skills are crucial for success. The research, sponsored by Google for Education, draws on a survey of 1,200 educators in 16 countries.1 It looks at the
strategies most effective in developing 21st century skills and how technology can support such efforts.
Gone are the days when marketing chiefs focused solely on the classic 4Ps: Product, Price, Promotions and Place - they now must take an integrated approach to drive company goals.
Corporate and shareholder sentiment towards MA has rebounded since the dark days of 2008. Low borrowing costs have coaxed many new buyers, including acquisitive Chinese conglomerates, into the market. The prices of prized assets have risen accordingly. It remains a sellers market in technology-driven deals, particularly in the consumer-goods, financial services, and media and telecommunications sectors.
Corporate treasury is now a top target for cyber-criminals. Treasury’s trove of personal and corporate data, its authority to make payments and move large amounts of cash quickly, and its often complicated structure make it an appealing choice for discerning fraudsters.
This document discusses cyber risks faced by corporate treasury departments. It finds that treasuries are prime targets for cyber criminals due to the large amounts of money they handle and authorize payments for. Sophisticated hackers use social engineering and inside information to execute scams like business email compromise, where they impersonate senior executives and trick treasury staff into making fraudulent payments. While companies are taking basic security measures, the research found gaps in defenses against third party risks. Nineteen percent do not verify identity authentication methods for suppliers and 14% do not extend security rules to subcontractors. Treasury departments can help by ensuring third parties are properly secured despite not being directly responsible for technical security.
In a low-yield environment, many Asia-Pacific investors are more actively monitoring their portfolios and willing to increase turnover and shift asset allocations in search of higher returns. However, they proceed cautiously with shorter time horizons due to fears of increased market volatility. Equities, new products, and diversifying across markets are seen as potential sources of returns and ways to mitigate risks. The survey also found that regulations are driving some investors to reallocate assets and take a more active approach to portfolio management, despite increased risk.
Asia-Pacific institutional investors are struggling to balance long-term liabilities with the need to secure yield in a world where it is increasingly scarce. They are also in the world’s fastest-growing region that has no shortage of volatility. How are they achieving returns while managing risks?
How are institutional investors in North America adapting to increasingly complex risks? Are these risks driving investors to make portfolio changes based on short-term goals or are they making tactical moves to stay focused on long-term objectives?
Political risks and the search for yield are pushing some North American institutional investors toward more tactical decisions. Investors are focused on reallocating to equities and using alternative investments to mitigate risks.
How are EMEA investors responding to changing macroeconomic and regulatory environments, stakeholder objectives and pressures, and market conditions? Based on a survey of 200 institutional investors in the region, this report takes a detailed look.
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2024 Media Preferences of Older Adults: Consumer Survey and Marketing Implica...Media Logic
When it comes to creating marketing strategies that target older adults, it is crucial to have insight into their media habits and preferences. Understanding how older adults consume and use media is key to creating acquisition and retention strategies. We recently conducted our seventh annual survey to gain insight into the media preferences of older adults in 2024. Here are the survey responses and marketing implications that stood out to us.
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Cancer treatment has advanced significantly over the years, offering patients various options tailored to their specific type of cancer and stage of disease. Understanding the different types of cancer treatments can help patients make informed decisions about their care. In this ppt, we have listed most common forms of cancer treatment available today.
Basics of Electrocardiogram
CONTENTS
●Conduction System of the Heart
●What is ECG or EKG?
●ECG Leads
●Normal waves of ECG.
●Dimensions of ECG.
● Abnormalities of ECG
CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF THE HEART
ECG:
●ECG is a graphic record of the electrical activity of the heart.
●Electrical activity precedes the mechanical activity of the heart.
●Electrical activity has two phases:
Depolarization- contraction of muscle
Repolarization- relaxation of muscle
ECG Leads:
●6 Chest leads
●6 Limb leads
1. Bipolar Limb Leads:
Lead 1- Between right arm(-ve) and left arm(+ve)
Lead 2- Between right arm(-ve) and left leg(+ve)
Lead 3- Between left arm(-ve)
and left leg(+ve)
2. Augmented unipolar Limb Leads:
AvR- Right arm
AvL- Left arm
AvF- Left leg
3.Chest Leads:
V1 : Over 4th intercostal
space near right sternal margin
V2: Over 4th intercostal space near left sternal margin
V3:In between V2 and V4
V4:Over left 5th intercostal space on the mid
clavicular line
V5:Over left 5th intercostal space on the anterior
axillary line
V6:Over left 5th intercostal space on the mid
axillary line.
Normal ECG:
Waves of ECG:
P Wave
•P Wave is a positive wave and the first wave in ECG.
•It is also called as atrial complex.
Cause: Atrial depolarisation
Duration: 0.1 sec
QRS Complex:
•QRS’ complex is also called the initial ventricular complex.
•‘Q’ wave is a small negative wave. It is continued as the tall ‘R’ wave, which is a positive wave.
‘R’ wave is followed by a small negative wave, the ‘S’ wave.
Cause:Ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
Duration: 0.08- 0.10 sec
T Wave:
•‘T’ wave is the final ventricular complex and is a positive wave.
Cause:Ventricular repolarization Duration: 0.2 sec
Intervals and Segments of ECG:
P-R Interval:
•‘P-R’ interval is the interval
between the onset of ‘P’wave and onset of ‘Q’ wave.
•‘P-R’ interval cause atrial depolarization and conduction of impulses through AV node.
Duration:0.18 (0.12 to 0.2) sec
Q-T Interval:
•‘Q-T’ interval is the interval between the onset of ‘Q’
wave and the end of ‘T’ wave.
•‘Q-T’ interval indicates the ventricular depolarization
and ventricular repolarization,
i.e. it signifies the
electrical activity in ventricles.
Duration:0.4-0.42sec
S-T Segment:
•‘S-T’ segment is the time interval between the end of ‘S’ wave and the onset of ‘T’ wave.
Duration: 0.08 sec
R-R Interval:
•‘R-R’ interval is the time interval between two consecutive ‘R’ waves.
•It signifies the duration of one cardiac cycle.
Duration: 0.8 sec
Dimension of ECG:
How to find heart rhytm of the heart?
Regular rhytm:
Irregular rhytm:
More than or less than 4
How to find heart rate using ECG?
If heart Rhytm is Regular :
Heart rate =
300/No.of large b/w 2 QRS complex
= 300/4
=75 beats/mins
How to find heart rate using ECG?
If heart Rhytm is irregular:
Heart rate = 10×No.of QRS complex in 6 sec 5large box = 1sec
5×6=30
10×7 = 70 Beats/min
Abnormalities of ECG:
Cardiac Arrythmias:
1.Tachycardia
Heart Rate more than 100 beats/min
The facial nerve, also known as cranial nerve VII, is one of the 12 cranial nerves originating from the brain. It's a mixed nerve, meaning it contains both sensory and motor fibres, and it plays a crucial role in controlling various facial muscles, as well as conveying sensory information from the taste buds on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
As Mumbai's premier kidney transplant and donation center, L H Hiranandani Hospital Powai is not just a medical facility; it's a beacon of hope where cutting-edge science meets compassionate care, transforming lives and redefining the standards of kidney health in India.
English Drug and Alcohol Commissioners June 2024.pptxMatSouthwell1
Presentation made by Mat Southwell to the Harm Reduction Working Group of the English Drug and Alcohol Commissioners. Discuss stimulants, OAMT, NSP coverage and community-led approach to DCRs. Focussing on active drug user perspectives and interests
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NURSING MANAGEMENT OF PATIENT WITH EMPHYSEMA .PPTblessyjannu21
Prepared by Prof. BLESSY THOMAS, VICE PRINCIPAL, FNCON, SPN.
Emphysema is a disease condition of respiratory system.
Emphysema is an abnormal permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of their walls and without obvious fibrosis.
Emphysema of lung is defined as hyper inflation of the lung ais spaces due to obstruction of non respiratory bronchioles as due to loss of elasticity of alveoli.
It is a type of chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease.
It is a progressive disease of lungs.
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8. While every effort has been taken to verify the accuracy
of this information, The Economist Intelligence Unit
cannot accept any responsibility or liability for reliance
by any person on this article or any of the information,
opinions or conclusions set out in this article.
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