Geothink_SI-Ethics&SmartCity

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Conférence donnée dans le cadre de l'école d'été 2017 "Smart City: Toward a Just City.” de Geothink.ca , réseau de partenariat de recherche financé par CRSH.

A few illustrations - context
Digital
Principles
Ethics

Triage sociale et
spatial
Social/Spatial Sorting out and
Classification

Transversal Ethical Principles
Digital
Principles
Ethics

Broad ethical issues
Small ethical issues

Major Ethical Issues in Smart City
Digital
Principles
Ethics

Stéphane Roche
Stephane.roche@scg.ulaval.ca
@geodoc31

Conférence offerte dans le cadre des midi-innovants de la maitrise en intelligence urbaine à l'Unité Mixte de Recherche en Sciences Urbaines - UMRsu. Omniprésence des réseaux, objets connectés, géolocalisation de tous et de tout: nos territoires (en particulier urbains) nous parlent et apprennent de nos comportements. On les dit intelligents. Dans ce contexte où la majorité de nos actes quotidiens (consommer, se déplacer, se former, communiquer, se divertir, etc.) sont médiés par la technologie, être un citoyen engagé nécessite une compréhension des enjeux de l'intelligence urbaine, dont la clef repose sur le développement des capacités de raisonnement spatial.

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Conférence offerte en ouverture du colloque annuel du Réseau de l'Informatique Municipale du Québec 2019 (http://colloque.rimq.com/) La ville dite-intelligente se caractérise en autre chose par un niveau avancé d’intégration des infrastructures urbaines. Si le numérique y joue un rôle crucial; les données, applications et technologies géospatiales constituent en quelque sorte le scellant sur lequel cette intégration peut se matérialiser. Cette conférence propose de faire le point sur le rôle fondamental joué par les infrastructures de données géospatiales dans le déploiement des villes intelligentes et plus particulièrement sur l’importance de l’interopérabilité.

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Conférence donnée à la Universidad Catholica Boliviana de La Paz en Bolivie le 07 mai 2019 dans le cadre du Séminiare Hacking City. Résumé: Le XXième siècle sera celui des villes. Les villes comme modes d’organisaion spatiale privilégiés des sociétés humaines sont au coeur de tous les débats. Les discours entourant l’idée de ville intelligente s’articulent autour de deux images urbaines souvent inconciliables: celle d’une part de la ville plateforme, structurée autour de réseaux technologiques et gouvernée par les données; et celle d’autre part, d’une ville centrée sur le citoyen, ouverte et transparente. Dans cette conférence, une série de métaphores sont proposées qui permettent de croiser des points de vue différenciés sur la ville et de mettre en évidence la pluralité de sens des concepts d’urbanité et d’intelligence urbaine.

La ville intelligente - Smart City – s’impose aujourd’hui comme la solution privilégiée par les territoires urbains pour faire face à leurs enjeux démographiques, économiques, sociaux, environnementaux... En s’appuyant sur quelques exemples concrets d’application, cette conférence proposera un nouveau modèle de ville intelligente ancrée dans la réalité des urbanités nordiques et de leurs défis spécifiques de gestion de la viabilité hivernale. L'optimisation technologique des infrastructures de génie urbain et de la gouvernance municipale vont aider à maîtriser l’entretien hivernal et les besoins de communication qui y sont liés. Cette conférence a été offerte dans le cadre du Colloque "Mieux intervenir en période hivernale" organisé par l'AQTr (Association Québécoise des Transports) le 17 octobre 2018 au centre des congrès de St-Hyacinthe.

Souriez, vous êtes « encartés »!

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Conférence offerte dans le cadre du séminaire "Repenser les cartes à l'ère du Web" tenu à Bordeaux en septembre 2018. Nul besoin d’être un cartographe ou géomaticien patenté pour réaliser à quel point l’écosystème de production et d’usage de l’information géographique s’est transformé au cours de la décennie passée. La convergence d’une nouvelle forme d’humanisme numérique et de l’âge du lieu global nous a progressivement fait entrer dans une société géonumérique (société de l’information géographique ; Spatially-Enabled Society). La géolocalisation systématique des biens, des personnes, des savoirs ; le développement des plateformes de médias (sociaux) globales et la multiplication des objets quotidiens connectés contribuent non seulement à renverser la logique de production des cartes, mais aussi à les personnaliser toujours d’avantage. La cartographie entre en effet dans l’air de l’Intelligence artificielle (données massives, algorithmes, apprentissage profond). La carte acquière ainsi de nouvelles fonctions, de nouveaux statuts. Elle est de plus en plus outil d’indexation et de triage des savoirs, des personnes, des lieux… Elle est aussi interface de navigation entre les composantes multidimensionnelles des espaces hybridés par le numérique (interspatialité). Elle est enfin, le lien qui contribue à re-matérialiser les composantes numériques de la société, et souvent à ré-intermédier les relations, les échanges, les communications. Dans ce contexte, se posent de nombreuses questions éthiques, et faire l’économie d’une réflexion sur les risques qui pèsent sur les individus et les communautés serait une grave erreur. Cette communication propose d’ouvrir un débat éthique pour une cartographie responsable, soucieuse des intérêts individuels et du bien commun. https://cartesduweb.sciencesconf.org/

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Introduction: RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression. It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences. dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants. This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes. What are small ncRNAs? micro RNA (miRNA) short interfering RNA (siRNA) Properties of small non-coding RNA: Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts. Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long. Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered). Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA. Discovery of siRNA? The first small RNA: In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the development of the worm C. elegans. Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14. Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions. Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA) MiRNA Length (23-25 nt) Trans acting Binds with target MRNA in mismatch Translation inhibition Si RNA Length 21 nt. Cis acting Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence Piwi-RNA Length ; 25 to 36 nt. Expressed in Germ Cells Regulates trnasposomes activity MECHANISM OF RNAI: First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces. Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands. The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it. THE RISC COMPLEX: RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA. DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III) Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC) One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute ARGONAUTE PROTEIN : 1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA 2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity. MiRNA: The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .

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