The document outlines a gender sensitivity session aimed at raising awareness about gender biases and promoting gender equality. It explains key concepts of sex and gender, the cultural construction of gender roles, and the manifestations of gender bias such as stereotyping, discrimination, and violence against women. The document emphasizes the need for behavioral change and advocates for structural changes to achieve gender equality, urging participants to take action in their own communities.

1. Gender Sensitivity Session
for DepEd
QQJ
UPVTC

2. General Objective
Raise awareness among the
participants enabling them to be more
committed and responsive to
eliminating gender biases.

3. Specific Objectives
That the participants will be able to:
 To know some basic concepts (e.g. gender)
 To give the participants the gender-sensitive
lens with which to examine the differential
situation of women and men in our society
 Critically analyze the causes of gender
gaps/issues/ disparities
 And to realize the need to integrate gender
equality principles into their lives.

4. What is Sex?
 Refers to the act of mating
 Refers to the genetic/physiological or
biological characteristics of a person that
indicate whether one is female or male
(WHO 1998:2)
 Female produces the egg cell or ovum
 The male produces the sperm

5. Men & Women according to biology
 XX combination of chromosomes – female
XY combination – male
 The presence of the Y chromosome triggers
the production of male hormones by the
male embryo gonad (future male testes);
suppresses the dev’t of the female genitalia
 The female gonad (future ovary) produces
hormones that result in the dev’t of female
genitalia.

6. What is Gender?
 Gender refers to the
differentiated social
roles, behaviors,
capacities and
intellectual, emotional,
and social
characteristics
attributed by a given
culture to women and
men.
 All difference besides
the biological

7.  Women and men are different biologically
but all cultures interpret and elaborate these
innate biological differences into a set of
social expectations about what behavior and
activities are appropriate and what rights,
resources and power they possess. (WB
2001:2)

8. 2 Genders
 Masculine – ascribed to the male sex
 Feminine – ascribed to the female sex
 However, what is masculine and what is
feminine vary from one culture to another
 Among the Zuni Indians – women, not men
are the sexual aggressors

9. Examples of what is Feminine and
Masculine
 In the Phil, note the
number of women
working in middle-
level positions in gov’t
and business
offices.(Not true for
Latin Americans and
other Asians.

10. Gender changes through History
 Such variations in gender definitions are
due to specific economic, political and
social conditions of each class, culture or
era.

11. Men and Women
According to Society:
Gender Roles

12. Gender Roles of Men & Women
 Assignment to women of the primary
responsibility for caring for the children and
the home, and to men of the task of
providing income.

13. Sexual Division of Labor
This is sexual
division of
labor is also
known
technically as
the production-
reproduction
distinction

14. Production-Reproduction Distinction
 Production –
refers to the
production of
commodities, goods
and services for
exchange, given
wages in return,
viewed as men’s
sphere.
 Reproduction-
includes not just the
biological
reproduction but
also other tasks
associated with it,
child rearing,
maintenance of the
home, but assigned
no economic value.

15. Where does Gender come from?
 Gender is a cultural construction – a
product of a society’s adaptation to the
material conditions in which it finds itself.
 The individual male or female acquires
gender through SOCIALIZATION.

16. Gender Socialization
 Identification with
parent of the same sex,
rewards or restrictions
by the family or peer
group or community
on behavior
considered gender-
appropriate or
inappropriate.
 How do we raise our
own children?

17.  All contribute to the
shaping of an
individual’s
self-image, personality
and valued social
roles.
 How we socialize our
children can lead to
bias.

18. Manifestations of Gender
Bias

19. What are the manifestations of
Gender Bias?
Stereotyping
Multiple Burden
Canalization
Subordination
Discrimination
Violence
Structural Gender inequality

20. What are gender stereotypes?
 Fixed, unquestioned
beliefs and images we
carry at the backs of
our minds about men
and women.
Automatic labels,
characteristics or roles
given to men and
women; attributable to
culture

21. Examples
Man
 Strong
 Blue
 Manager
 Doer/action-oriented
 Should not cry
 Breadwinner
 Prone to crime and
violence
Woman
 Weak
 Pink
 Secretary/clerk
 Talker
 Emotional
 Homemaker
 Righteous

22. Woman
 Strong
 Blue
 Manager
 Doer/action-oriented
 Should not cry
 Breadwinner
 Prone to crime and
violence
Man
 Weak
 Pink
 Secretary/clerk
 Talker
 Emotional
 Homemaker
 Righteous

23. What is multiple burden?
Women are not
only expected to
do their
production role,
reproduction role
but also their
community role

24. Examples
 Working mother/wife
who still does most of
the household chores
after she is supposed
to rest after a day of
work.

25. Example of multiple burden
– A working
father/husband
who, after a hard
day’s work, is
forced to do
heavy tasks at
home

26. What is canalization?
 Act of removing men
or women from the
mainstream of society
 A condition where
men or women are
“boxed” in situations
which constrain their
capacity to do and to
be

27. Examples
 Women not asked about
their problems/concerns
 Women not consulted in
the design of
programs/projects that
affect/are supposed to
benefit them
 Women not allowed to
join politics
 Women’s work not valued
 Men “boxed” in male-
oriented jobs
 Men doing all the
heavy or dirty work
 Men always expected
to “feed’ or provide
for the family

28. What is subordination?
 Act of treating a
person ( usually
women) as second-
class citizen.
 Not allowing a
person to go up the
ladder on the basis
of his/her sex

29. What is Gender Discrimination?
 To give differential
treatment to individuals on
the grounds of their
gender.
 Gender-based distinction,
exclusion or restriction,
that impairs enjoyment by
women of human rights
and freedom in political,
economic, social, cultural,
civil or any other field

30.  It involves systemic
and structural
discrimination against
women in the
distribution of income,
access to resources
and participation in
decision-making

31. What is violence?
 Act of inflicting
pain/injury in a person
on the bases of:
 Sex
 Class
 Race/ethnicity
 Geographic location
 Religion

32. Violence against Women (VAW)
• Any act of gender-based
violence that results in,
or is likely to result in,
physical, sexual or
mental harm or suffering
to women, including
threats of such acts,
coercion or arbitrary
deprivation of liberty,
whether occurring in
private or public life.
» As defined by
United
Nations
 Violation of human
rights, regardless of
whether the victim is a
male or a female

33. Structural Gender Inequality
 Inequality is
maintained by
administrative rules
and laws, not only by
custom and tradition.
 Inequality is
reinforced by
institutions of mass
socialization:
education, religion, art
and mass media.

34. Can we change the structures that
lead to Gender Inequality?
Family
Schools Mass media
Laws Religion

35. 1987 CONSTITUTION
 Article II, Sec. 14
 explicitly stipulates the fundamental
equality between women and men and cites
the women’s role in nation-building

36. Ephesians 5:22
Is this subordination?
Ephesians 5:22 “Wives, submit to your husbands
as to the Lord. For the husband is the head of the wife
As Christ is the head of the Church, his body of which
he is the Savior. Now as the Church submits to
Christ so also wives should submit to their husbands
in everything.”

37. We should read on to verse 23!
 Husbands are supposed to give himself up
for their wives!!!
“Husbands, love your wives
just as Christ loved the church
and gave himself
up for her.”

38. Let’s go back to Ephesians 5:21
Submit to one
another out of
reverence for
Christ

39.  The image of man is male and female.—
Paul K. Jewett, Professor of Theology
 The basic image of God is male and female.
 There is no superior sex. Males and females
are equal in the eyes of their maker.
What about Genesis?
So God created man in his own image, in the image
of God he created him; male and female He created
them. Genesis 1:27

40. What is Gender equality?

41. 1. Formal Equality Sameness
Approach
 Treats women as men
 It’s aim is to achieve equal treatment and not
equality of outcomes
 Since women are treated the same way as men, a
legislation treating women differently is seen to
violate the principle of equality
 Does not take into consideration biological
differences and social historical and systemic
disadvantages of women

42. 2. Protectionist Model of Equality
 Sees women and men differently
situated, justifying differential treatment of
women and men
 Presumes that women are weak and need
protection
 Accepts women’s subordination as natural,
inherent and unchangeable

43. 3. Substantive or Corrective
Approach
 Equality in Results and Outcome
 Takes into account diversity, difference,
disadvantage, and discrimination
 Looks at individual, institutional and
systemic discrimination
 Assures equal access benefits for women
 Law should correct imbalance

44. What approach to Gender
Equality should we adapt?
Formal Equality sameness approach…
Protectionist model of equality….
Substantive or Corrective approach…?

45. What do you think?

46. Challenge
 Gender-based violence is a phenomenon
rooted in culture, tradition and taboos.
 It is so ingrained in our culture that it easily
passes off as the norm.
 Unfortunately, behavioral change does not
come easy.
 This is a fact most smokers, alcoholics and
other sociopath know too well.

47.  Yet the ill effects of
gender bias, gender-
based violence
especially violence
against women
(VAW) is evident to
all.
 Reversing the trend
therefore, demands a
radical change by
everybody involved!

48. Challenge to all
Do your part to make your
family, workplace, community,
society and the world more
gender sensitive!

49. It must be womanly as well as manly to earn
your own living, to stand on your own feet.
And it must be manly as well as womanly to
know how to cook and sew and darn and
take care of yourself in the ordinary
exigencies of life.
Eastman 1920, cited in
Rowbotham 1992

50. Do you know your concepts?
Write S for Sex ; G for Gender
1. Women give birth to babies, men do not.
2. Little girls are gentle; boys are tough.
3. In one case, when a child brought up as a
girls learned that he was actually a boy, his
school marks improved dramatically.

51. 4. Amongst Indian agricultural workers,
women are paid 40 to 60 percent of the
male wage.
5. Women can breast feed babies; but men
can bottle feed babies.
6. Most building-site workers in Britain are
men.

52. 7. In ancient Egypt, men stayed at home and
did weaving. Women handled family
business. Women inherited property and
men did not.
8. Men’s voice break at puberty, women’s do
not.

53. 9. In one study of 224 cultures, there were 5 in
which men did all the cooking and 36 in
which women did all the housebuilding.
10. According to UN statistics, women do 67
percent of the world’s work, yet their
earnings amount to only 10 percent of the
world’s income.

54. So, do you know your
concepts???