Presentation at ARNOVA Conference. Indianapolis (USA), November 15, 2012.

1. Explaining Gender Differences in
Charitable Giving: the Dutch Case
Arjen de Wit and René Bekkers
Center for Philanthropic Studies
VU University Amsterdam
ARNOVA 2012 Annual Conference
November 15, Indianapolis

2. Gender Differences in Giving
•
Gender and charitable giving: mixed results
•
No gender differences?
•
Men give higher amounts?
•
Recent studies in US/UK: women more likely
to give and give higher amounts
•
How about the Netherlands?

3. Different Context: the Netherlands

4. Different Context: the Netherlands

5. Different Context: the Netherlands
•
Relatively high number of women in labor
force
•
Relatively high number of part-time workers
•
Relatively extensive social programs

6. Gender Differences: Why?
•
Values
•
Costs
•
Solicitation
•
Reputation

7. Gender Differences: Why?

8. Data
•
Giving in the Netherlands Panel Study
(GINPS) 2010
•
N = 1,692
•
Households, both couples and singles

9. % donating
50
60
70
80
90
100
93
89
Females
Males
The Dutch Case: More Women Give…
*

10. ...More Frequently…
No. of donations in 2009
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
10,7
8,1
Females
Males
*

11. …But Lower Amounts In Total...
Total amount donated in 2009
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
216,42
264,14
Females
Males
*
(donors only)

12. …And Lower Amounts Per Donation.
Amount donated per donation act
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
7,81
13,11
Females
Males
(donors only)
*

13. Why Do More Women Give?

14. Why Do More Women Give?
Female Values Costs Solicitation Reputation
1
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
Odds ratios of donating for females vs. males in different models

15. Female Values Costs Solicitation Reputation
1
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
Why Do More Women Give?
Odds ratios of donating for females vs. males in different models
*

16. Why Do More Women Give?
Female Values Costs Solicitation Reputation
1
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
*
Odds ratios of donating for females vs. males in different models

17. Why Do More Women Give?
Female Values Costs Solicitation Reputation
1
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
*
Odds ratios of donating for females vs. males in different models

18. Why Do More Women Give?
Female Values Costs Solicitation Reputation
1
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
*
Odds ratios of donating for females vs. males in different models

19. Why Do More Women Give?
Female Values Costs Solicitation Reputation
1
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
*
Odds ratios of donating for females vs. males in different models

20. Why Do Women Give More Frequently?

21. Why Do Women Give More Frequently?
Female Values Costs Solicitation Reputation
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
OLS regression coefficients of female on frequency of donating

22. Why Do Women Give More Frequently?
Female Values Costs Solicitation Reputation
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
*
OLS regression coefficients of female on frequency of donating

23. Why Do Women Give More Frequently?
Female Values Costs Solicitation Reputation
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
*
OLS regression coefficients of female on frequency of donating

24. Why Do Women Give More Frequently?
Female Values Costs Solicitation Reputation
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
*
*
OLS regression coefficients of female on frequency of donating

25. Why Do Women Give More Frequently?
Female Values Costs Solicitation Reputation
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
*
*
*
OLS regression coefficients of female on frequency of donating

26. Why Do Women Give More Frequently?
OLS regression coefficients of female on frequency of donating
Female Values Costs Solicitation Reputation
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
*
*
* *

27. Why Do Men Give Higher Amounts?

28. Why Do Men Give Higher Amounts?
OLS regression coefficients of female on total amount donated
Female Values Costs Solicitation Reputation
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0

29. Why Do Men Give Higher Amounts?
OLS regression coefficients of female on total amount donated
Female Values Costs Solicitation Reputation
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
*

30. Why Do Men Give Higher Amounts?
OLS regression coefficients of female on total amount donated
Female Values Costs Solicitation Reputation
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
*
*

31. Why Do Men Give Higher Amounts?
OLS regression coefficients of female on total amount donated
Female Values Costs Solicitation Reputation
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
*
*
*

32. Why Do Men Give Higher Amounts?
OLS regression coefficients of female on total amount donated
Female Values Costs Solicitation Reputation
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
*
*
*
*

33. *
Why Do Men Give Higher Amounts?
OLS regression coefficients of female on total amount donated
Female Values Costs Solicitation Reputation
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
*
*
*
*
*

34. Why Do Men Give More Per Donation?

35. Why Do Men Give More Per Donation?
Female Values Costs Solicitation Reputation
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
OLS regression coefficients of female on amount per donation act

36. Why Do Men Give More Per Donation?
Female Values Costs Solicitation Reputation
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
*
OLS regression coefficients of female on amount per donation act

37. Why Do Men Give More Per Donation?
Female Values Costs Solicitation Reputation
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
*
*
OLS regression coefficients of female on amount per donation act

38. Why Do Men Give More Per Donation?
Female Values Costs Solicitation Reputation
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
*
* *
OLS regression coefficients of female on amount per donation act

39. Why Do Men Give More Per Donation?
Female Values Costs Solicitation Reputation
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
*
* *
OLS regression coefficients of female on amount per donation act

40. Why Do Men Give More Per Donation?
Female Values Costs Solicitation Reputation
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
*
* *
OLS regression coefficients of female on amount per donation act

41. Conclusions
•
Prosocial motives fully explain why women
are more likely to give
•
Men give higher amounts, especially when
prosocial motives are taken into account
•
Costs can explain this

42. Conclusions
•
Prosocial motives fully explain why women
are more likely to give
•
Men give higher amounts, especially when
prosocial motives are taken into account
•
Costs can explain this.

43. Conclusions
•
Prosocial motives fully explain why women
are more likely to give
•
Men give higher amounts, especially when
prosocial motives are taken into account
•
Costs can explain this..

44. Conclusions
•
Prosocial motives fully explain why women
are more likely to give
•
Men give higher amounts, especially when
prosocial motives are taken into account
•
Costs can explain this...

45. Conclusions
•
Prosocial motives fully explain why women
are more likely to give
•
Men give higher amounts, especially when
prosocial motives are taken into account
•
Costs can explain this... partly

46. Conclusions

47. Thank you
•
Arjen de Wit, a.de.wit@vu.nl
•
René Bekkers, r.bekkers@vu.nl
•
www.giving.nl