The document summarizes gender relations in Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. In Japan, women of the elite class were literate but had subordinate status to men. Some Japanese women in merchant and artisan families had more independence. In Korea, society was strictly patriarchal and marriages were arranged to produce heirs, limiting women's roles and participation in society. In Vietnam, women historically had greater freedom and were hostile to Confucian codes that confined them, as shown through rebellions like that of the Trung sisters.