This document discusses fertilizers, their importance in agriculture, trends in fertilizer use, and opportunities to improve the energy efficiency of fertilizer production and use. It notes that fertilizers have substantially increased crop yields and are critical for feeding a growing global population. While fertilizers boost agricultural output, their production is also very energy intensive. The document examines worldwide fertilizer consumption trends since 1920 and how use varies significantly between regions and crop types. It analyzes the energy requirements of producing different fertilizer nutrients and identifies practices that can reduce the energy demands of fertilization.
This document discusses the plant nutrition requirements of potato (Solanum tuberosum) and sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum). It provides details on the climatic conditions, soil types, water needs, and nutrient requirements of each crop. For potato, it describes the ideal temperatures, soil pH and drainage, as well as its need for high amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. For sugar cane, it outlines suitable tropical and subtropical climates, soil porosity and drainage, and the large quantities of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium required.
This document discusses various bioenergy crop plants that can be used as sources of renewable energy. It defines bioenergy and describes traditional, first, second, and third generation bioenergy crops. It also discusses potential bioenergy crop sources like algae, sugarcane, maize, wheat, edible and non-edible vegetable oils. The objectives are to identify bioenergy crop plants and evaluate their potential for bioremediation, nutrient/metal uptake, emissions, and impacts on biodiversity.
This document reviews the effects of environmental factors and nutrient availability on the biochemical composition of algae for biofuels production. It discusses how temperature, light, pH, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and trace metals can affect algal growth rates and the partitioning of carbon into lipids and carbohydrates. Understanding these interactions is important for developing sustainable high-productivity algal biofuel systems. While algae have potential for high oil yields, commercial production of algal biofuels has faced challenges. The review examines how environmental conditions influence algal metabolism and composition in both natural and engineered systems.
Nutrient use efficiency (NUE) is a critically important concept in the evaluation of crop production systems. Many agricultural soils of the world are deficient in one or more of the essential nutrients to support healthy and productive plant growth. Efficiency can be defined in many ways and easily increased food production could be achieved by expanding the land area under crops and by increasing yields per unit area through intensive farming. Environmental nutrient use efficiency can be quite different than agronomic or economic efficiency and maximizing efficiency may not always be effective. Worldwide, elemental deficiencies for essential macro and micro nutrients and toxicities by Al, Mn, Fe, S, B, Cu, Mo, Cr, Cl, Na, and Si have been reported.
The influence of potassium fertilizer on the production of potato (solanum tu...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effects of different rates of potassium (K) fertilizer on potato production in southern Ethiopia. Rates of 0 to 320 kg K/ha were tested in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Recommended rates of nitrogen and phosphorus were applied to all treatments. While the highest potato tuber yield of 53.33 t/ha was obtained at 280 kg K/ha, there were no statistically significant differences in tuber yield, nutrient concentrations, or soil properties across the K rates tested. However, 280 kg K/ha provided an 11.4% higher yield than the control. Based on these results, applying K fertilizer was not found to be necessary for potato production at this site
11.the influence of potassium fertilizer on the production of potato (solanum...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effects of different rates of potassium (K) fertilizer (0-320 kg/ha) on potato production in southern Ethiopia. Potato yield ranged from 43.97 to 53.33 tons/ha and was highest at 280 kg K/ha, though differences were not statistically significant. Soil available K and exchangeable K increased with fertilizer rates up to 280-320 kg K/ha compared to the unfertilized control. However, potato tuber and leaf nutrient concentrations and soil chemical properties generally did not show clear trends with increasing K. The researchers concluded that based on the results, K fertilizer was not required for potato production at the study site, though periodic soil and crop testing should
Soil Fertility Management and eco-efficiency of small holder agricultural sys...CIAT
This document summarizes a presentation by Deborah Bossio on soil fertility management and eco-efficiency in smallholder agricultural systems. It discusses the global context of soils and land research, including issues of food security, water scarcity, planetary boundaries, and ecosystem services. It outlines Bossio's background working on soil fertility projects in various countries. It also discusses IWMI's work on productive water use and creating impact through strategic research partnerships.
Biochar has the potential to produce renewable energy from biomass in a way that mitigates climate change. It can also improve soil quality as a soil amendment, enhancing crop growth. Biochar is made through pyrolysis, which converts biomass into char, oils, and gases. As a soil additive, biochar can increase nutrient availability, moisture retention, and pH balance. Farms have access to biomass feedstocks and could produce biochar and energy on-site. Potential income may come from offsetting fuel needs, fertilizer costs, or carbon credits if markets develop. However, regulatory and economic questions around biochar production and use need further study.
This document discusses the plant nutrition requirements of potato (Solanum tuberosum) and sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum). It provides details on the climatic conditions, soil types, water needs, and nutrient requirements of each crop. For potato, it describes the ideal temperatures, soil pH and drainage, as well as its need for high amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. For sugar cane, it outlines suitable tropical and subtropical climates, soil porosity and drainage, and the large quantities of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium required.
This document discusses various bioenergy crop plants that can be used as sources of renewable energy. It defines bioenergy and describes traditional, first, second, and third generation bioenergy crops. It also discusses potential bioenergy crop sources like algae, sugarcane, maize, wheat, edible and non-edible vegetable oils. The objectives are to identify bioenergy crop plants and evaluate their potential for bioremediation, nutrient/metal uptake, emissions, and impacts on biodiversity.
This document reviews the effects of environmental factors and nutrient availability on the biochemical composition of algae for biofuels production. It discusses how temperature, light, pH, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and trace metals can affect algal growth rates and the partitioning of carbon into lipids and carbohydrates. Understanding these interactions is important for developing sustainable high-productivity algal biofuel systems. While algae have potential for high oil yields, commercial production of algal biofuels has faced challenges. The review examines how environmental conditions influence algal metabolism and composition in both natural and engineered systems.
Nutrient use efficiency (NUE) is a critically important concept in the evaluation of crop production systems. Many agricultural soils of the world are deficient in one or more of the essential nutrients to support healthy and productive plant growth. Efficiency can be defined in many ways and easily increased food production could be achieved by expanding the land area under crops and by increasing yields per unit area through intensive farming. Environmental nutrient use efficiency can be quite different than agronomic or economic efficiency and maximizing efficiency may not always be effective. Worldwide, elemental deficiencies for essential macro and micro nutrients and toxicities by Al, Mn, Fe, S, B, Cu, Mo, Cr, Cl, Na, and Si have been reported.
The influence of potassium fertilizer on the production of potato (solanum tu...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effects of different rates of potassium (K) fertilizer on potato production in southern Ethiopia. Rates of 0 to 320 kg K/ha were tested in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Recommended rates of nitrogen and phosphorus were applied to all treatments. While the highest potato tuber yield of 53.33 t/ha was obtained at 280 kg K/ha, there were no statistically significant differences in tuber yield, nutrient concentrations, or soil properties across the K rates tested. However, 280 kg K/ha provided an 11.4% higher yield than the control. Based on these results, applying K fertilizer was not found to be necessary for potato production at this site
11.the influence of potassium fertilizer on the production of potato (solanum...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effects of different rates of potassium (K) fertilizer (0-320 kg/ha) on potato production in southern Ethiopia. Potato yield ranged from 43.97 to 53.33 tons/ha and was highest at 280 kg K/ha, though differences were not statistically significant. Soil available K and exchangeable K increased with fertilizer rates up to 280-320 kg K/ha compared to the unfertilized control. However, potato tuber and leaf nutrient concentrations and soil chemical properties generally did not show clear trends with increasing K. The researchers concluded that based on the results, K fertilizer was not required for potato production at the study site, though periodic soil and crop testing should
Soil Fertility Management and eco-efficiency of small holder agricultural sys...CIAT
This document summarizes a presentation by Deborah Bossio on soil fertility management and eco-efficiency in smallholder agricultural systems. It discusses the global context of soils and land research, including issues of food security, water scarcity, planetary boundaries, and ecosystem services. It outlines Bossio's background working on soil fertility projects in various countries. It also discusses IWMI's work on productive water use and creating impact through strategic research partnerships.
Biochar has the potential to produce renewable energy from biomass in a way that mitigates climate change. It can also improve soil quality as a soil amendment, enhancing crop growth. Biochar is made through pyrolysis, which converts biomass into char, oils, and gases. As a soil additive, biochar can increase nutrient availability, moisture retention, and pH balance. Farms have access to biomass feedstocks and could produce biochar and energy on-site. Potential income may come from offsetting fuel needs, fertilizer costs, or carbon credits if markets develop. However, regulatory and economic questions around biochar production and use need further study.
This study assessed the impacts of biochar, mineral nitrogen fertilizer, and biofertilizers on switchgrass yield, carbon sequestration, soil carbon dioxide concentration, and carbon dioxide emissions over two growing seasons in a sandy loam soil. Biochar increased switchgrass yield by about 10% in the first year and root biomass by up to 50% after two years. Mineral nitrogen fertilization also increased yield and plant carbon sequestration. Biochar increased soil carbon dioxide concentration by up to 50% but its impact on carbon dioxide emissions from the soil varied over time. The highest carbon sequestration budget was obtained with a combination of biochar and mineral nitrogen fertilization. About one-third of
A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of time of application and rates on the
performance of performance of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) on July and November 2013 at Lapai (9o
2' N and 6o34'E) and Mokwa (9o 8'N and 5o4'E) in the southern Guinea savanna ecology of Nigeria, The
experiments consisted of three (3) levels of poultry manure application time (two weeks before planting, at
planting and two week after planting) and four (4) levels of poultry manure application rates(0, 5, 10 and 15
t ha-1). The experiments were laid out as a 3 x 4 factorial in a randomized complete block design. Data
collected include plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, number of branches fruit weight, pod length, pod
diameter and cumulative yield. The result showed that the application of poultry manure two weeks before
planting significantly produced taller okra plants, higher number of leaves, wider leaf area and more okra
branches than other treatments in the two locations in 2013 cropping season. Fruit characteristic results
followed the same trends. In the case of the poultry manure rate, the application of 10 t ha-1significantly
produced taller okra plant, higher number of leaves, wider leaf area and more okra branches than other
treatments in the two locations in 2013 cropping season. The application of 15 t ha-1 was comparable to 10 t
ha-1 but significantly different from 5 t ha-1 and no application in the two locations in 2013 cropping season.
This result therefore recommended that poultry manure should be applied at least two weeks before planting
at 10 t ha-1
Nutrient budgets are becoming accepted tools to describe nutrient flows within cropping system and to assist in the planning of the rotational cropping and mixed farming system
Depending on the farm management and the balance of inputs and outputs of nutrient N,P and K budgets have been shown to range from deficit to surplus in cropping system
Budgets are the outcome of simple nutrient accounting process which details all the inputs and outputs to a given defined system over fixed period of time
A soil surface nutrient budget accounts for all nutrients that enter the soil surface and leave the soil through crop uptake.
Restoration, Reconciliation, and Reconnecting with Nature Nearby
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
This study evaluated the effects of water hyacinth compost prepared with different starter cultures on the growth and yield of maize. Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted in Kenya from 2011-2012. In the greenhouse experiments, water hyacinth compost was applied to maize plants and various growth parameters were measured over time. Application of water hyacinth compost and diammonium phosphate fertilizer significantly increased plant height, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, and root collar diameter compared to the control. In the field experiments, application of water hyacinth compost and diammonium phosphate increased shoot dry weight at tasseling stage compared to the control. However, yield parameters like 100 seed weight and
Nutrient Use Efficiency: Molecular Mechanism and AdvancesAmandeep Kaur
Nutrient use efficiency is important for sustainable crop production as global crop demand increases. Nutrient use efficiency refers to a plant's ability to acquire and utilize nutrients for growth. It can be improved through agronomic practices, molecular breeding, and biotechnology approaches. Recent research has identified genes and molecular mechanisms involved in nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiency. For example, the DEP1 gene regulates rice growth responses to nitrogen by controlling cell division and plays a role in nitrogen metabolism and uptake. While knowledge and tools are available, improving nutrient use efficiency remains complex due to its integration with multiple biological processes.
Plants require both macronutrients and micronutrients from the soil to complete their life cycle. Balanced plant nutrition (BPN) is an approach that ensures plants receive adequate amounts of all required nutrients throughout their growth. BPN focuses on sustainability and considers crop type, soil type, and growth stage to balance nutrients. It provides not just the major nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, but also secondary nutrients, micronutrients, and organic manures. For optimal plant health and yield, BPN aims to prevent any single nutrient from limiting growth.
Agricultural depletion of soil nutrient in arable landAlexander Decker
This academic article summarizes a study on the depletion of soil nutrients in agricultural land over time. The study analyzed soil samples from different arable areas in Bhopal, India twice over a one year period. The initial samples had higher concentrations of most nutrients measured compared to the later samples, indicating depletion occurred. Factors like soil pH, erosion, temperature fluctuations, and lack of organic carbon management can limit nutrient uptake by plants and availability over time. Integrated plant nutrient management that uses fertilizers, manures, and agronomic practices is recommended to sustain agricultural productivity and food supply.
Soil Health definition and relationship to soil biology
Characteristics of healthy soil
Assessment of soil health
Framework for evaluating soil health
Indicators
Types of indicators
Biological indicators
Role of biological indicators
Plant need water, air, light, suitable temperature and 17 essential nutrients for growth and development in the right combination. When plant suffers from malnutrition, exhibits symptoms of being unhealthy reliable nutrient recommendations are dependent upon accurate soil tests and crop nutrient calibrations based on extensive field research. An important part of crop production is being able to identify and prevent plant nutrient deficiencies. Optimization of pistachio productivity and quality requires an understanding of the nutrient requirements of the tree, the factors that influence nutrient availability and the methods used to diagnose and correct deficiencies. Several methods for nutritional diagnosis using leaf tissue analysis have been proposed and used, including the critical value (CV), the sufficiency range approach (SRA), and the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS). de both soil and tissues analysis. Renewed and intensified efforts are in progress to identify nutrient constraints using latest diagnostic tools and managing them more precisely through intervention of geospatial technologies (GPS, GIS etc.). There have been consistent concerns about the relegated fertilizer use efficiency, warranting further the revision of ongoing practices, and adoption of some alternative strategies. Diagnosis of nutrient constraints and their effective management has, therefore, now shifted in favour of INM.
Shallow rooted crops are very sensitive to both nutrients and water stresses; thus, they have to be frequently irrigated and fertilized with balanced nutrients or the two materials together as fertigation especially in semi-arid and arid areas of agriculture. So, this paper was reviewed with the objective of evaluating the effects of soil water and nutrients interaction on the yields and nutrients use efficiency of shallow rooted vegetable crops. Many research activities have been done regarding the interactions of water and nutrients and their use efficiency in different vegetable crops under different agro-ecological conditions. Short supply of fresh water and fertilizer pollution has promoted many investigations into the interaction effects of water and nutrients on crop yield and nutrient and water use efficiency of crops, and some achievements have been made. The value of soil nutrients in plant growth and agricultural output is closely related to water availability and also the agricultural water productivity is in larger part determined by nutrient supplies. Yield or crop productivity is more or less closely correlated with water and nutrients utilization. Nutrient and water application can destabilize the soil nutrient balance and have long-term negative impacts on crop growth and harvest then on the final productivity of the crop. To overcome these problems it requires different mechanisms to be adopted in areas where nutrients and water stresses are a serious problem. Thus, it is possible to increase crop productivity through utilization of an opportunity of selecting improved variety and balanced nutrients application or application of organic fertilizers for dry areas. In conclusion, integrated nutrient and water management is an important issue to minimize the negative impacts of water and nutrients stresses and to increase both yield potential and quality of shallow rooted crops for producers.
Climate Change & Its Relationship with Agriculture by Yogendra KatuwalYogendra Katuwal
Prepared by Yogendra Katuwal M.Sc. Ag (Agronomy) student of AFU, Rampur, Nepal. What is actually the relationship between climate change and agriculture is included needs a better understanding.
This document discusses biofertilizers and their potential role in sustainable pulse production. It defines biofertilizers as preparations containing beneficial microorganisms that can aid plant growth and nutrition. Various types of biofertilizers are described, including nitrogen fixers, phosphate solubilizers, and plant growth promoters. The mechanisms by which these microorganisms enhance soil fertility and nutrient availability are explained. Challenges in commercializing biofertilizer formulations are also addressed. The document aims to highlight biofertilizers as a sustainable approach to meet India's growing demand for pulses while reducing dependence on chemical fertilizers.
Siderophores are compounds from ancient Greek words, sidero ‘iron’ and phore ‘carriers’ meaning ‘iron carriers’. These are low-molecular-weight iron-chelating compounds, produced by ‘rhizospheric bacteria’ under iron-limited conditions. They are small, high affinity iron chelating compounds secreted by microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi etc. Siderophore usually form a stable hexahendate, octahedral complex with Fe3+.
This document summarizes a study on the sustainability of groundwater resources in the north-eastern region of Bangladesh. The study examines long-term water table fluctuations in the region using data from 1985 to 2004 from observation wells. The results show that the depth to the water table is declining slowly over time in almost all wells. If current trends continue, many wells will see their depth double by 2040 and almost all will double by 2060. Declining water tables pose a threat to agriculture and food security in the region. Strategies are needed to sustain water resources, such as demand-side management and developing alternative surface water sources to reduce pressure on groundwater.
Application of np fertilizers for better production of teffAlexander Decker
This document summarizes three experiments conducted in Ethiopia to determine optimal NP fertilizer rates for teff production on different soil types. The experiments were conducted on Profondic Luvisols soil in Hossana, Haplic Alisols soil in Areka, and Vitric Andosols soil in Awassa. Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers had varying effects on teff grain and straw yields depending on the location and soil type. The results showed that fertilizer is not needed for teff production in Awassa. In Areka, only phosphorus up to 20 kg/ha increased yields. In Hossana, phosphorus up to 30 kg/ha significantly increased both grain and straw yields. The document
1) The document describes a project to improve integrated rice production and pest management in Uganda to help farmers adapt to climate change.
2) The project is led by Bosco Bua and includes researchers from Makerere University, Namulonge, and Lira who are screening rice varieties for resistance to pests and diseases, assessing different water management practices, and studying the effects of rice residues on greenhouse gas emissions and pest dynamics.
3) Data from the first season of studies in 2011 is being analyzed, and the studies will be repeated in 2012 to identify rice varieties that are high yielding, resistant to diseases, and resilient to moisture stress to help Uganda achieve food security under changing climate conditions.
This document examines the potential for low greenhouse gas agriculture through sustainable farming practices. It summarizes recommendations from the IPCC on mitigation options in agriculture, such as improved crop rotations, nutrient management, and livestock management. It then compares these recommendations to practices commonly used in organic agriculture systems. Data from long-term field experiments show that organic systems can achieve yields close to conventional systems while using fewer external inputs and emitting fewer greenhouse gases. Organic practices such as nutrient recycling, cover cropping, and integrated crop-livestock systems have potential to increase farms' adaptation to climate change while reducing agriculture's carbon footprint.
This document discusses nutrient management for organic vegetable crops. It notes that organic fertilizers release nutrients more slowly than conventional sources, depending on soil biology. It also explains that organic management aims to build healthy soil by feeding soil life with organic matter, while supplemental organic fertilizers may be needed to meet crop nutrient demands and economic needs. The document provides an overview of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and other nutrient dynamics in soil and how organic farmers can manage nutrients effectively through practices like cover cropping and compost application.
This summary provides an overview of a study conducted by the Rodale Institute from 1992-2001 that compared the effects of compost, manure, and synthetic fertilizer on crop yields, soil quality, and environmental impacts. The study used a maize-vegetable-wheat crop rotation with green manure cover crops. It found that applying compost optimized yields, improved soil quality, and reduced nitrogen runoff compared to other treatments. Compost application resulted in the highest mean maize yields of 7.3 Mg/ha. The study demonstrated that using organic amendments like compost can provide agricultural and environmental benefits over inorganic fertilizers.
This study assessed the impacts of biochar, mineral nitrogen fertilizer, and biofertilizers on switchgrass yield, carbon sequestration, soil carbon dioxide concentration, and carbon dioxide emissions over two growing seasons in a sandy loam soil. Biochar increased switchgrass yield by about 10% in the first year and root biomass by up to 50% after two years. Mineral nitrogen fertilization also increased yield and plant carbon sequestration. Biochar increased soil carbon dioxide concentration by up to 50% but its impact on carbon dioxide emissions from the soil varied over time. The highest carbon sequestration budget was obtained with a combination of biochar and mineral nitrogen fertilization. About one-third of
A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of time of application and rates on the
performance of performance of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) on July and November 2013 at Lapai (9o
2' N and 6o34'E) and Mokwa (9o 8'N and 5o4'E) in the southern Guinea savanna ecology of Nigeria, The
experiments consisted of three (3) levels of poultry manure application time (two weeks before planting, at
planting and two week after planting) and four (4) levels of poultry manure application rates(0, 5, 10 and 15
t ha-1). The experiments were laid out as a 3 x 4 factorial in a randomized complete block design. Data
collected include plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, number of branches fruit weight, pod length, pod
diameter and cumulative yield. The result showed that the application of poultry manure two weeks before
planting significantly produced taller okra plants, higher number of leaves, wider leaf area and more okra
branches than other treatments in the two locations in 2013 cropping season. Fruit characteristic results
followed the same trends. In the case of the poultry manure rate, the application of 10 t ha-1significantly
produced taller okra plant, higher number of leaves, wider leaf area and more okra branches than other
treatments in the two locations in 2013 cropping season. The application of 15 t ha-1 was comparable to 10 t
ha-1 but significantly different from 5 t ha-1 and no application in the two locations in 2013 cropping season.
This result therefore recommended that poultry manure should be applied at least two weeks before planting
at 10 t ha-1
Nutrient budgets are becoming accepted tools to describe nutrient flows within cropping system and to assist in the planning of the rotational cropping and mixed farming system
Depending on the farm management and the balance of inputs and outputs of nutrient N,P and K budgets have been shown to range from deficit to surplus in cropping system
Budgets are the outcome of simple nutrient accounting process which details all the inputs and outputs to a given defined system over fixed period of time
A soil surface nutrient budget accounts for all nutrients that enter the soil surface and leave the soil through crop uptake.
Restoration, Reconciliation, and Reconnecting with Nature Nearby
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
This study evaluated the effects of water hyacinth compost prepared with different starter cultures on the growth and yield of maize. Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted in Kenya from 2011-2012. In the greenhouse experiments, water hyacinth compost was applied to maize plants and various growth parameters were measured over time. Application of water hyacinth compost and diammonium phosphate fertilizer significantly increased plant height, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, and root collar diameter compared to the control. In the field experiments, application of water hyacinth compost and diammonium phosphate increased shoot dry weight at tasseling stage compared to the control. However, yield parameters like 100 seed weight and
Nutrient Use Efficiency: Molecular Mechanism and AdvancesAmandeep Kaur
Nutrient use efficiency is important for sustainable crop production as global crop demand increases. Nutrient use efficiency refers to a plant's ability to acquire and utilize nutrients for growth. It can be improved through agronomic practices, molecular breeding, and biotechnology approaches. Recent research has identified genes and molecular mechanisms involved in nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiency. For example, the DEP1 gene regulates rice growth responses to nitrogen by controlling cell division and plays a role in nitrogen metabolism and uptake. While knowledge and tools are available, improving nutrient use efficiency remains complex due to its integration with multiple biological processes.
Plants require both macronutrients and micronutrients from the soil to complete their life cycle. Balanced plant nutrition (BPN) is an approach that ensures plants receive adequate amounts of all required nutrients throughout their growth. BPN focuses on sustainability and considers crop type, soil type, and growth stage to balance nutrients. It provides not just the major nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, but also secondary nutrients, micronutrients, and organic manures. For optimal plant health and yield, BPN aims to prevent any single nutrient from limiting growth.
Agricultural depletion of soil nutrient in arable landAlexander Decker
This academic article summarizes a study on the depletion of soil nutrients in agricultural land over time. The study analyzed soil samples from different arable areas in Bhopal, India twice over a one year period. The initial samples had higher concentrations of most nutrients measured compared to the later samples, indicating depletion occurred. Factors like soil pH, erosion, temperature fluctuations, and lack of organic carbon management can limit nutrient uptake by plants and availability over time. Integrated plant nutrient management that uses fertilizers, manures, and agronomic practices is recommended to sustain agricultural productivity and food supply.
Soil Health definition and relationship to soil biology
Characteristics of healthy soil
Assessment of soil health
Framework for evaluating soil health
Indicators
Types of indicators
Biological indicators
Role of biological indicators
Plant need water, air, light, suitable temperature and 17 essential nutrients for growth and development in the right combination. When plant suffers from malnutrition, exhibits symptoms of being unhealthy reliable nutrient recommendations are dependent upon accurate soil tests and crop nutrient calibrations based on extensive field research. An important part of crop production is being able to identify and prevent plant nutrient deficiencies. Optimization of pistachio productivity and quality requires an understanding of the nutrient requirements of the tree, the factors that influence nutrient availability and the methods used to diagnose and correct deficiencies. Several methods for nutritional diagnosis using leaf tissue analysis have been proposed and used, including the critical value (CV), the sufficiency range approach (SRA), and the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS). de both soil and tissues analysis. Renewed and intensified efforts are in progress to identify nutrient constraints using latest diagnostic tools and managing them more precisely through intervention of geospatial technologies (GPS, GIS etc.). There have been consistent concerns about the relegated fertilizer use efficiency, warranting further the revision of ongoing practices, and adoption of some alternative strategies. Diagnosis of nutrient constraints and their effective management has, therefore, now shifted in favour of INM.
Shallow rooted crops are very sensitive to both nutrients and water stresses; thus, they have to be frequently irrigated and fertilized with balanced nutrients or the two materials together as fertigation especially in semi-arid and arid areas of agriculture. So, this paper was reviewed with the objective of evaluating the effects of soil water and nutrients interaction on the yields and nutrients use efficiency of shallow rooted vegetable crops. Many research activities have been done regarding the interactions of water and nutrients and their use efficiency in different vegetable crops under different agro-ecological conditions. Short supply of fresh water and fertilizer pollution has promoted many investigations into the interaction effects of water and nutrients on crop yield and nutrient and water use efficiency of crops, and some achievements have been made. The value of soil nutrients in plant growth and agricultural output is closely related to water availability and also the agricultural water productivity is in larger part determined by nutrient supplies. Yield or crop productivity is more or less closely correlated with water and nutrients utilization. Nutrient and water application can destabilize the soil nutrient balance and have long-term negative impacts on crop growth and harvest then on the final productivity of the crop. To overcome these problems it requires different mechanisms to be adopted in areas where nutrients and water stresses are a serious problem. Thus, it is possible to increase crop productivity through utilization of an opportunity of selecting improved variety and balanced nutrients application or application of organic fertilizers for dry areas. In conclusion, integrated nutrient and water management is an important issue to minimize the negative impacts of water and nutrients stresses and to increase both yield potential and quality of shallow rooted crops for producers.
Climate Change & Its Relationship with Agriculture by Yogendra KatuwalYogendra Katuwal
Prepared by Yogendra Katuwal M.Sc. Ag (Agronomy) student of AFU, Rampur, Nepal. What is actually the relationship between climate change and agriculture is included needs a better understanding.
This document discusses biofertilizers and their potential role in sustainable pulse production. It defines biofertilizers as preparations containing beneficial microorganisms that can aid plant growth and nutrition. Various types of biofertilizers are described, including nitrogen fixers, phosphate solubilizers, and plant growth promoters. The mechanisms by which these microorganisms enhance soil fertility and nutrient availability are explained. Challenges in commercializing biofertilizer formulations are also addressed. The document aims to highlight biofertilizers as a sustainable approach to meet India's growing demand for pulses while reducing dependence on chemical fertilizers.
Siderophores are compounds from ancient Greek words, sidero ‘iron’ and phore ‘carriers’ meaning ‘iron carriers’. These are low-molecular-weight iron-chelating compounds, produced by ‘rhizospheric bacteria’ under iron-limited conditions. They are small, high affinity iron chelating compounds secreted by microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi etc. Siderophore usually form a stable hexahendate, octahedral complex with Fe3+.
This document summarizes a study on the sustainability of groundwater resources in the north-eastern region of Bangladesh. The study examines long-term water table fluctuations in the region using data from 1985 to 2004 from observation wells. The results show that the depth to the water table is declining slowly over time in almost all wells. If current trends continue, many wells will see their depth double by 2040 and almost all will double by 2060. Declining water tables pose a threat to agriculture and food security in the region. Strategies are needed to sustain water resources, such as demand-side management and developing alternative surface water sources to reduce pressure on groundwater.
Application of np fertilizers for better production of teffAlexander Decker
This document summarizes three experiments conducted in Ethiopia to determine optimal NP fertilizer rates for teff production on different soil types. The experiments were conducted on Profondic Luvisols soil in Hossana, Haplic Alisols soil in Areka, and Vitric Andosols soil in Awassa. Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers had varying effects on teff grain and straw yields depending on the location and soil type. The results showed that fertilizer is not needed for teff production in Awassa. In Areka, only phosphorus up to 20 kg/ha increased yields. In Hossana, phosphorus up to 30 kg/ha significantly increased both grain and straw yields. The document
1) The document describes a project to improve integrated rice production and pest management in Uganda to help farmers adapt to climate change.
2) The project is led by Bosco Bua and includes researchers from Makerere University, Namulonge, and Lira who are screening rice varieties for resistance to pests and diseases, assessing different water management practices, and studying the effects of rice residues on greenhouse gas emissions and pest dynamics.
3) Data from the first season of studies in 2011 is being analyzed, and the studies will be repeated in 2012 to identify rice varieties that are high yielding, resistant to diseases, and resilient to moisture stress to help Uganda achieve food security under changing climate conditions.
This document examines the potential for low greenhouse gas agriculture through sustainable farming practices. It summarizes recommendations from the IPCC on mitigation options in agriculture, such as improved crop rotations, nutrient management, and livestock management. It then compares these recommendations to practices commonly used in organic agriculture systems. Data from long-term field experiments show that organic systems can achieve yields close to conventional systems while using fewer external inputs and emitting fewer greenhouse gases. Organic practices such as nutrient recycling, cover cropping, and integrated crop-livestock systems have potential to increase farms' adaptation to climate change while reducing agriculture's carbon footprint.
This document discusses nutrient management for organic vegetable crops. It notes that organic fertilizers release nutrients more slowly than conventional sources, depending on soil biology. It also explains that organic management aims to build healthy soil by feeding soil life with organic matter, while supplemental organic fertilizers may be needed to meet crop nutrient demands and economic needs. The document provides an overview of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and other nutrient dynamics in soil and how organic farmers can manage nutrients effectively through practices like cover cropping and compost application.
This summary provides an overview of a study conducted by the Rodale Institute from 1992-2001 that compared the effects of compost, manure, and synthetic fertilizer on crop yields, soil quality, and environmental impacts. The study used a maize-vegetable-wheat crop rotation with green manure cover crops. It found that applying compost optimized yields, improved soil quality, and reduced nitrogen runoff compared to other treatments. Compost application resulted in the highest mean maize yields of 7.3 Mg/ha. The study demonstrated that using organic amendments like compost can provide agricultural and environmental benefits over inorganic fertilizers.
Nitrogen and Phosphorus Use EfficiencyinImproved Potato_Hailu Gebru 2017.pdfAbebeChindi1
Abstract Use of nutrient efficient crop species or cultivars
within species in combination with improved crop production
practices offer the best option for meeting the future food
requirements of growing world populations. Efficiency improvement has a key role for nutrient use and it improves both
productivity of yield and minimizes risks of losses that potentially harm the environment. To improve nutrient use efficiency (NUE), one strategy is to select cultivars of crops with high
NUE. Both nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are among essential macronutrients commonly applied to agricultural crops
to optimize yields. Evaluation of potato cultivars with high N
and P efficiency is essential for sustainable production of the
crop. In Ethiopia, however, little research has been done to
elucidate better NUE of potato crop until recently. This study
was, thus, designed to evaluate selected potato cultivars
(Belete, Gudene, Jalene, Marachere and one local check) for
NP use efficiency under low levels of the nutrients in Wolaita
Sodo University, Ethiopia during 2014 and 2015. Factorial
combination of 3 levels of each N (0, 55.5 and 111 kg N
ha−1 ) and P (0, 19.5 and 39 kg P ha−1 ) were assigned to the
main plots and the 5 cultivars to subplots of split-plot design in
three replications. Efficiency indices such as agronomic efficiency, physiological efficiency and recovery efficiency were
computed for combined NP nutrients. Results showed that
agronomic nitrogen use efficiency, apparent phosphorus use
efficiency and phosphorus use efficiencies were significantly
influenced by the interaction effect of rates of NP nutrition and
variety. Application of NP more than 55.5:19.5 kg ha−1 will
not beneficial due to their less or equal use and recovery efficiencies to 55.5:19.5 kg NP ha−1
. Belete was the most NP
efficient variety followed by Jalene and Gudene in all efficiency indices. Therefore, Belete, Jalene and Gudene return better
for NP at 55.5:19.5 kg ha−1 for economical use of fertilizes
while obtaining satisfactory yield. It can be concluded that
yield response variation of the varieties was related to their
differences in NP uptake and use efficiencies; and the improved potato varieties were superior to local check in using
NP nutrients efficiently
This document discusses integrated nutrient management (INM) in fruit crops. INM aims to use both organic and inorganic fertilizer sources to meet crop nutrient requirements and maintain soil health. The document provides examples of INM studies in various fruit crops like apple, banana, citrus and guava. INM treatments that combined organic manures like FYM and vermicompost with reduced inorganic fertilizer doses resulted in higher yields compared to recommended inorganic doses alone. The document concludes that INM can supply nutrients to crops while reducing chemical fertilizer use and maintaining soil fertility for sustainable agriculture.
Relay cropping breakthrough to improve soil air and water qualityMohsin Tanveer
The document discusses the environmental issues caused by excessive use of chemical fertilizers in agriculture, including greenhouse gas emissions, water pollution from nutrient runoff, and loss of soil quality. It proposes relay cropping as a solution, where a secondary crop is planted among a primary crop near harvest to utilize excess nutrients. Studies have found that intercropping wheat and soybeans with maize can reduce fertilizer costs and increase farm profits by taking up leftover nitrogen that would otherwise be lost from the soil. More research is still needed to fully understand how relay cropping performs across different growing conditions and regions.
This document summarizes a modeling approach to examine how plants may alter nutrient competition by modifying nutrient availability in the rhizosphere through the release of chemicals from roots. The model builds on a previous model of nutrient competition between plant species by incorporating mechanistic descriptions of nutrient diffusion, plant exudation of chemicals, and plant nutrient uptake. Simulations using the model suggest that the mechanisms controlling competition for bioavailable nutrients depend on soil properties, nutrient properties, and the mobility of nutrients and exudated chemicals in the soil. When diffusion is limited, exudation benefits only the exuding species, but when diffusion is widespread, exudation can benefit all species.
Amino Chelate Fertilizers as the Latest Novelties in Plant Nutrition A Reviewijtsrd
Chelates are synthetic compounds which are widely used in cropping systems particularly in Horticulture to improve the micronutrients deficiencies or to increase the micronutrients concentrations in plant tissues. When these synthetics chelate fertilizers are applied on plants, it takes away only the element of nutrition, and the chelator goes into the soil. This synthetic chelates are threat to the environment and to the ecosystem. Amino chelate fertilizers are the latest novelties for plant nutrition in agricultural production system. They represent effective fertilizers for both soil and especially for foliar applications. They are prepared using several amino acids in a preferred manner and are more friendly to plant, environment and human health issues. Compared to other fertilizers or several other commercially available synthetics chelates, such as EDTA, EGTA, DTPA, however, amino chelate fertilizers represent the safer and more efficient forms of fertilizers. In many countries, amino chelates have been quickly dominated in fertilizer market. But there is not enough scientific data and other information detailing about how the plants responded to it. Many studies using amino chelate fertilizers show that plant growth, yield and quality of various vegetables and lettuce plants have been improved. Sumanjeet Kaur | Amarpreet K. Kalra "Amino Chelate Fertilizers as the Latest Novelties in Plant Nutrition: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49432.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/analytical-chemistry/49432/amino-chelate-fertilizers-as-the-latest-novelties-in-plant-nutrition-a-review/sumanjeet-kaur
Fsc 506-need based nutrition,-splits and time of nutrients applicationPanchaal Bhattacharjee
This document discusses the principles of 4R nutrient stewardship for applying fertilizers, which involves applying the right source, rate, time, and place. It covers factors that influence the timing and splitting of fertilizer applications such as crop nutrient demand, soil properties like texture and cation exchange capacity, and avoiding salt damage. Split applications are recommended for sandy soils with low water-holding capacity to reduce leaching losses. The document also discusses factors that influence the timing of individual plant nutrients like nitrogen, which is prone to leaching and other losses if not properly applied based on soil conditions.
The granulation of manure into a premium fertilizer product offers a widespread solution to many of the issues faced by the global population today, including the pressure on farms to deal with increasing amounts of manure on smaller plots of land, nutrient runoff, and the Earth's depleted soils. This presentation looks at how the granulation of manure can help to resolve all of these issues.
- Basal fertilizer refers to the minimum amount of nutrients needed to sustain normal plant health. It is important to apply fertilizers at the right time, in the proper manner, and considering soil type and crop nutrient requirements.
- Fertilizers are typically applied to supply plants with macronutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium as well as micronutrients. The time and method of application depends on the fertilizer type, soil type, and crop needs.
- Common organic fertilizers include manure and compost which improve soil health while inorganic fertilizers are more concentrated but can degrade soils over time if overapplied. Proper use and handling of fertilizers is necessary to provide optimal
Role of sustainable Agriculture on Farming SystemsJalPanchal2
This document discusses sustainable agriculture and its importance. It defines sustainable agriculture as meeting food and fuel needs of the present generation without compromising resources for future generations. It discusses principles of sustainable agriculture like satisfying human needs, enhancing the environment, and sustaining farm economic viability. The document also outlines elements of sustainability like integrated pest management and nutrient management. It compares sustainable and conventional farming practices.
As an input to soil for growth of high yield food crops, chemical fertilizer made a significant contribution; now environmental impact too has to be kept in mind while making careful use of this essential input.
This document provides an introduction to organic manures. It discusses that modern agricultural practices have led to depletion of soil nutrients and increased reliance on chemical fertilizers. Organic manures help maintain soil organic matter and recycling of organic wastes is important for soil health. The document then discusses the effects of excessive chemical fertilizer use, including nutrient losses, soil acidification, and pollution of water sources. It notes the advantages of organic manures in improving physical, chemical and biological soil properties. Major organic sources are described including farm yard manure, animal wastes, crop residues, and compost. Carbon cycling through photosynthesis and decomposition is also summarized.
This document discusses various plant nutrient cycles. It covers the absorption patterns of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and secondary nutrients by plants. Nitrogen is absorbed as nitrates or ammonium and uptake is highest in young, actively growing plants. Phosphorus is absorbed as phosphates and is concentrated in reproductive tissues and seeds. Potassium uptake can exceed nitrogen uptake and luxury consumption can occur if potassium is plentiful in soils. The document also discusses micronutrient removal by crops, nutrient interactions both antagonistic and synergistic, and factors affecting nutrient use efficiency.
This document discusses nutrient cycles and consumption by plants. It covers the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, secondary nutrient (calcium, magnesium, sulfur), and micronutrient (zinc, boron, iron) cycles. Key points include:
- Plants absorb nitrogen as nitrate or ammonium and uptake is highest during active growth periods. Luxury consumption of potassium can occur when levels are high in soil.
- Phosphorus is absorbed as phosphate ions and is concentrated in reproductive plant parts. It has residual benefits for crop rotations.
- Secondary nutrients like calcium and magnesium are removed more by legumes, root crops, and high-yielding banana and pineapple. Micronutrient removal increases with
Soil is precious natural resource equally as important as water and air. The proper use of soil greatly determines the capability of a life-support system.The agriculture era has been changed from resource degrading to resource conserving technologies and practices which will enable help for increasing crop productivity besides maintaining soil health for future generations. Green revolution besides achieving food security, imposes several threats like deterioration of the soil organic carbon stock, decreasing factor productivity, imbalances in NPK and micronutrient use and disparity in fertilizer consumptions etc.
Fertilizers are substances added to soil to increase fertility and support plant growth. They provide essential nutrients. There are two main types - organic (manures, composts) and inorganic (chemical salts). While organic fertilizers improve soil structure, they release nutrients slowly. Inorganic fertilizers rapidly boost yields but may harm soil over time. Proper fertilizer use is critical to meet the world's growing food demands through increased agricultural production.
Similar to Gellings et al (2004) - Energy Efficiency In Fertiliser Production (20)
The Brazilian porcupine, also known as the tree porcupine, is a mid-sized rodent found in tropical and subtropical forests in northern South America and Trinidad and Tobago. It has modified hair that acts as sharp quills for defense and spends most of its time living in trees, using its long tail to hang from branches. The Brazilian porcupine is nocturnal and mostly solitary, though mothers will live with offspring until they are mature. It communicates through grunts, growls, and rattling its quills as warnings and will defend itself aggressively if threatened by curling into a ball and presenting its quills.
This document provides an overview and summary of Masanobu Fukuoka's book "The Natural Way of Farming". It discusses Fukuoka's principles of natural farming which avoid tillage, fertilizers, pesticides, and weeding. Fukuoka argues that scientific agriculture has disrupted nature and caused environmental problems. He believes the only way to restore nature is to stop human intervention and let nature heal itself through natural farming techniques like scattering seed-coated clay pellets in deserts. The document outlines Fukuoka's vision for a more sustainable agricultural system and a future where humanity lives in harmony with nature.
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reproduce this book for purposes of private study, and do so free of legal or financial liability. However, this book is copyrighted and may not be reproduced in any form for purposes of financial gain without prior permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who wishes to quote brief passages in connection with a review for inclusion in a journal, magazine, or newspaper. If a copy of this book is given free of charge to a third person then it must contain this copyright notice in full. This book is also available as shareware: anyone may download it, and may make an entirely voluntary contribution, by way of compensation to the author and publisher, via www.sharebooks.ca on the internet.
Wattle and daub, willow weaving, thatch, cob, and lime mortar were traditional building methods used in Britain. Wattle and daub involved weaving wooden lattices and filling them with mud or clay. Willow weaving was used to make fences, furniture and even house walls by twisting willow branches. Thatch used reeds or straw as roofing material. Cob construction used a mixture of soil, straw, and water to build walls. Lime mortar was composed of limestone, sand, and water to bind bricks and stones before modern cement was available. These methods required locally available natural materials and skills passed down over generations.
Save & grow - A policymaker’s guide to the sustainable intensification of sma...Kyle Lima
This document is a guidebook for policymakers on sustainably intensifying smallholder crop production. It discusses the need to meet growing global food demand while preserving natural resources. Conventional intensive agriculture has depleted soils and ecosystems. The guide proposes a new paradigm called sustainable crop production intensification, which uses ecosystem-based practices to produce higher yields from existing farmland without degrading the environment. It presents tools and approaches like conservation agriculture, agroforestry, integrated pest management and precision irrigation that can help small farms boost productivity in an eco-friendly way. The guide stresses the importance of policies, institutions and incentives to support the transition to more sustainable intensive agriculture.
The letter opposes the implementation of a hunting moratorium in Trinidad & Tobago for several reasons:
1) A moratorium would not address the biggest threats to wildlife like habitat loss from development and pollution.
2) It could increase poaching by drastically increasing wild meat prices.
3) It would not be welcomed by those who enjoy hunting for sport, food, or tradition.
4) Enforcement would be difficult given limited resources and armed poachers in forests.
Instead, the letter recommends alternatives like shortening the hunting season, targeted restrictions, reforestation projects with hunters, and focusing enforcement on protected zones. The goal is to balance wildlife conservation with existing hunting practices.
Fruit Trees & Useful Plants in Amazonian LifeKyle Lima
This document lists 20 technical papers published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) on non-wood forest products. The papers cover a wide range of topics including plant-derived flavors, colors, gums, resins, latexes, edible nuts, and medicinal plants. Other papers analyze the use and trade of non-wood forest products in agroforestry systems, management of rattan and bamboo resources, and the role of bees and non-timber forest products in supporting forest livelihoods. The list of papers was published between 1995 and 2011 and highlights over 15 years of FAO's work researching and documenting non-wood forest products.
Trinibats w-iildlife_policy_recommendationKyle Lima
Geoffrey Gomes, a bat specialist, writes a letter to the Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources proposing to delist bats from the classification of "vermin" in Trinidad and Tobago's wildlife legislation. He outlines his experience working with wildlife committees and organizations. He then provides information on Trinidad and Tobago's 67 bat species, their roles in pest control of agriculture and diseases, and their importance as pollinators and seed dispersers of many tree species.
For centuries, hunting with dogs has been common practice, but many countries have now banned the activity. Most European countries prohibited hunting with dogs in the early-to-mid 20th century, deeming it "unsporting." In the US, only nine states still allow deer hunting with dogs, and regulations vary significantly within those states. The author argues that claims made by Trinidad and Tobago's minister regarding dogs needing to exercise by pursuing wild animals are unsupported by scientific evidence and contradict standard practices in countries like the US and Canada, where such activity during closed seasons is strictly controlled or considered illegal hunting.
This document announces two community meetings to discuss issues relating to tar sands, climate change, energy security and empowerment in Trinidad and Tobago. The first meeting will take place on November 24th in Couva and the second on November 25th in Vance River Village. Guest speakers from Canada will give presentations on their communities' ongoing resistance to tar sands and fracking pipelines, and on opposing tar sands development.
This document provides an overview of potential tar sands development in Trinidad and Tobago based on Canada's experience. It notes that tar sands are the dirtiest type of oil and require large amounts of land, water and energy to extract. Developing tar sands in T&T's southwest peninsula could mean toxic water usage that contaminates groundwater for centuries, air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and health risks for nearby communities from Vessigny to Point Fortin, as seen in the Canadian town of Fort McMurray surrounded by tar sands mines. The document examines how infrastructure projects like pipelines, refineries, and road expansions could enable low-cost tar sands extraction in T&T,