A guide for game preview and rules: history, definitions, classification, theory, video game consoles, cheating, links, etc.
While many different subdivisions have been proposed, anthropologists classify games under three major headings, and have drawn some conclusions as to the social bases that each sort of game requires. They divide games broadly into, games of pure skill, such as hopscotch and target shooting; games of pure strategy, such as checkers, go, or tic-tac-toe; and games of chance, such as craps and snakes and ladders. A guide for game preview and rules: history, definitions, classification, theory, video game consoles, cheating, links, etc.
A comprehensive guide of chess: history, famous games and players, rules, strategy, tactics, chess and the computer, documentation and literature, variants.
Chess (the “Game of Kings”) is a board game for two players, which requires 32 chesspieces (or chessmen) and a board demarcated by 64 squares. Gameplay does not involve random luck; consisting solely of strategy, (see also tactics, and theory). Chess is one of humanity’s more popular games; it is has been described not only as a game, but also as both art and science. Chess is sometimes seen as an abstract wargame; as a “mental martial art”.
A comprehensive guide of chess: history, famous games and players, rules, strategy, tactics, chess and the computer, documentation and literature, variants.
Chess (the “Game of Kings”) is a board game for two players, which requires 32 chesspieces (or chessmen) and a board demarcated by 64 squares. Gameplay does not involve random luck; consisting solely of strategy, (see also tactics, and theory). Chess is one of humanity’s more popular games; it is has been described not only as a game, but also as both art and science. Chess is sometimes seen as an abstract wargame; as a “mental martial art”.
A short guide about how to play blackjack, blackjack variants, strategies, tournaments, card counting, advantage gambling techniques, terminology.
The rules of casino blackjack are generally determined by law or regulation, which establishes certain rule variations allowed at the discretion of the casino. The rules of any particular game are generally posted on or near the table, failing which there is an expectation that casino staff will provide them on request. Over 100 variations of blackjack have been documented.
Each blackjack game has a basic strategy, which is playing a hand of any total value against any dealer’s up-card, which loses the least money to the house in the long term.
Blackjack can be played in tournament form, where players start with equal numbers of chips and the aim is to finish among the top chip-holders.
Internet casino guide – best gambling on net and casino bonus.
Online casinos, also known as virtual casinos, are the online version of land-based (“brick and mortar”) casinos. They allow you to play casino games through the Internet. Some online casinos provide various games, while others only provide only one type of game. Online poker is also very popular and there are many dedicated companies that provide this activity.
https://www.telework.ro/en/e-books/gaming-online-casinos/
This book is intended to be an introduction to the poker game, emphasizing on the online poker, the betting structure, poker variants, poker strategy and specific poker tournaments.
Online poker is the game of poker played over the Internet. Online poker rooms tend to be viewed as more player-friendly and allow the players to play for very low stakes. It has been partly responsible for a dramatic increase in the number of poker players worldwide. While the practice of comping players with free meals, hotel rooms, and merchandise is quite common in B&M casinos, online poker rooms have needed to develop new ways to reward faithful customers. The most common way of doing this is through deposit bonuses, where the player is given a bonus code to enter when placing money into an account. One common feature of the online poker sites is to offer tournaments called satellites by which the winners gain entry to real-life poker tournaments. Online poker rooms reward customers through deposit bonuses, where the player is given a bonus code to enter when placing money into an account.
Sports betting is the general activity of predicting sports results by making a wager on the outcome of a sporting event.
Aside from simple wagers–betting a friend that one’s favorite baseball team will win its division, for instance, or buying a football “square” for the Super Bowl–sports betting is commonly done through a bookmaker. Bookmakers generally offer two types of wagers on the winner of a sporting event: a straight-up or money line bet, or a point spread wager. Moneylines and straight-up prices are used to set odds on sports such as soccer, baseball and hockey (the scoring nature of which renders point spreads impractical) as well as individual vs. individual matches, like boxing.
Movie is considered to be an important art form; films entertain, educate, enlighten and inspire audiences.
Film is a term that encompasses motion pictures as individual projects, as well as — in metonymy — the field in general. The origin of the name comes from the fact that photographic film (also called filmstock) has historically been the primary medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist — motion pictures (or just pictures or “picture”), the silver screen, photoplays, the cinema, picture shows, flicks — and commonly movies.
A short guide about what is and how to play bingo, the game in US and United Kingdom, and its major variations.
Since its invention in 1934, modern bingo has evolved into multiple variations, with each jurisdiction’s gambling laws regulating how the game is played. There are also nearly unlimited patterns that may be specified for play. Some patterns only require one number to be matched, up to cover-all games which award the jackpot for covering an entire card and certain games award prizes to players for matching no numbers or achieving no pattern.
Bingo is often used as an instructional tool in American primary schools and in teaching English as a foreign language in many countries. It became increasingly more popular across the UK with more purpose-built bingo halls.
Keno is an important variation of bingo game, often played at modern casinos, and also offered as a game in some state lotteries.
Scratchcard is another major variation. The scratchcard is a small token, usually made of cardboard, where one or more areas contain concealed information: they are covered by a substance (usually latex) that cannot be seen through, but can be scratched off.
A comprehensive guide of chess: history, famous games and players, rules, strategy, tactics, chess and the computer, documentation and literature, variants.
Chess (the “Game of Kings”) is a board game for two players, which requires 32 chesspieces (or chessmen) and a board demarcated by 64 squares. Gameplay does not involve random luck; consisting solely of strategy, (see also tactics, and theory). Chess is one of humanity’s more popular games; it is has been described not only as a game, but also as both art and science. Chess is sometimes seen as an abstract wargame; as a “mental martial art”.
A comprehensive guide of chess: history, famous games and players, rules, strategy, tactics, chess and the computer, documentation and literature, variants.
Chess (the “Game of Kings”) is a board game for two players, which requires 32 chesspieces (or chessmen) and a board demarcated by 64 squares. Gameplay does not involve random luck; consisting solely of strategy, (see also tactics, and theory). Chess is one of humanity’s more popular games; it is has been described not only as a game, but also as both art and science. Chess is sometimes seen as an abstract wargame; as a “mental martial art”.
A short guide about how to play blackjack, blackjack variants, strategies, tournaments, card counting, advantage gambling techniques, terminology.
The rules of casino blackjack are generally determined by law or regulation, which establishes certain rule variations allowed at the discretion of the casino. The rules of any particular game are generally posted on or near the table, failing which there is an expectation that casino staff will provide them on request. Over 100 variations of blackjack have been documented.
Each blackjack game has a basic strategy, which is playing a hand of any total value against any dealer’s up-card, which loses the least money to the house in the long term.
Blackjack can be played in tournament form, where players start with equal numbers of chips and the aim is to finish among the top chip-holders.
Internet casino guide – best gambling on net and casino bonus.
Online casinos, also known as virtual casinos, are the online version of land-based (“brick and mortar”) casinos. They allow you to play casino games through the Internet. Some online casinos provide various games, while others only provide only one type of game. Online poker is also very popular and there are many dedicated companies that provide this activity.
https://www.telework.ro/en/e-books/gaming-online-casinos/
This book is intended to be an introduction to the poker game, emphasizing on the online poker, the betting structure, poker variants, poker strategy and specific poker tournaments.
Online poker is the game of poker played over the Internet. Online poker rooms tend to be viewed as more player-friendly and allow the players to play for very low stakes. It has been partly responsible for a dramatic increase in the number of poker players worldwide. While the practice of comping players with free meals, hotel rooms, and merchandise is quite common in B&M casinos, online poker rooms have needed to develop new ways to reward faithful customers. The most common way of doing this is through deposit bonuses, where the player is given a bonus code to enter when placing money into an account. One common feature of the online poker sites is to offer tournaments called satellites by which the winners gain entry to real-life poker tournaments. Online poker rooms reward customers through deposit bonuses, where the player is given a bonus code to enter when placing money into an account.
Sports betting is the general activity of predicting sports results by making a wager on the outcome of a sporting event.
Aside from simple wagers–betting a friend that one’s favorite baseball team will win its division, for instance, or buying a football “square” for the Super Bowl–sports betting is commonly done through a bookmaker. Bookmakers generally offer two types of wagers on the winner of a sporting event: a straight-up or money line bet, or a point spread wager. Moneylines and straight-up prices are used to set odds on sports such as soccer, baseball and hockey (the scoring nature of which renders point spreads impractical) as well as individual vs. individual matches, like boxing.
Movie is considered to be an important art form; films entertain, educate, enlighten and inspire audiences.
Film is a term that encompasses motion pictures as individual projects, as well as — in metonymy — the field in general. The origin of the name comes from the fact that photographic film (also called filmstock) has historically been the primary medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist — motion pictures (or just pictures or “picture”), the silver screen, photoplays, the cinema, picture shows, flicks — and commonly movies.
A short guide about what is and how to play bingo, the game in US and United Kingdom, and its major variations.
Since its invention in 1934, modern bingo has evolved into multiple variations, with each jurisdiction’s gambling laws regulating how the game is played. There are also nearly unlimited patterns that may be specified for play. Some patterns only require one number to be matched, up to cover-all games which award the jackpot for covering an entire card and certain games award prizes to players for matching no numbers or achieving no pattern.
Bingo is often used as an instructional tool in American primary schools and in teaching English as a foreign language in many countries. It became increasingly more popular across the UK with more purpose-built bingo halls.
Keno is an important variation of bingo game, often played at modern casinos, and also offered as a game in some state lotteries.
Scratchcard is another major variation. The scratchcard is a small token, usually made of cardboard, where one or more areas contain concealed information: they are covered by a substance (usually latex) that cannot be seen through, but can be scratched off.
An animated cartoon is a short, hand-drawn (or made with computers to look similar to something hand-drawn) moving picture for the cinema, TV or computer screen, featuring some kind of story or plot.
Animation is the optical illusion of motion created by the consecutive display of images of static elements. In film and video production, this refers to techniques by which each frame of a film or movie is produced individually. Computer animation is the art of creating moving images via the use of computers. It is a subfield of computer graphics and animation. Anime is a medium of animation originating in Japan, with distinctive character and background aesthetics that visually set it apart from other forms of animation. An animated cartoon is a short, hand-drawn (or made with computers to look similar to something hand-drawn) moving picture for the cinema, TV or computer screen, featuring some kind of story or plot (even if it is a very short one). Manga is the Japanese word for comics and print cartoons. Outside of Japan, it usually refers specifically to Japanese comics. Special effects (abbreviated SPFX or SFX) are used in the film, television, and entertainment industry to visualize scenes that cannot be achieved by normal means, such as space travel. Stop motion is a generic gereral term for an animation technique which makes static objects appear to move.
A guide for the cat lovers about the cat behavior, cat attractants, cat breeds, cat health and food, type of cats, cats as pets, fictional cats, films about cats, historical cats. A book full with pictures of the most important cat breeds, tips and advice for cat behavior, cat diseases and how to take care of the cats.
The cat, also called the domestic cat or house cat, is a small feline carnivorous mammal of the subspecies Felis silvestris catus. Its most immediate pre-domestication ancestor is the African wild cat, Felis silvestris lybica. The cat has been living in close association with humans for at least 3,500 years; the Ancient Egyptians routinely used cats to keep mice and other rodents (mostly rats) away from their grain (and also believed that cats were sacred to the goddess Bastet). The history of the domestic cat may stretch back even further, as 8,000-year-old bones of humans and cats were found buried together on the island of Cyprus.
Insurance terminology and risk management.
Insurance, in law and economics, is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of potential financial loss. Insurance is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a potential loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for a premium and duty of care.
Dog anatomy, breeding, breeds, equipment, health, law, monuments, organizations, related professions and professionals, shows and showing, sports, training and behavior, types, working dogs. Dogs in popular culture, famous dogs, fictional dogs, films.
The dog is a canine mammal of the Order Carnivora. Dogs were first domesticated from wolves at least 12,000 years ago but perhaps as long as 150,000 years ago based on recent genetic fossil evidence and DNA evidence. In this time, the dog has developed into hundreds of breeds with a great degree of variation. This guide details the dog anatomy, breeding, breeds, equipment, health, law, monuments, organizations, related professions and professionals, shows and showing, dog sports, training and behavior, dog types, working dogs, as well as dogs in popular culture, famous dogs, fictional dogs, films about dogs, dogs as pets, and many other related aspects.
Dog anatomy, breeding, breeds, equipment, health, law, monuments, organizations, related professions and professionals, shows and showing, sports, training and behavior, types, working dogs. Dogs in popular culture, famous dogs, fictional dogs, films.
The dog is a canine mammal of the Order Carnivora. Dogs were first domesticated from wolves at least 12,000 years ago but perhaps as long as 150,000 years ago based on recent genetic fossil evidence and DNA evidence. In this time, the dog has developed into hundreds of breeds with a great degree of variation. This guide details the dog anatomy, breeding, breeds, equipment, health, law, monuments, organizations, related professions and professionals, shows and showing, dog sports, training and behavior, dog types, working dogs, as well as dogs in popular culture, famous dogs, fictional dogs, films about dogs, dogs as pets, and many other related aspects.
An introduction to interpersonal relationship – methods, advice and tips for friendship, dating and online dating, intimate relationship, love and kiss, flirting, seduction, romance, marriage and wedding.
Interpersonal relationships are social associations, connections, or affiliations between two or more people. They vary in differing levels of intimacy and sharing, implying the discovery or establishment of common ground, and may be centered around something(s) shared in common. The study of relationships is of concern to sociology, psychology and anthropology. Dating is a form of courtship consisting of social activities done by two persons with the aim of each assessing the other’s suitability as a partner in an intimate relationship or as a spouse.
The e-book details the most interesting and important characteristics of the automobiles, car maintenance, styling features, car body style, the standard classification of the cars, an history of the automobiles, introduction in the automotive industry, and the traffic code, rules and signs.
An automobile, usually called a car (an old word for carriage) or a truck, is a wheeled vehicle that carries its own engine. Older terms include horseless carriage and motor car, with “motor” referring to what is now usually called the engine. It has seats for the driver and, almost without exception, for at least one passenger. The automobile was hailed as an environmental improvement over horses when it was first introduced. Before its introduction, in New York City, over 10,000 tons of manure had to be removed from the streets daily. However, in 2006 the automobile is one of the primary sources of worldwide air pollution and cause of substantial noise and health effects.
Gambling as a betting action – wagering money or something of material value on an event with an uncertain outcome with the primary intent of winning additional money or material goods.
A guide about what is gambling (with a special section for online gambling), casino games with both beatable casino games (poker , blackjack, video poker with progressive jackpot, pai gow poker, betting, horse racing – parimutuel, slot machines and other gambling machines) and unbeatable casino games (baccarat, craps, roulette, keno, casino war, faro, pachinko, sic bo, let it ride, 3-card poker, 4-card poker, red dog, Caribbean stud poker, etc.), and non-casino gambling games (bingo, lottery, mahjong, backgammon, bridge, etc.).
Fixed-odds gambling in sports is also present in this book with horse racing, greyhound racing, football (particularly association football, American football and rugby), golf, tennis, cricket, baseball, basketball, ice hockey, snooker, motor sports, boxing, darts, cross-country skiing and biathlon. Please, don’t forget to take a look to the legality of the gambling and online gambling, as well as to the articles, warnings and links dedicated to the gambling addiction. Extreme cases of problem gambling may cross over into the realm of mental disorders.
Christmas characters and food, Christmas-linked holidays and music, Santa Claus and traditions. Related to Annunciation, Incarnation; Crucifixion; Advent, the four weeks preceding Christmas; and the period between the day after Thanksgiving and the Sunday after New Year”s Day, the American holiday season.
Christmas or Christmas Day is a holiday celebrating the birth of Jesus, the central figure of Christianity. Aspects of celebration may include gift-giving, Christmas trees, display of Nativity sets, church attendance, the Father Christmas/Santa Claus myth, and family gatherings. Users of the Gregorian calendar observe the holiday on December 25. Some Eastern Orthodox Churches celebrate on December 25 by the Julian calendar, which currently corresponds to January 7 on the Gregorian calendar. These dates are merely traditional; the great majority of scholars agree that the actual birthdate of Jesus is unknown. In Western culture, the holiday is characterized by the exchange of gifts among friends and family members, some of the gifts being attributed to Santa Claus (also known as Father Christmas, Saint Nicholas, Saint Basil and Father Frost). However, various local and regional Christmas traditions are still practiced, despite the widespread influence of American, British and Australian Christmas motifs disseminated by film, popular literature, television, and other media.
The book is an overview of the major subfields and concepts in physics, including a brief outline of the history of physics and its subfields.
Physics (from Greek from φυσικός (phusikos): natural, from φύσις (fysis): Nature) is the science of Nature in the broadest sense. Physicists study the behaviour and interactions of matter and radiation. Theories of physics are generally expressed as mathematical relations. Well-established theories are often referred to as physical laws or laws of physics; however, like all scientific theories, they are ultimately provisional. Physics is very closely related to the other natural sciences, particularly chemistry. The book is an overview of the major subfields and concepts in physics, including a brief outline of the history of physics and its subfields.
https://www.telework.ro/en/e-books/physics-help/
A guide for online marketers, advertisers and publishers, to increase the digital marketing and optimize their costs and benefits.
Internet marketing, also known as digital marketing, web marketing, online marketing, search marketing or e-marketing, is the marketing (generally promotion) of products or services over the Internet. Search engine optimization (SEO) is a set of methods aimed at improving the ranking of a website in search engine listings.
Generally speaking, advertising is the promotion of goods, services, companies and ideas, usually by an identified sponsor. Marketers see advertising as part of an overall promotional strategy.
Other components of the promotional mix include publicity, public relations, personal selling and SHOP SHOP SALE s promotion.
Online advertising is advertising on the Internet. This particular form of advertising is a source of revenue for an increasing number of websites and companies.
A detailed guide of everything you want and need to know about fish.
A fish is a water-dwelling vertebrate with gills that doesn”t change form, as amphibians do, during its life. Most are cold-blooded, though some (such as some species of tuna and shark) are warm-blooded. There are over 29,000 species of fish, making them the most diverse group of vertebrates. Fishing is the activity of hunting for fish. Fishing is a very ancient practice that dates back at least to the Mesolithic period which began about 10,000 years ago.
Fishing is the activity of hunting for fish. By extension, the term fishing is also applied to hunting for other aquatic animals such as various types of shellfish as well as squid, octopus, turtles, frogs and some edible marine invertebrates. Fish as a food describes the edible parts of water-dwelling, cold-blooded vertebrates with gills, as well as certain other water-dwelling animals such as mollusks, crustaceans, and shellfish. An aquarium (plural aquariums or aquaria) is a vivarium, usually contained in a clear-sided container (typically constructed of glass or high-strength plastic) in which water-dwelling plants and animals (usually fish, and sometimes invertebrates, as well as amphibians, marine mammals, and reptiles) are kept in captivity, often for public display; or it is an establishment featuring such displays. A detailed guide of everything you want and need to know about fish.
This document provides an overview of American music. It discusses various genres that originated or developed substantially in the United States, including folk, classical, popular music, as well as American Indian music, jazz, blues, and rock. It also examines the music industry and provides historical context on the development of music education and holidays/festivals in America. The document is compiled from various articles on American music genres. It includes chapters on the history and characteristics of specific styles as well as biographies of influential artists.
Dance music is music composed, played, or both, specifically to accompany dancing.
It can be either the whole musical piece or part of a larger musical arrangement. Dance music works usually bear the name of the corresponding dance, e.g. waltzes, the tango, the bolero, the can-can, minuets, salsa, various kinds of jigs and the breakdown. Other dance forms include contradance, the merengue, the cha-cha-cha. Often it is difficult to know whether the name of the music came first or the name of the dance. Although dance is often accompanied by music, it can also be presented alone (Postmodern dance) or provide its own accompaniment (tap dance). Dance presented with music may or may not be performed in time to the music depending on the style of dance. Dance performed without music is said to be danced to its own rhythm. An introduction to classical and modern dance including hip hop dance, what is dance, and the dance music (electronic music, rock and roll, disco, house, techno, trance, etc.)
A short introduction about Easter from the perspective of various religions, traditions and cultures, including Easter season, Easter bread, Easter eggs, greetings, etc.
Easter is the most important religious holiday of the Christian liturgical year, observed in March, April, or May to celebrate the resurrection of Jesus, which Christians believe occurred after his death by crucifixion in AD 27-33 (see Good Friday). Easter can also refer to the season of the church year, lasting for fifty days, which follows this holiday and ends at Pentecost. The Easter festival is kept in many different ways among Western Christians. The traditional, liturgical observation of Easter, as practised among Roman Catholics and some Lutherans and Anglicans begins on the night of Holy Saturday with the Easter Vigil. This, the most important liturgy of the year, begins in total darkness with the blessing of the Easter fire, the lighting of the large Paschal candle (symbolic of the Risen Christ) and the chanting of the Exsultet or Easter Proclamation attributed to Saint Ambrose of Milan. A short introduction about Easter from the perspective of various religions, traditions and cultures, including Easter season, Easter bread, Easter eggs, greetings, etc.
Riscuri și provocări în inteligența artificială: Cutii negre și actorii de am...Nicolae Sfetcu
Inteligența artificială a creat oportunități fără precedent, dar și noi riscuri. Creșterea exponențială a capabilităților modelelor de inteligența artificială permite atingerea unor niveluri de valoare și generalizare neatinse până acum. Cu toate acestea, opacitatea acestor modele a crescut, de asemenea, iar natura lor de cutie neagră face dificilă, chiar și pentru experți, explicarea justificării concluziilor lor. Acest lucru poate reprezenta un punct critic din punct de vedere tehnologic și social, deoarece riscul este real, după cum demonstrează episoadele recente, ale sistemelor de antrenament care sunt compromise de părtiniri și prejudecăți de discriminare, care au învățat din datele de instruire. Prin urmare, este posibil ca învățarea din urmele digitale ale deciziilor trecute să poată duce la încorporarea prejudecăților invizibile existente în modelele rezultate, perpetuându-le.
IT & C, Volumul 2, Numărul 1, Martie 2023, pp. 41-47
ISSN 2821 – 8469, ISSN – L 2821 – 8469, DOI: 10.58679/IT21269
URL: https://www.internetmobile.ro/riscuri-si-provocari-in-inteligenta-artificiala-cutii-negre-si-actorii-de-amenintare/
EU Clear English Tips for Translators - eBookNicolae Sfetcu
Here are some tips to help translators avoid copying structure and wording from other languages that would be awkward in English.
They should be useful to non-native speakers, but may serve as handy reminders for native speakers too.
Funcții PHP definite de utilizator în dezvoltarea WordPressNicolae Sfetcu
PHP definește o gamă largă de funcții ca blocuri reutilizabile de instrucțiuni în limbajul de bază, și multe sunt, de asemenea, disponibile în diferite extensii. Aceste funcții sunt bine documentate în documentația online PHP. Funcțiile personalizate pot fi definite de dezvoltator. O funcție nu se va executa automat când se încarcă o pagină, ea poate fi apelată de oriunde și oricând în cadrul programului. PHP acceptă declarații de tip privind parametrii funcției, care sunt aplicate în timpul execuției.
IT & C, Volumul 2, Numărul 1, Martie 2023, pp. 37-40
ISSN 2821 – 8469, ISSN – L 2821 – 8469, DOI: 10.58679/IT37237
URL: https://www.internetmobile.ro/functii-php-definite-de-utilizator-in-dezvoltarea-wordpress/
Practici comune pentru limbajul de programare în CNicolae Sfetcu
Odată cu utilizarea pe scară largă, o serie de practici și convenții comune au evoluat pentru a ajuta la evitarea erorilor în programele C. Acestea sunt simultan o demonstrație a aplicării bunelor principii de inginerie software într-un limbaj, și o indicație a limitărilor C. Deși puține sunt utilizate universal, iar unele sunt controversate, fiecare dintre acestea se bucură de o utilizare largă.
IT & C, Volumul 2, Numărul 1, Martie 2023, pp. 30-36
ISSN 2821 – 8469, ISSN – L 2821 – 8469, DOI: 10.58679/IT80750
URL: https://www.internetmobile.ro/practici-comune-pentru-programarea-in-c/
IT & C, Volumul 2, Numărul 3, Septembrie 2023 - RezumateNicolae Sfetcu
Revista IT & C este o publicație trimestrială din domeniile tehnologiei informației și comunicații, și domenii conexe de studiu și practică.
Cuprins:
EDITORIAL
Provocări în inteligența artificială
TEHNOLOGIA INFORMAȚIEI
Blockchain Design and Modelling
TELECOMUNICAȚII
Arhitectura de bază a rețelelor 5G
INTERNET
Big Data Ethics in Education and Research
SOFTWARE
Tableau Software: Vizualizarea și analiza datelor
PROGRAMARE
Rezumarea automată în inteligența artificială prin învățare nesupravegheată: TextRank
DEZVOLTARE WEB
Argumentele funcțiilor PHP – Transmiterea argumentelor prin referință
SECURITATE CIBERNETICĂ
Criptomonede și criptosecurități – Contracte inteligente
ISSN 2821– 8469 ISSN – L 2821 – 8469, DOI: 10.58679/IT55267
EAN , Cod IT23 , ID 32330
IT & C (PDF, EPUB, MOBI pentru Kindle) https://www.internetmobile.ro/revista/revista-it-c-volumul-2-numarul-3-septembrie-2023/
Vizualizarea datelor cu aplicațiile Tableau SoftwareNicolae Sfetcu
Tableau este un instrument de analiză și vizualizare a datelor care se poate conecta cu multe surse de date, creând tablouri de bord interactive. Tableau utilizează inovații de integrare a aplicațiilor, cum ar fi API-urile JavaScript și aplicația de conectare unică, pentru a include în mod constant analiza Tableau în aplicațiile de afaceri de bază. Tableau interoghează baze de date relaționale, cuburi de procesare analitică online, baze de date în cloud și foi de calcul pentru a genera vizualizări de date de tip grafic. De asemenea, software-ul poate extrage, stoca și prelua date dintr-un motor de date în memorie.
IT & C, Volumul 2, Numărul 1, Martie 2023, pp. 23-29
ISSN 2821 – 8469, ISSN – L 2821 – 8469, DOI: 10.58679/IT10117
URL: https://www.internetmobile.ro/vizualizarea-datelor-cu-aplicatiile-tableau-software/
La revendication de Hooke sur la loi de la gravitéNicolae Sfetcu
Dans une note intitulée « Un état vrai de l'affaire et la controverse entre Sr Isaak Newton et le Dr Robert Hooke comme priorité de cette noble hypothèse du mouvement des planètes autour du Soleil en tant que leurs centres » non publié au cours de sa vie, Hooke a décrit sa théorie de la gravité. Pour soutenir sa « priorité », Hooke cite ses conférences sur les mouvements planétaires du 23 mai 1666, « Une tentative de prouver le mouvement de la Terre à partir d'observations » publiées en 1674 et la correspondance avec Isaac Newton en 1679.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.26375.24485
An animated cartoon is a short, hand-drawn (or made with computers to look similar to something hand-drawn) moving picture for the cinema, TV or computer screen, featuring some kind of story or plot.
Animation is the optical illusion of motion created by the consecutive display of images of static elements. In film and video production, this refers to techniques by which each frame of a film or movie is produced individually. Computer animation is the art of creating moving images via the use of computers. It is a subfield of computer graphics and animation. Anime is a medium of animation originating in Japan, with distinctive character and background aesthetics that visually set it apart from other forms of animation. An animated cartoon is a short, hand-drawn (or made with computers to look similar to something hand-drawn) moving picture for the cinema, TV or computer screen, featuring some kind of story or plot (even if it is a very short one). Manga is the Japanese word for comics and print cartoons. Outside of Japan, it usually refers specifically to Japanese comics. Special effects (abbreviated SPFX or SFX) are used in the film, television, and entertainment industry to visualize scenes that cannot be achieved by normal means, such as space travel. Stop motion is a generic gereral term for an animation technique which makes static objects appear to move.
A guide for the cat lovers about the cat behavior, cat attractants, cat breeds, cat health and food, type of cats, cats as pets, fictional cats, films about cats, historical cats. A book full with pictures of the most important cat breeds, tips and advice for cat behavior, cat diseases and how to take care of the cats.
The cat, also called the domestic cat or house cat, is a small feline carnivorous mammal of the subspecies Felis silvestris catus. Its most immediate pre-domestication ancestor is the African wild cat, Felis silvestris lybica. The cat has been living in close association with humans for at least 3,500 years; the Ancient Egyptians routinely used cats to keep mice and other rodents (mostly rats) away from their grain (and also believed that cats were sacred to the goddess Bastet). The history of the domestic cat may stretch back even further, as 8,000-year-old bones of humans and cats were found buried together on the island of Cyprus.
Insurance terminology and risk management.
Insurance, in law and economics, is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of potential financial loss. Insurance is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a potential loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for a premium and duty of care.
Dog anatomy, breeding, breeds, equipment, health, law, monuments, organizations, related professions and professionals, shows and showing, sports, training and behavior, types, working dogs. Dogs in popular culture, famous dogs, fictional dogs, films.
The dog is a canine mammal of the Order Carnivora. Dogs were first domesticated from wolves at least 12,000 years ago but perhaps as long as 150,000 years ago based on recent genetic fossil evidence and DNA evidence. In this time, the dog has developed into hundreds of breeds with a great degree of variation. This guide details the dog anatomy, breeding, breeds, equipment, health, law, monuments, organizations, related professions and professionals, shows and showing, dog sports, training and behavior, dog types, working dogs, as well as dogs in popular culture, famous dogs, fictional dogs, films about dogs, dogs as pets, and many other related aspects.
Dog anatomy, breeding, breeds, equipment, health, law, monuments, organizations, related professions and professionals, shows and showing, sports, training and behavior, types, working dogs. Dogs in popular culture, famous dogs, fictional dogs, films.
The dog is a canine mammal of the Order Carnivora. Dogs were first domesticated from wolves at least 12,000 years ago but perhaps as long as 150,000 years ago based on recent genetic fossil evidence and DNA evidence. In this time, the dog has developed into hundreds of breeds with a great degree of variation. This guide details the dog anatomy, breeding, breeds, equipment, health, law, monuments, organizations, related professions and professionals, shows and showing, dog sports, training and behavior, dog types, working dogs, as well as dogs in popular culture, famous dogs, fictional dogs, films about dogs, dogs as pets, and many other related aspects.
An introduction to interpersonal relationship – methods, advice and tips for friendship, dating and online dating, intimate relationship, love and kiss, flirting, seduction, romance, marriage and wedding.
Interpersonal relationships are social associations, connections, or affiliations between two or more people. They vary in differing levels of intimacy and sharing, implying the discovery or establishment of common ground, and may be centered around something(s) shared in common. The study of relationships is of concern to sociology, psychology and anthropology. Dating is a form of courtship consisting of social activities done by two persons with the aim of each assessing the other’s suitability as a partner in an intimate relationship or as a spouse.
The e-book details the most interesting and important characteristics of the automobiles, car maintenance, styling features, car body style, the standard classification of the cars, an history of the automobiles, introduction in the automotive industry, and the traffic code, rules and signs.
An automobile, usually called a car (an old word for carriage) or a truck, is a wheeled vehicle that carries its own engine. Older terms include horseless carriage and motor car, with “motor” referring to what is now usually called the engine. It has seats for the driver and, almost without exception, for at least one passenger. The automobile was hailed as an environmental improvement over horses when it was first introduced. Before its introduction, in New York City, over 10,000 tons of manure had to be removed from the streets daily. However, in 2006 the automobile is one of the primary sources of worldwide air pollution and cause of substantial noise and health effects.
Gambling as a betting action – wagering money or something of material value on an event with an uncertain outcome with the primary intent of winning additional money or material goods.
A guide about what is gambling (with a special section for online gambling), casino games with both beatable casino games (poker , blackjack, video poker with progressive jackpot, pai gow poker, betting, horse racing – parimutuel, slot machines and other gambling machines) and unbeatable casino games (baccarat, craps, roulette, keno, casino war, faro, pachinko, sic bo, let it ride, 3-card poker, 4-card poker, red dog, Caribbean stud poker, etc.), and non-casino gambling games (bingo, lottery, mahjong, backgammon, bridge, etc.).
Fixed-odds gambling in sports is also present in this book with horse racing, greyhound racing, football (particularly association football, American football and rugby), golf, tennis, cricket, baseball, basketball, ice hockey, snooker, motor sports, boxing, darts, cross-country skiing and biathlon. Please, don’t forget to take a look to the legality of the gambling and online gambling, as well as to the articles, warnings and links dedicated to the gambling addiction. Extreme cases of problem gambling may cross over into the realm of mental disorders.
Christmas characters and food, Christmas-linked holidays and music, Santa Claus and traditions. Related to Annunciation, Incarnation; Crucifixion; Advent, the four weeks preceding Christmas; and the period between the day after Thanksgiving and the Sunday after New Year”s Day, the American holiday season.
Christmas or Christmas Day is a holiday celebrating the birth of Jesus, the central figure of Christianity. Aspects of celebration may include gift-giving, Christmas trees, display of Nativity sets, church attendance, the Father Christmas/Santa Claus myth, and family gatherings. Users of the Gregorian calendar observe the holiday on December 25. Some Eastern Orthodox Churches celebrate on December 25 by the Julian calendar, which currently corresponds to January 7 on the Gregorian calendar. These dates are merely traditional; the great majority of scholars agree that the actual birthdate of Jesus is unknown. In Western culture, the holiday is characterized by the exchange of gifts among friends and family members, some of the gifts being attributed to Santa Claus (also known as Father Christmas, Saint Nicholas, Saint Basil and Father Frost). However, various local and regional Christmas traditions are still practiced, despite the widespread influence of American, British and Australian Christmas motifs disseminated by film, popular literature, television, and other media.
The book is an overview of the major subfields and concepts in physics, including a brief outline of the history of physics and its subfields.
Physics (from Greek from φυσικός (phusikos): natural, from φύσις (fysis): Nature) is the science of Nature in the broadest sense. Physicists study the behaviour and interactions of matter and radiation. Theories of physics are generally expressed as mathematical relations. Well-established theories are often referred to as physical laws or laws of physics; however, like all scientific theories, they are ultimately provisional. Physics is very closely related to the other natural sciences, particularly chemistry. The book is an overview of the major subfields and concepts in physics, including a brief outline of the history of physics and its subfields.
https://www.telework.ro/en/e-books/physics-help/
A guide for online marketers, advertisers and publishers, to increase the digital marketing and optimize their costs and benefits.
Internet marketing, also known as digital marketing, web marketing, online marketing, search marketing or e-marketing, is the marketing (generally promotion) of products or services over the Internet. Search engine optimization (SEO) is a set of methods aimed at improving the ranking of a website in search engine listings.
Generally speaking, advertising is the promotion of goods, services, companies and ideas, usually by an identified sponsor. Marketers see advertising as part of an overall promotional strategy.
Other components of the promotional mix include publicity, public relations, personal selling and SHOP SHOP SALE s promotion.
Online advertising is advertising on the Internet. This particular form of advertising is a source of revenue for an increasing number of websites and companies.
A detailed guide of everything you want and need to know about fish.
A fish is a water-dwelling vertebrate with gills that doesn”t change form, as amphibians do, during its life. Most are cold-blooded, though some (such as some species of tuna and shark) are warm-blooded. There are over 29,000 species of fish, making them the most diverse group of vertebrates. Fishing is the activity of hunting for fish. Fishing is a very ancient practice that dates back at least to the Mesolithic period which began about 10,000 years ago.
Fishing is the activity of hunting for fish. By extension, the term fishing is also applied to hunting for other aquatic animals such as various types of shellfish as well as squid, octopus, turtles, frogs and some edible marine invertebrates. Fish as a food describes the edible parts of water-dwelling, cold-blooded vertebrates with gills, as well as certain other water-dwelling animals such as mollusks, crustaceans, and shellfish. An aquarium (plural aquariums or aquaria) is a vivarium, usually contained in a clear-sided container (typically constructed of glass or high-strength plastic) in which water-dwelling plants and animals (usually fish, and sometimes invertebrates, as well as amphibians, marine mammals, and reptiles) are kept in captivity, often for public display; or it is an establishment featuring such displays. A detailed guide of everything you want and need to know about fish.
This document provides an overview of American music. It discusses various genres that originated or developed substantially in the United States, including folk, classical, popular music, as well as American Indian music, jazz, blues, and rock. It also examines the music industry and provides historical context on the development of music education and holidays/festivals in America. The document is compiled from various articles on American music genres. It includes chapters on the history and characteristics of specific styles as well as biographies of influential artists.
Dance music is music composed, played, or both, specifically to accompany dancing.
It can be either the whole musical piece or part of a larger musical arrangement. Dance music works usually bear the name of the corresponding dance, e.g. waltzes, the tango, the bolero, the can-can, minuets, salsa, various kinds of jigs and the breakdown. Other dance forms include contradance, the merengue, the cha-cha-cha. Often it is difficult to know whether the name of the music came first or the name of the dance. Although dance is often accompanied by music, it can also be presented alone (Postmodern dance) or provide its own accompaniment (tap dance). Dance presented with music may or may not be performed in time to the music depending on the style of dance. Dance performed without music is said to be danced to its own rhythm. An introduction to classical and modern dance including hip hop dance, what is dance, and the dance music (electronic music, rock and roll, disco, house, techno, trance, etc.)
A short introduction about Easter from the perspective of various religions, traditions and cultures, including Easter season, Easter bread, Easter eggs, greetings, etc.
Easter is the most important religious holiday of the Christian liturgical year, observed in March, April, or May to celebrate the resurrection of Jesus, which Christians believe occurred after his death by crucifixion in AD 27-33 (see Good Friday). Easter can also refer to the season of the church year, lasting for fifty days, which follows this holiday and ends at Pentecost. The Easter festival is kept in many different ways among Western Christians. The traditional, liturgical observation of Easter, as practised among Roman Catholics and some Lutherans and Anglicans begins on the night of Holy Saturday with the Easter Vigil. This, the most important liturgy of the year, begins in total darkness with the blessing of the Easter fire, the lighting of the large Paschal candle (symbolic of the Risen Christ) and the chanting of the Exsultet or Easter Proclamation attributed to Saint Ambrose of Milan. A short introduction about Easter from the perspective of various religions, traditions and cultures, including Easter season, Easter bread, Easter eggs, greetings, etc.
Riscuri și provocări în inteligența artificială: Cutii negre și actorii de am...Nicolae Sfetcu
Inteligența artificială a creat oportunități fără precedent, dar și noi riscuri. Creșterea exponențială a capabilităților modelelor de inteligența artificială permite atingerea unor niveluri de valoare și generalizare neatinse până acum. Cu toate acestea, opacitatea acestor modele a crescut, de asemenea, iar natura lor de cutie neagră face dificilă, chiar și pentru experți, explicarea justificării concluziilor lor. Acest lucru poate reprezenta un punct critic din punct de vedere tehnologic și social, deoarece riscul este real, după cum demonstrează episoadele recente, ale sistemelor de antrenament care sunt compromise de părtiniri și prejudecăți de discriminare, care au învățat din datele de instruire. Prin urmare, este posibil ca învățarea din urmele digitale ale deciziilor trecute să poată duce la încorporarea prejudecăților invizibile existente în modelele rezultate, perpetuându-le.
IT & C, Volumul 2, Numărul 1, Martie 2023, pp. 41-47
ISSN 2821 – 8469, ISSN – L 2821 – 8469, DOI: 10.58679/IT21269
URL: https://www.internetmobile.ro/riscuri-si-provocari-in-inteligenta-artificiala-cutii-negre-si-actorii-de-amenintare/
EU Clear English Tips for Translators - eBookNicolae Sfetcu
Here are some tips to help translators avoid copying structure and wording from other languages that would be awkward in English.
They should be useful to non-native speakers, but may serve as handy reminders for native speakers too.
Funcții PHP definite de utilizator în dezvoltarea WordPressNicolae Sfetcu
PHP definește o gamă largă de funcții ca blocuri reutilizabile de instrucțiuni în limbajul de bază, și multe sunt, de asemenea, disponibile în diferite extensii. Aceste funcții sunt bine documentate în documentația online PHP. Funcțiile personalizate pot fi definite de dezvoltator. O funcție nu se va executa automat când se încarcă o pagină, ea poate fi apelată de oriunde și oricând în cadrul programului. PHP acceptă declarații de tip privind parametrii funcției, care sunt aplicate în timpul execuției.
IT & C, Volumul 2, Numărul 1, Martie 2023, pp. 37-40
ISSN 2821 – 8469, ISSN – L 2821 – 8469, DOI: 10.58679/IT37237
URL: https://www.internetmobile.ro/functii-php-definite-de-utilizator-in-dezvoltarea-wordpress/
Practici comune pentru limbajul de programare în CNicolae Sfetcu
Odată cu utilizarea pe scară largă, o serie de practici și convenții comune au evoluat pentru a ajuta la evitarea erorilor în programele C. Acestea sunt simultan o demonstrație a aplicării bunelor principii de inginerie software într-un limbaj, și o indicație a limitărilor C. Deși puține sunt utilizate universal, iar unele sunt controversate, fiecare dintre acestea se bucură de o utilizare largă.
IT & C, Volumul 2, Numărul 1, Martie 2023, pp. 30-36
ISSN 2821 – 8469, ISSN – L 2821 – 8469, DOI: 10.58679/IT80750
URL: https://www.internetmobile.ro/practici-comune-pentru-programarea-in-c/
IT & C, Volumul 2, Numărul 3, Septembrie 2023 - RezumateNicolae Sfetcu
Revista IT & C este o publicație trimestrială din domeniile tehnologiei informației și comunicații, și domenii conexe de studiu și practică.
Cuprins:
EDITORIAL
Provocări în inteligența artificială
TEHNOLOGIA INFORMAȚIEI
Blockchain Design and Modelling
TELECOMUNICAȚII
Arhitectura de bază a rețelelor 5G
INTERNET
Big Data Ethics in Education and Research
SOFTWARE
Tableau Software: Vizualizarea și analiza datelor
PROGRAMARE
Rezumarea automată în inteligența artificială prin învățare nesupravegheată: TextRank
DEZVOLTARE WEB
Argumentele funcțiilor PHP – Transmiterea argumentelor prin referință
SECURITATE CIBERNETICĂ
Criptomonede și criptosecurități – Contracte inteligente
ISSN 2821– 8469 ISSN – L 2821 – 8469, DOI: 10.58679/IT55267
EAN , Cod IT23 , ID 32330
IT & C (PDF, EPUB, MOBI pentru Kindle) https://www.internetmobile.ro/revista/revista-it-c-volumul-2-numarul-3-septembrie-2023/
Vizualizarea datelor cu aplicațiile Tableau SoftwareNicolae Sfetcu
Tableau este un instrument de analiză și vizualizare a datelor care se poate conecta cu multe surse de date, creând tablouri de bord interactive. Tableau utilizează inovații de integrare a aplicațiilor, cum ar fi API-urile JavaScript și aplicația de conectare unică, pentru a include în mod constant analiza Tableau în aplicațiile de afaceri de bază. Tableau interoghează baze de date relaționale, cuburi de procesare analitică online, baze de date în cloud și foi de calcul pentru a genera vizualizări de date de tip grafic. De asemenea, software-ul poate extrage, stoca și prelua date dintr-un motor de date în memorie.
IT & C, Volumul 2, Numărul 1, Martie 2023, pp. 23-29
ISSN 2821 – 8469, ISSN – L 2821 – 8469, DOI: 10.58679/IT10117
URL: https://www.internetmobile.ro/vizualizarea-datelor-cu-aplicatiile-tableau-software/
La revendication de Hooke sur la loi de la gravitéNicolae Sfetcu
Dans une note intitulée « Un état vrai de l'affaire et la controverse entre Sr Isaak Newton et le Dr Robert Hooke comme priorité de cette noble hypothèse du mouvement des planètes autour du Soleil en tant que leurs centres » non publié au cours de sa vie, Hooke a décrit sa théorie de la gravité. Pour soutenir sa « priorité », Hooke cite ses conférences sur les mouvements planétaires du 23 mai 1666, « Une tentative de prouver le mouvement de la Terre à partir d'observations » publiées en 1674 et la correspondance avec Isaac Newton en 1679.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.26375.24485
Procesarea Big Data cu instrumente avansateNicolae Sfetcu
Datele trebuie procesate cu instrumente avansate de colectare și analiză, pe baza unor algoritmi prestabiliți, pentru a putea obține informații relevante. Algoritmii trebuie să ia în considerare și aspecte invizibile pentru percepțiile directe. Big Data în procesele guvernamentale cresc eficiența costurilor, productivitatea și inovația. Registrele civile sunt o sursă pentru Big Data. Datele prelucrate ajută în domenii critice de dezvoltare, cum ar fi îngrijirea sănătății, ocuparea forței de muncă, productivitatea economică, criminalitatea, securitatea și gestionarea dezastrelor naturale și a resurselor.
IT & C, Volumul 2, Numărul 1, Martie 2023, pp. 18-22
ISSN 2821 – 8469, ISSN – L 2821 – 8469, DOI: 10.58679/IT91785
URL: https://www.internetmobile.ro/procesarea-big-data/
Corupţia, Globalizarea și NeocolonialismulNicolae Sfetcu
O introducere în conceptele interdependente despre corupţie, globalizare prin instituţiile financiare internaţionale, şi neocolonialism înţeles ca exploatarea resurselor şi materiilor prime a ţărilor sărace şi în curs de dezvoltare de unele mari corporaţii multinaţionale.
Corupţia este atât o cauză majoră cât şi un rezultat al sărăciei în întreaga lume. Ea apare la toate nivelurile societăţii, de la autorităţile locale şi naţionale, la societatea civilă, sistemul judiciar, întreprinderile mari şi mici, unităţile militare, etc. Corupţie sistemică (sau corupţia endemică) este corupţia, care se datorează în primul rând punctelor slabe ale unei organizaţii sau proces. Aceasta poate fi contrastată la funcţionarii sau agenţii individuali corupţi din cadrul sistemului. Factorii care încurajează corupţia sistemică includ stimulente contradictorii, puteri discreţionare, puteri de monopol, lipsa de transparenţă, salarii mici, şi o cultură a impunităţii. printre actele specifice de corupţie se numără luarea de mită, şantaj, şi deturnarea de fonduri, într-un sistem în care corupţia devine regula mai degrabă decât excepţia.
Neocolonialismului este practica de utilizare a capitalismului, globalizării, şi a forţelor culturale, pentru a controla o ţară, în locul unui control direct militar sau politic. Un astfel de control poate fi economic, cultural, sau lingvistic. Societăţile corporative care aparţin culturii impuse pot pătrunde mult mai uşor pe pieţele din aceste ţări. Astfel, neocolonialismului este rezultatul final al unor interese de afaceri sau geopolitice se obţine prin deformarea culturii ţărilor colonizate.
În urma unei ideologii cunoscut sub numele de neoliberalism, şi răspândită de instituţii financiare similare, cunoscută sub numele de "Consensul de la Washington", au fost impuse politici de ajustare structurală pentru a se asigura de rambursarea datoriilor şi restructurarea economică. Dar, în realitate s-a cerut ţărilor sărace să-şi reducă cheltuielile cu sănătatea, educaţia şi dezvoltarea, făcându-se o prioritate din rambursarea datoriilor şi a altor politici economice favorizante pentru ţările dezvoltate.Practic, FMI şi Banca Mondială au cerut ţărilor sărace să reducă nivelul de trai al populaţiei.
Corupţia, crimele de stat corporativ, şi crima organizată, sunt oricum considerate atât crime internaţionale cât şi crime de stat la nivel naţional. În cele mai multe cazuri crima de stat este considerată ca aplicabilă atunci când statul se implică direct în secretomania excesivă şi acoperirea unor activităţi ilegale, dezinformarea, şi o evidenţă financiară superficială sau chiar incorectă (care încurajează evaziunea fiscală în cazul unora din oficialii guvernamentali), reflectănd adesea interesele doar a anumitor clase sociale şi interese de grup, şi încălcând astfel drepturile omului.
Corupţia presupune cel puţin o persoană care corupe, una coruptă, şi o masă mare de păgubiţi inerţi. Vina este a tuturor!
Performanța și standardele rețelelor de telecomunicații 5GNicolae Sfetcu
Pentru măsurarea precisă a performanței 5G se utilizează simulatoare și teste specifice. Inițial, termenul a fost asociat cu standardul IMT-2020 al Uniunii Internaționale de Telecomunicații, care necesita o viteză maximă teoretică de descărcare de 20 gigabiți pe secundă și 10 gigabiți pe secundă viteza de încărcare, împreună cu alte cerințe. Apoi, grupul de standarde industriale 3GPP a ales standardul 5G NR (New Radio) împreună cu LTE ca propunere pentru transmitere la standardul IMT-2020.
IT & C, Volumul 2, Numărul 1, Martie 2023, pp. 13-17
ISSN 2821 – 8469, ISSN – L 2821 – 8469, DOI: 10.58679/IT52354
URL: https://www.internetmobile.ro/performanta-si-standardele-retelelor-de-telecomunicatii-5g/
Intelligence Info, Volumul 2, Numărul 3, Septembrie 2023Nicolae Sfetcu
Revista Intelligence Info este o publicație trimestrială din domeniile intelligence, geopolitică și securitate, și domenii conexe de studiu și practică.
Cuprins:
EDITORIAL
Rolul serviciilor de informații în război, de Nicolae Sfetcu
INTELLIGENCE
Intelligence Analysis, de Nicolae Sfetcu
ISTORIA
Reformele serviciilor secrete de la Mihail Moruzov la Eugen Cristescu, între inovație și decadență, de Rodica Liseanu
Take Ionescu – O biografie vectorială în istoria partidelor politice și în semantica diplomației, de Rodica Liseanu
GEOPOLITICA
Apusul universalismului european, de Lisa-Maria Achimescu
Chinese Hegemony in the Production of Rare Earths, de Emilian M. Dobrescu
România. Între ‘gura de rai’ geografică şi răspântia geopolitică, de Radu Carp
SECURITATE
Schimbarea paradigmelor în mediul internațional de securitate, de Alexandru Cristian
Adevăr și dezinformare în fenomenul OZN, de Dan D. Farcaș
ȘTIINȚA INFORMAȚIEI
Utilizarea analiticii rețelelor sociale în intelligence, de Nicolae Sfetcu
ISSN 2821-8159 ISSN-L 2821-8159, DOI: 10.58679/II30199
EAN , Cod II23 , ID 22330
Intelligence Info (PDF, EPUB, MOBI pentru Kindle) https://www.intelligenceinfo.org/revista/revista-intelligence-info-volumul-2-numarul-3-septembrie-2023/
Ontologii narative în tehnologia blockchainNicolae Sfetcu
Paul Ricoeur a examinat o serie de forme diferite de discurs extins, începând cu discursul metaforic. Discursul narativ este una din formele investigate, configurând concepte eterogene care identifică acțiunile într-un moment în care un lucru se întâmplă nu numai după altceva, ci și din cauza altui lucru dintr-o poveste sau istorie care poate fi urmată. Reformează evenimentele fizice ca evenimente narative, care au sens deoarece spun ceea ce se întâmplă într-o poveste sau într-o istorie. Narațiunile sunt întotdeauna o sinteză a conceptelor eterogene care configurează episoadele povestirii.
IT & C, Volumul 2, Numărul 1, Martie 2023, pp. 7-12
ISSN 2821 – 8469, ISSN – L 2821 – 8469, DOI: 10.58679/IT70323
URL: https://www.internetmobile.ro/ontologii-narative-in-tehnologia-blockchain/
Philosophy of Blockchain Technology - OntologiesNicolae Sfetcu
About the necessity and usefulness of developing a philosophy specific to the blockchain technology, emphasizing on the ontological aspects. After an Introduction that highlights the main philosophical directions for this emerging technology, in Blockchain Technology I explain the way the blockchain works, discussing ontological development directions of this technology in Designing and Modeling. The next section is dedicated to the main application of blockchain technology, Bitcoin, with the social implications of this cryptocurrency. There follows a section of Philosophy in which I identify the blockchain technology with the concept of heterotopia developed by Michel Foucault and I interpret it in the light of the notational technology developed by Nelson Goodman as a notational system. In the Ontology section, I present two developmental paths that I consider important: Narrative Ontology, based on the idea of order and structure of history transmitted through Paul Ricoeur's narrative history, and the Enterprise Ontology system based on concepts and models of an enterprise, specific to the semantic web, and which I consider to be the most well developed and which will probably become the formal ontological system, at least in terms of the economic and legal aspects of blockchain technology. In Conclusions I am talking about the future directions of developing the blockchain technology philosophy in general as an explanatory and robust theory from a phenomenologically consistent point of view, which allows testability and ontologies in particular, arguing for the need of a global adoption of an ontological system for develop cross-cutting solutions and to make this technology profitable.
Inteligența artificială, o provocare esențialăNicolae Sfetcu
Inteligența artificială a progresat până la punctul în care este o componentă esențială în aproape toate sectoarele economiei moderne actuale, cu un impact semnificativ asupra vieții noastre private, sociale și politice. Ea a fost întemeiată pe presupunerea că inteligența umană poate fi descrisă atât de precis încât să poată fi făcută o mașină să o simuleze. Acest lucru ridică argumente filozofice despre minte și etica creării de ființe artificiale înzestrate cu inteligență asemănătoare omului. Inteligența artificială sunt o sursă a unui set complet nou de probleme de explicabilitate, responsabilitate și încredere.
IT & C, Volumul 2, Numărul 1, Martie 2023, pp. 3-6
ISSN 2821 – 8469, ISSN – L 2821 – 8469, DOI: 10.58679/IT30677
URL: https://www.internetmobile.ro/inteligenta-artificiala-o-provocare-esentiala/
Ghidul de faţă se bazează în general pe ghidul în limba engleză „How to write clearly”, aducând o serie de recomandări specifi ce redactării textelor în limba română.
https://www.telework.ro/ro/e-books/ghid-ue-pentru-traduceri/
Activitatea de intelligence – Ciclul intelligenceNicolae Sfetcu
David Singer afirmă că, în prezent, amenințarea constituie principalul obiectiv al agențiilor de informații. Activitatea de informații poate fi considerată ca fiind procesul prin care anumite tipuri de informații sunt solicitate, colectate, analizate și diseminate, și modul în care sunt concepute și desfășurate anumite tipuri de acțiuni secrete. Ciclul intelligence reprezintă un set de procese utilizate pentru a furniza informații utile în luarea deciziilor. Ciclul constă din mai multe procese. Domeniul conex al contrainformațiilor este însărcinat cu împiedicarea eforturilor informative ale altora.
INTELLIGENCE INFO, Volumul 2, Numărul 1, Martie 2023, pp. 34-40
ISSN 2821 – 8159, ISSN – L 2821 – 8159, DOI: 10.58679/II18551
URL: https://www.intelligenceinfo.org/activitatea-de-intelligence-ciclul-intelligence/
Cunoașterea Științifică, Volumul 2, Numărul 3, Septembrie 2023Nicolae Sfetcu
Revista Cunoașterea Științifică este o publicație trimestrială din domeniile științei și filosofiei, și domenii conexe de studiu și practică.
Cuprins:
EDITORIAL
Știința schimbărilor climatice, de Nicolae Sfetcu
ȘTIINȚE NATURALE
Interactions between the brain, the biofields, and the physical, de Adrian Klein și Robert Neil Boyd
The Psycho-Neural Connectivity, de Adrian Klein
ȘTIINȚE SOCIALE
School dropout rate in Romania, de Alexandra Mocanu
Ipoteza hipercivilizațiilor, de Dan D. Farcas
The Importance of the Rare Earths for the World Economy, de Emilian M. Dobrescu
Puteri emergente şi noile paradigme în mediul internațional de securitate, de Alexandru Cristian
Models of Emotional Intelligence in Research and Education, de Nicolae Sfetcu
Cultura anime în România, de Alexandra Mocanu
ȘTIINȚE FORMALE
Etica în inteligența artificială: provocări și perspective, de Sebastian Bidașcă
FILOSOFIE
Portretul biblic al unicornilor și paranoia fără fundamente privind seria „My Little Pony”, de Valentina-Andrada Minea
Materialism şi realitatea esteticii: Argumente şi contraargumente la scrisorile lui Friedrich Schiller privind educaţia estetică a omului (1/3), de Petru Ababii
Unele aspecte ale filosofiei lui Albert Einstein și Henri Bergson, timpul şi paradoxul lui Zenon în viziune critică nonsofisticată, de Petru Ababii
RECENZII CĂRȚI
Humanism, Becoming and the Demiurge in The Adventures of Pinocchio, de Nicolae Sfetcu
ISSN 2821-8086 ISSN-L 2821-8086, DOI: 10.58679/CS90773
EAN 725657205492, Cod CS23P , ID 12330
Cunoașterea Științifică (PDF, EPUB, MOBI pentru Kindle) https://www.cunoasterea.ro/revista/revista-cunoasterea-stiintifica-volumul-2-numarul-3-septembrie-2023/
Manual pentru începători pentru întreţinerea şi depanarea calculatoarelor, cu o introducere în noţiuni de calculatoare, hardware, software (inclusiv sisteme de operare) şi securitatea pe Internet.
Un calculator de uz general are patru componente principale: unitatea logică aritmetică (ALU), unitatea de control, memoria, şi dispozitive de intrare şi ieşire (denumite colectiv I/O). Aceste piese sunt interconectate prin bus-uri, de multe ori făcut din grupuri de fire.
Caracteristica definitorie a computerelor moderne, care le distinge de toate celelalte maşini, este că acestea pot fi programate. Asta presupune că un anumit tip de instrucţiuni (program) poate fi implementat în calculator, care le va procesa. Calculatoare moderne, bazate pe arhitectura von Neumann, au adesea codul maşină în forma unui limbaj de programare imperativ.
Drobeta Turnu Severin Heavy Water Plant: ConstructionNicolae Sfetcu
The heavy water plant was established under the name of Combinatul Chimic Drobeta, by Decree 400/16.11.1979, under the Inorganic Products Industrial Center (CIPA) Râmnicu Vâlcea. The thermo-electric plant for supplying the heavy water factory with steam was decided to be located in Halânga village, three kilometers from the factory. The process water required for the factory was brought from the Danube, and the hydrogen sulphide used in the process was produced in the plant, through a specific technology, and then compressed, liquefied and stored in special tanks. The works on the heavy water factory at Drobeta Turnu Severin started in 1979, based on a derogatory HCM. The equipment for the heavy water plant was purchased through the Industrial Center for Chemical and Refinery Equipment (CIUTCR). All equipment and facilities that transported hydrogen sulphide had to meet strict quality assurance conditions.
CUNOAȘTEREA ȘTIINȚIFICĂ, Volumul 2, Numărul 1, Martie 2023, pp. 39-44
ISSN 2821 – 8086, ISSN – L 2821 – 8086, DOI: 10.58679/CS96723
URL: https://www.cunoasterea.ro/drobeta-turnu-severin-heavy-water-plant-construction/
Din punct de vedere metodologic, atât Newton cât și Einstein, și ulterior Dirac, au susținut fără rezerve principiul simplității matematice în descoperirea noilor legi fizice ale naturii. Lor li s-au alăturat și Poincaré și Weyl. Eduard Prugovecki afirmă că gravitația cuantică a impus luarea în considerare a unor întrebări epistemologice fundamentale, care pot fi identificate în filosofie cu problema minții-corp și cu problema liberului arbitru. Aceste întrebări au influențat epistemologia mecanicii cuantice sub forma “paralelismului psiho-fizic” al lui von Neumann și analiza ulterioară a tezei de către Wigner că “colapsul pachetului de unde” are loc în mintea “observatorului”.
CUNOAȘTEREA ȘTIINȚIFICĂ, Volumul 2, Numărul 1, Martie 2023, pp. 20-38
ISSN 2821 – 8086, ISSN – L 2821 – 8086, DOI: 10.58679/CS96800
URL: https://www.cunoasterea.ro/epistemologia-gravitatiei-cuantice/
Odia New Web Series at your fingerprint.mikedanoffice
Stay ahead of the curve with the latest in Odia entertainment! Our Odia new web series promise an exciting blend of fresh narratives, talented performances, and engaging plots. Immerse yourself in the evolving world of Odia storytelling with our curated selection of cutting-edge web content. for more visit: https://aaonxt.com/series
From Teacher to OnlyFans: Brianna Coppage's Story at 28get joys
At 28, Brianna Coppage left her teaching career to become an OnlyFans content creator. This bold move into digital entrepreneurship allowed her to harness her creativity and build a new identity. Brianna's experience highlights the intersection of technology and personal branding in today's economy.
Top IPTV UK Providers of A Comprehensive Review.pdfXtreame HDTV
The television landscape in the UK has evolved significantly with the rise of Internet Protocol Television (IPTV). IPTV offers a modern alternative to traditional cable and satellite TV, allowing viewers to stream live TV, on-demand videos, and other multimedia content directly to their devices over the internet. This review provides an in-depth look at the top IPTV UK providers, their features, pricing, and what sets them apart.
At Digidev, we are working to be the leader in interactive streaming platforms of choice by smart device users worldwide.
Our goal is to become the ultimate distribution service of entertainment content. The Digidev application will offer the next generation television highway for users to discover and engage in a variety of content. While also providing a fresh and
innovative approach towards advertainment with vast revenue opportunities. Designed and developed by Joe Q. Bretz
The Evolution of the Leonardo DiCaprio Haircut: A Journey Through Style and C...greendigital
Leonardo DiCaprio, a name synonymous with Hollywood stardom and acting excellence. has captivated audiences for decades with his talent and charisma. But, the Leonardo DiCaprio haircut is one aspect of his public persona that has garnered attention. From his early days as a teenage heartthrob to his current status as a seasoned actor and environmental activist. DiCaprio's hairstyles have evolved. reflecting both his personal growth and the changing trends in fashion. This article delves into the many phases of the Leonardo DiCaprio haircut. exploring its significance and impact on pop culture.
Leonardo DiCaprio Super Bowl: Hollywood Meets America’s Favorite Gamegreendigital
Introduction
Leonardo DiCaprio is synonymous with Hollywood stardom and acclaimed performances. has a unique connection with one of America's most beloved sports events—the Super Bowl. The "Leonardo DiCaprio Super Bowl" phenomenon combines the worlds of cinema and sports. drawing attention from fans of both domains. This article delves into the multifaceted relationship between DiCaprio and the Super Bowl. exploring his appearances at the event, His involvement in Super Bowl advertisements. and his cultural impact that bridges the gap between these two massive entertainment industries.
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Leonardo DiCaprio: The Hollywood Icon
Early Life and Career Beginnings
Leonardo Wilhelm DiCaprio was born in Los Angeles, California, on November 11, 1974. His journey to stardom began at a young age with roles in television commercials and educational programs. DiCaprio's breakthrough came with his portrayal of Luke Brower in the sitcom "Growing Pains" and later as Tobias Wolff in "This Boy's Life" (1993). where he starred alongside Robert De Niro.
Rise to Stardom
DiCaprio's career skyrocketed with his performance in "What's Eating Gilbert Grape" (1993). earning him his first Academy Award nomination. He continued to gain acclaim with roles in "Romeo + Juliet" (1996) and "Titanic" (1997). the latter of which cemented his status as a global superstar. Over the years, DiCaprio has showcased his versatility in films like "The Aviator" (2004). "Start" (2010), and "The Revenant" (2015), for which he finally won an Academy Award for Best Actor.
Environmental Activism
Beyond his film career, DiCaprio is also renowned for his environmental activism. He established the Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation in 1998, focusing on global conservation efforts. His commitment to ecological issues often intersects with his public appearances. including those related to the Super Bowl.
The Super Bowl: An American Institution
History and Significance
The Super Bowl is the National Football League (NFL) championship game. is one of the most-watched sporting events in the world. First played in 1967, the Super Bowl has evolved into a cultural phenomenon. featuring high-profile halftime shows, memorable advertisements, and significant media coverage. The event attracts a diverse audience, from avid sports fans to casual viewers. making it a prime platform for celebrities to appear.
Entertainment and Advertisements
The Super Bowl is not only about football but also about entertainment. The halftime show features performances by some of the biggest names in the music industry. while the commercials are often as anticipated as the game itself. Companies invest millions in Super Bowl ads. creating iconic and sometimes controversial commercials that capture public attention.
Leonardo DiCaprio's Super Bowl Appearances
A Celebrity Among the Fans
Leonardo DiCaprio's presence at the Super Bowl has noted several times. As a high-profile celebrity. DiCaprio attracts
Leonardo DiCaprio House: A Journey Through His Extravagant Real Estate Portfoliogreendigital
Introduction
Leonardo DiCaprio, A name synonymous with Hollywood excellence. is not only known for his stellar acting career but also for his impressive real estate investments. The "Leonardo DiCaprio house" is a topic that piques the interest of many. as the Oscar-winning actor has amassed a diverse portfolio of luxurious properties. DiCaprio's homes reflect his varied tastes and commitment to sustainability. from retreats to historic mansions. This article will delve into the fascinating world of Leonardo DiCaprio's real estate. Exploring the details of his most notable residences. and the unique aspects that make them stand out.
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Leonardo DiCaprio House: Malibu Beachfront Retreat
A Prime Location
His Malibu beachfront house is one of the most famous properties in Leonardo DiCaprio's real estate portfolio. Situated in the exclusive Carbon Beach. also known as "Billionaire's Beach," this property boasts stunning ocean views and private beach access. The "Leonardo DiCaprio house" in Malibu is a testament to the actor's love for the sea and his penchant for luxurious living.
Architectural Highlights
The Malibu house features a modern design with clean lines, large windows. and open spaces blending indoor and outdoor living. The expansive deck and patio areas provide ample space for entertaining guests or enjoying a quiet sunset. The house has state-of-the-art amenities. including a gourmet kitchen, a home theatre, and many guest suites.
Sustainable Features
Leonardo DiCaprio is a well-known environmental activist. whose Malibu house reflects his commitment to sustainability. The property incorporates solar panels, energy-efficient appliances, and sustainable building materials. The landscaping around the house is also designed to be water-efficient. featuring drought-resistant plants and intelligent irrigation systems.
Leonardo DiCaprio House: Hollywood Hills Hideaway
Privacy and Seclusion
Another remarkable property in Leonardo DiCaprio's collection is his Hollywood Hills house. This secluded retreat offers privacy and tranquility. making it an ideal escape from the hustle and bustle of Los Angeles. The "Leonardo DiCaprio house" in Hollywood Hills nestled among lush greenery. and offers panoramic views of the city and surrounding landscapes.
Design and Amenities
The Hollywood Hills house is a mid-century modern gem characterized by its sleek design and floor-to-ceiling windows. The open-concept living space is perfect for entertaining. while the cozy bedrooms provide a comfortable retreat. The property also features a swimming pool, and outdoor dining area. and a spacious deck that overlooks the cityscape.
Environmental Initiatives
The Hollywood Hills house incorporates several green features that are in line with DiCaprio's environmental values. The home has solar panels, energy-efficient lighting, and a rainwater harvesting system. Additionally, the landscaping designed to support local wildlife and promote
The Unbelievable Tale of Dwayne Johnson Kidnapping: A Riveting Sagagreendigital
Introduction
The notion of Dwayne Johnson kidnapping seems straight out of a Hollywood thriller. Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson, known for his larger-than-life persona, immense popularity. and action-packed filmography, is the last person anyone would envision being a victim of kidnapping. Yet, the bizarre and riveting tale of such an incident, filled with twists and turns. has captured the imagination of many. In this article, we delve into the intricate details of this astonishing event. exploring every aspect, from the dramatic rescue operation to the aftermath and the lessons learned.
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The Origins of the Dwayne Johnson Kidnapping Saga
Dwayne Johnson: A Brief Background
Before discussing the specifics of the kidnapping. it is crucial to understand who Dwayne Johnson is and why his kidnapping would be so significant. Born May 2, 1972, Dwayne Douglas Johnson is an American actor, producer, businessman. and former professional wrestler. Known by his ring name, "The Rock," he gained fame in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE) before transitioning to a successful career in Hollywood.
Johnson's filmography includes blockbuster hits such as "The Fast and the Furious" series, "Jumanji," "Moana," and "San Andreas." His charismatic personality, impressive physique. and action-star status have made him a beloved figure worldwide. Thus, the news of his kidnapping would send shockwaves across the globe.
Setting the Scene: The Day of the Kidnapping
The incident of Dwayne Johnson's kidnapping began on an ordinary day. Johnson was filming his latest high-octane action film set to break box office records. The location was a remote yet scenic area. chosen for its rugged terrain and breathtaking vistas. perfect for the film's climactic scenes.
But, beneath the veneer of normalcy, a sinister plot was unfolding. Unbeknownst to Johnson and his team, a group of criminals had planned his abduction. hoping to leverage his celebrity status for a hefty ransom. The stage was set for an event that would soon dominate worldwide headlines and social media feeds.
The Abduction: Unfolding the Dwayne Johnson Kidnapping
The Moment of Capture
On the day of the kidnapping, everything seemed to be proceeding as usual on set. Johnson and his co-stars and crew were engrossed in shooting a particularly demanding scene. As the day wore on, the production team took a short break. providing the kidnappers with the perfect opportunity to strike.
The abduction was executed with military precision. A group of masked men, armed and organized, infiltrated the set. They created chaos, taking advantage of the confusion to isolate Johnson. Johnson was outnumbered and caught off guard despite his formidable strength and fighting skills. The kidnappers overpowered him, bundled him into a waiting vehicle. and sped away, leaving everyone on set in a state of shock and disbelief.
The Immediate Aftermath
The immediate aftermath of the Dwayne Johnson kidnappin
3. NICOLAE SFETCU: GAME PREVIEW
2
The book is made by organizing Telework articles (main sources: my own articles, Wikipedia
under the CC BY-SA 3.0 license adapted by Nicolae Sfetcu, and other sources). Text license: CC
BY-SA 3.0
The information in this book (licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License) is from
2006 and has not been updated.
DISCLAIMER:
The author and publisher are providing this book and its contents on an “as is” basis and
make no representations or warranties of any kind with respect to this book or its
contents. The author and publisher disclaim all such representations and warranties for
a particular purpose. In addition, the author and publisher do not represent or warrant
that the information accessible via this book is accurate, complete or current.
Except as specifically stated in this book, neither the author or publisher, nor any authors,
contributors, or other representatives will be liable for damages arising out of or in
connection with the use of this book. This is a comprehensive limitation of liability that
applies to all damages of any kind, including (without limitation) compensatory; direct,
indirect or consequential damages, including for third parties.
You understand that this book is not intended as a substitute for consultation with a
licensed, educational, legal or finance professional. Before you use it in any way, you will
consult a licensed professional to ensure that you are doing what’s best for your situation.
This book provides content related to educational topics. As such, use of this book implies
your acceptance of this disclaimer.
online guide for game preview and rules: history, definitions, classification, theory, video game consoles, cheating,
links, etc.
A game is an (often, but not always recreational) activity involving one or more players.
This can be defined by either a goal that the players try to reach, or some set of rules that
determines what the players can or cannot do. Games are played primarily for entertainment
or enjoyment, but may also serve as exercise or in an educational, simulational or
psychological role.
4. NICOLAE SFETCU: GAME PREVIEW
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Contents
Game Preview..................................................................................................................................................1
Game Preview............................................................................................................................................... 34
Games .............................................................................................................................................................. 35
Definition.............................................................................................................................................. 35
Games in philosophy........................................................................................................................ 35
Anthropology of games................................................................................................................... 36
One-person games ............................................................................................................................ 37
Types of games................................................................................................................................... 37
See also.................................................................................................................................................. 38
References............................................................................................................................................ 39
Game Semantics...................................................................................................................................... 39
Intuitionistic logic, denotational semantics, linear logic ................................................... 39
Quantifiers............................................................................................................................................ 39
Articles................................................................................................................................................... 40
Books...................................................................................................................................................... 40
Game Mechanic....................................................................................................................................... 40
Game play mechanics....................................................................................................................... 40
Victory condition mechanics......................................................................................................... 43
Gameplay vs. Game_mechanic.html in video games............................................................ 45
Artistic Computer Game Modification ........................................................................................... 45
Techniques........................................................................................................................................... 45
Artists..................................................................................................................................................... 46
Timeline ................................................................................................................................................ 47
Theorists............................................................................................................................................... 47
See also.................................................................................................................................................. 47
Game Artists............................................................................................................................................. 48
Computer and video games........................................................................................................... 48
Toys ............................................................................................................................................................. 48
Toys by culture................................................................................................................................... 49
Examples............................................................................................................................................... 49
5. NICOLAE SFETCU: GAME PREVIEW
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See also.................................................................................................................................................. 50
Gameplay................................................................................................................................................... 51
Gameplay vs. Game_mechanic.html in video games............................................................ 51
Score............................................................................................................................................................ 51
Sport....................................................................................................................................................... 51
Video Games........................................................................................................................................ 52
High Score................................................................................................................................................. 52
History................................................................................................................................................... 52
High score in culture........................................................................................................................ 53
Game Players ........................................................................................................................................... 53
Players in competition..................................................................................................................... 54
Number of players ............................................................................................................................ 54
Virtual Communities............................................................................................................................. 54
Benchmark Virtual Communities................................................................................................ 55
Additional Virtual Community Listings.................................................................................... 55
Virtual Community Pioneers and Experts............................................................................... 56
See Also ................................................................................................................................................. 56
Clan.............................................................................................................................................................. 56
Clans by Structure............................................................................................................................. 57
Clans by game genre......................................................................................................................... 58
Organization........................................................................................................................................ 59
Game Manufacturers............................................................................................................................. 60
Freeware Games..................................................................................................................................... 60
Games..................................................................................................................................................... 60
Commercial games released as freeware................................................................................. 62
Games no longer allowed to be distributed ............................................................................ 63
See also.................................................................................................................................................. 63
Free Game Software.............................................................................................................................. 63
List of free game software.............................................................................................................. 63
A ............................................................................................................................................................... 63
B ............................................................................................................................................................... 64
C................................................................................................................................................................ 64
D............................................................................................................................................................... 64
6. NICOLAE SFETCU: GAME PREVIEW
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E................................................................................................................................................................ 65
F................................................................................................................................................................ 65
G ............................................................................................................................................................... 65
I................................................................................................................................................................. 65
K ............................................................................................................................................................... 65
L................................................................................................................................................................ 65
N............................................................................................................................................................... 65
O............................................................................................................................................................... 66
P................................................................................................................................................................ 66
R ............................................................................................................................................................... 66
S................................................................................................................................................................ 66
T ............................................................................................................................................................... 66
U............................................................................................................................................................... 67
V ............................................................................................................................................................... 67
W.............................................................................................................................................................. 67
X................................................................................................................................................................ 67
Freely Downloadable Game Software............................................................................................ 67
List of free, open-source games................................................................................................... 68
Freeware games................................................................................................................................. 70
Commercial games released as freeware................................................................................. 72
Games which used to be freeware but can no longer be distributed............................ 73
See also.................................................................................................................................................. 73
Game Classification.................................................................................................................................... 74
Challenge/skill Games.......................................................................................................................... 75
Games of Skill........................................................................................................................................... 75
See also.................................................................................................................................................. 76
Board Games............................................................................................................................................ 76
History................................................................................................................................................... 76
Luck, strategy and diplomacy....................................................................................................... 78
Common terminology...................................................................................................................... 78
References............................................................................................................................................ 79
See also.................................................................................................................................................. 79
Abstract Strategy Games..................................................................................................................... 80
7. NICOLAE SFETCU: GAME PREVIEW
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The "No Chance" Criterion............................................................................................................. 80
List of Abstract Strategy games ................................................................................................... 80
List of Board Games .............................................................................................................................. 82
Two-player abstract strategy games ......................................................................................... 83
Two-player games of chance ........................................................................................................ 85
Multi-player elimination games................................................................................................... 85
European race games....................................................................................................................... 85
Multiplayer games without elimination................................................................................... 86
Children's games................................................................................................................................ 90
Generic game sets.............................................................................................................................. 91
Card Games............................................................................................................................................... 91
Seating of players .............................................................................................................................. 91
The pack or deck................................................................................................................................ 91
The deal................................................................................................................................................. 91
The rules ............................................................................................................................................... 93
Types of card games......................................................................................................................... 94
See also.................................................................................................................................................. 98
Trick Taking Games............................................................................................................................... 98
Essential building-block: The trick............................................................................................. 98
Variations in trick-taking games ................................................................................................. 99
See also................................................................................................................................................101
List of Trick-taking Games................................................................................................................102
Collectible Card Games ......................................................................................................................103
Gameplay............................................................................................................................................103
Distribution........................................................................................................................................104
Patent...................................................................................................................................................104
References..........................................................................................................................................105
See also................................................................................................................................................105
List of Collectible Card Games.........................................................................................................105
2006 Releases...................................................................................................................................106
2005 Releases...................................................................................................................................106
2004 Releases...................................................................................................................................107
2003 Releases...................................................................................................................................107
8. NICOLAE SFETCU: GAME PREVIEW
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2002 Releases...................................................................................................................................107
2001 Releases...................................................................................................................................108
2000 Releases...................................................................................................................................108
1999 Releases...................................................................................................................................109
1998 Releases...................................................................................................................................109
1997 Releases...................................................................................................................................109
1996 Releases...................................................................................................................................109
1995 Releases...................................................................................................................................110
1994 Releases...................................................................................................................................111
1993 Releases...................................................................................................................................111
Digital/Online CCGs........................................................................................................................111
Playing Cards .........................................................................................................................................112
History.................................................................................................................................................112
Playing cards today.........................................................................................................................116
Reference............................................................................................................................................119
Card magicians and gambling authorities .............................................................................119
See also................................................................................................................................................120
Educational Games..............................................................................................................................120
Letter Games..........................................................................................................................................121
See also................................................................................................................................................121
Mental-skill Games ..............................................................................................................................121
List of mental games ......................................................................................................................121
Play-by-mail Games.............................................................................................................................122
Postal gaming....................................................................................................................................123
Internet play-by-mail.....................................................................................................................124
Puzzle Games.........................................................................................................................................124
Well known puzzles........................................................................................................................124
See also................................................................................................................................................125
References..........................................................................................................................................125
Guessing Games....................................................................................................................................125
Pencil and Paper Games ....................................................................................................................126
List of Paper and Pencil games...................................................................................................126
Word Games...........................................................................................................................................126
9. NICOLAE SFETCU: GAME PREVIEW
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See also................................................................................................................................................127
Online Skill-based Games..................................................................................................................127
Online Multiplayer Games ................................................................................................................129
Games of Physical Skill.......................................................................................................................129
Examples of games of physical skill .........................................................................................129
See also................................................................................................................................................130
Games of Chance...................................................................................................................................130
See also................................................................................................................................................130
Gambling..................................................................................................................................................130
Legal aspects .....................................................................................................................................131
Psychological aspects.....................................................................................................................132
Types of gambling...........................................................................................................................132
Staking systems................................................................................................................................137
List of notable wagers....................................................................................................................138
Associated word usage..................................................................................................................138
See also................................................................................................................................................139
Bibliography......................................................................................................................................139
Sports Betting........................................................................................................................................139
Types of bets .....................................................................................................................................140
Bookmaking.......................................................................................................................................142
Betting scandals...............................................................................................................................143
See also................................................................................................................................................145
Dice Games..............................................................................................................................................145
Scrabble ...................................................................................................................................................146
History.................................................................................................................................................146
Game details......................................................................................................................................147
Club and tournament play ...........................................................................................................151
Strategy and tactics ........................................................................................................................151
Computer players............................................................................................................................153
Records................................................................................................................................................153
Works detailing tournament Scrabble....................................................................................154
References in literature, television, and film........................................................................155
Casino Games.........................................................................................................................................156
10. NICOLAE SFETCU: GAME PREVIEW
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Casino .......................................................................................................................................................157
See also................................................................................................................................................158
Online Casino.........................................................................................................................................158
Casino types.......................................................................................................................................158
Games offered...................................................................................................................................159
Bonuses...............................................................................................................................................159
Rogues .................................................................................................................................................160
Player fraud .......................................................................................................................................160
See also................................................................................................................................................160
Lottery......................................................................................................................................................160
Countries with a national lottery ..............................................................................................160
Probability of winning...................................................................................................................164
Payment of prizes............................................................................................................................164
Scams and Frauds............................................................................................................................165
See also................................................................................................................................................165
Bingo .........................................................................................................................................................165
Description of the game................................................................................................................165
Bingo Cards........................................................................................................................................166
Culture.................................................................................................................................................166
History.................................................................................................................................................166
The business of bingo ....................................................................................................................167
Caller slang (UK Housie)...............................................................................................................167
Trivia....................................................................................................................................................169
Alternate variations........................................................................................................................169
Keno...........................................................................................................................................................169
History.................................................................................................................................................170
Modern keno.....................................................................................................................................170
Slot Machines.........................................................................................................................................171
History.................................................................................................................................................171
Description.........................................................................................................................................172
Terminology......................................................................................................................................173
Pay Table ............................................................................................................................................174
Technology.........................................................................................................................................174
11. NICOLAE SFETCU: GAME PREVIEW
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American slot machines................................................................................................................175
Australian slot machines..............................................................................................................176
European slot machines................................................................................................................177
Japanese slot machines.................................................................................................................178
Myths debunked ..............................................................................................................................178
Addiction ............................................................................................................................................179
Trivia....................................................................................................................................................179
Spinning Top..........................................................................................................................................179
Types of top.......................................................................................................................................180
Piñata........................................................................................................................................................181
Other meanings................................................................................................................................181
Games of Strategy ................................................................................................................................182
See also................................................................................................................................................182
Mastermind ............................................................................................................................................182
Solving the game..............................................................................................................................184
Simulation Games ................................................................................................................................184
Overview.............................................................................................................................................184
Genres..................................................................................................................................................185
Computer and video games.........................................................................................................186
See also................................................................................................................................................187
Nation-simulation Games .................................................................................................................187
Scale......................................................................................................................................................187
Genres..................................................................................................................................................188
See also................................................................................................................................................188
Space Simulation..................................................................................................................................189
The Collapse of the Space-sim Genre.......................................................................................189
The Future of the Genre................................................................................................................190
List of realistic space simulations.............................................................................................190
List of "space sim" computer games ........................................................................................190
Equipment...............................................................................................................................................191
Sport..........................................................................................................................................................191
History of sport ................................................................................................................................192
A classification of sports...............................................................................................................192
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Sportsmanship..................................................................................................................................193
Professionalism and the regulation of sport.........................................................................193
Sport and politics.............................................................................................................................194
Art and sport.....................................................................................................................................194
The terms 'sport' and 'sports'.....................................................................................................195
Recommended reading.................................................................................................................195
Ball Games...............................................................................................................................................195
One-person Games...............................................................................................................................197
Arcade Games........................................................................................................................................197
History.................................................................................................................................................197
Technology.........................................................................................................................................198
Emulation...........................................................................................................................................198
Locations.............................................................................................................................................199
Game design ......................................................................................................................................199
See also................................................................................................................................................199
Golden Age of Arcade Games...........................................................................................................199
Overview.............................................................................................................................................200
Business ..............................................................................................................................................200
Technology.........................................................................................................................................200
Gameplay............................................................................................................................................201
Most popular games.......................................................................................................................202
The end of the era............................................................................................................................202
Legacy..................................................................................................................................................203
Further reading................................................................................................................................203
See also................................................................................................................................................204
Timeline of Arcade Game History..................................................................................................204
1971......................................................................................................................................................204
1972......................................................................................................................................................204
1975......................................................................................................................................................204
1976......................................................................................................................................................205
1981......................................................................................................................................................205
1982......................................................................................................................................................205
1983......................................................................................................................................................205
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1986......................................................................................................................................................205
1988......................................................................................................................................................205
1989......................................................................................................................................................206
1992......................................................................................................................................................206
1993......................................................................................................................................................206
1994......................................................................................................................................................206
1999......................................................................................................................................................206
Redemption Games .............................................................................................................................206
Video Arcade..........................................................................................................................................207
Types of games.................................................................................................................................207
Popularity...........................................................................................................................................208
See also................................................................................................................................................209
Arcade Cabinet......................................................................................................................................209
Parts of an arcade cabinet............................................................................................................209
Types of cabinets.............................................................................................................................210
Restoration ........................................................................................................................................211
Scratch built.......................................................................................................................................213
References..........................................................................................................................................213
See also................................................................................................................................................213
List of Arcade Games...........................................................................................................................213
0-9 .........................................................................................................................................................214
A .............................................................................................................................................................214
B .............................................................................................................................................................218
C..............................................................................................................................................................224
D.............................................................................................................................................................225
E..............................................................................................................................................................226
F..............................................................................................................................................................226
G .............................................................................................................................................................227
H.............................................................................................................................................................228
I...............................................................................................................................................................228
J...............................................................................................................................................................229
K .............................................................................................................................................................230
L..............................................................................................................................................................230
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M ............................................................................................................................................................230
N.............................................................................................................................................................231
O.............................................................................................................................................................232
P..............................................................................................................................................................232
Q.............................................................................................................................................................233
R .............................................................................................................................................................233
S..............................................................................................................................................................234
T .............................................................................................................................................................236
U.............................................................................................................................................................237
V .............................................................................................................................................................237
W............................................................................................................................................................237
X..............................................................................................................................................................238
Y..............................................................................................................................................................238
Z..............................................................................................................................................................238
Computer and Video Games.............................................................................................................239
History.................................................................................................................................................240
Gameplay............................................................................................................................................240
Genres..................................................................................................................................................241
Gaming platforms............................................................................................................................241
Popularity...........................................................................................................................................243
Development.....................................................................................................................................246
Naming ................................................................................................................................................247
History of Computer and Video Games .......................................................................................247
The 1950s...........................................................................................................................................247
The 1960s...........................................................................................................................................248
The 1970s...........................................................................................................................................248
The 1980s...........................................................................................................................................253
The 1990s...........................................................................................................................................257
The 2000s...........................................................................................................................................261
References..........................................................................................................................................262
See also................................................................................................................................................263
History of Video Games (Pre-crash Systems) ...........................................................................264
The first home video games (1972-1977).............................................................................264
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Early 8-bit home consoles (1977-1983) ................................................................................264
Early handheld game consoles...................................................................................................265
The first home video game systems.........................................................................................265
Early cartridge-based 8-bit systems........................................................................................266
Handheld Consoles .........................................................................................................................266
Video game franchises established during this time.........................................................266
Video Game Crash of 1983 ...............................................................................................................266
Causes ..................................................................................................................................................267
Long-term impact on the industry............................................................................................270
Notes.....................................................................................................................................................271
References..........................................................................................................................................271
History of Video Games (8-bit Era)...............................................................................................272
Consoles of the 8-bit era...............................................................................................................272
Video game franchises established during this time.........................................................273
History of Video Games (16-bit Era) ............................................................................................273
The beginning...................................................................................................................................273
The "console war" ...........................................................................................................................274
Add-ons...............................................................................................................................................274
European importing.......................................................................................................................275
The rise of franchises.....................................................................................................................276
In the end............................................................................................................................................276
Consoles of the 16-bit era ............................................................................................................277
Video game franchises established during the 16-bit era...............................................277
See also................................................................................................................................................278
History of Video Games (32-bit Era) ............................................................................................278
'New school' gaming.......................................................................................................................278
System wars.......................................................................................................................................279
CD vs Cartridge.................................................................................................................................280
Consoles of the 32-bit / 64-bit era............................................................................................281
Video game franchises established ..........................................................................................282
Milestone titles.................................................................................................................................283
See also................................................................................................................................................284
History of Video Games (Seventh Generation Era).................................................................284
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The HD era .........................................................................................................................................284
Video game systems.......................................................................................................................284
History of Video Games (Sixth Generation Era).......................................................................285
Video game handhelds ..................................................................................................................285
Emu and Retro gaming..................................................................................................................287
Video game systems.......................................................................................................................287
Video games.......................................................................................................................................288
References..........................................................................................................................................290
PC Games.................................................................................................................................................290
Overview.............................................................................................................................................290
History.................................................................................................................................................291
PC Game Development..................................................................................................................292
Distribution media and marketing...........................................................................................293
Popular and notable genres of PC gaming.............................................................................295
Characteristics unique to PC gaming.......................................................................................296
Computer gaming hardware.......................................................................................................297
Cultural impact.................................................................................................................................299
Adventure Games.................................................................................................................................299
History.................................................................................................................................................300
Types of adventure games...........................................................................................................304
Modern adventure games ............................................................................................................307
Common features ............................................................................................................................308
Notable adventure games ............................................................................................................308
References..........................................................................................................................................309
See also................................................................................................................................................309
Action-adventure Games...................................................................................................................310
Amateur Adventure Games..............................................................................................................310
History.................................................................................................................................................310
List of popular engines..................................................................................................................311
See also................................................................................................................................................311
Fughting Games ....................................................................................................................................311
Scrolling fighting game..................................................................................................................312
Versus fighting game......................................................................................................................313
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Tactical Shooter....................................................................................................................................315
First-person Shooter...........................................................................................................................315
History.................................................................................................................................................319
Controversy.......................................................................................................................................324
List of notable titles and development houses ....................................................................325
Selected important games in FPS development..................................................................327
See also................................................................................................................................................329
Third-person Shooter.........................................................................................................................329
Rail Shooter............................................................................................................................................329
Traditional Rail Shooter Games.................................................................................................330
Light-Gun Games .............................................................................................................................330
Counter-Strike.......................................................................................................................................331
Gameplay............................................................................................................................................331
History.................................................................................................................................................333
Map types ...........................................................................................................................................335
Player models ...................................................................................................................................335
Culture.................................................................................................................................................336
Mods and scripts..............................................................................................................................336
See also................................................................................................................................................337
God Games ..............................................................................................................................................337
Maze ..........................................................................................................................................................338
Solving mazes ...................................................................................................................................338
Generating Mazes............................................................................................................................340
Mazes open to the public..............................................................................................................340
Maze by Christopher Manson.....................................................................................................341
Mazes in science experiments....................................................................................................341
Other types of mazes......................................................................................................................341
Further reading................................................................................................................................342
Computer Board Games.....................................................................................................................342
Internet Games......................................................................................................................................342
Earlier in PC Gaming ......................................................................................................................342
Beginning of the Modern Online PC Gaming.........................................................................342
Timeline ..............................................................................................................................................343
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Computer Role-playing Games .......................................................................................................344
Overview.............................................................................................................................................344
History.................................................................................................................................................346
Modern games..................................................................................................................................347
Cultural differences ........................................................................................................................347
Shared characteristics...................................................................................................................349
Relationship to pen-and-paper RPGs ......................................................................................350
Variant terminology .......................................................................................................................351
Chronology of CRPGs .....................................................................................................................351
List of companies.............................................................................................................................354
Related genres..................................................................................................................................355
Shooter Games ......................................................................................................................................355
Perspective.........................................................................................................................................355
Realism................................................................................................................................................355
Number of characters....................................................................................................................356
Focus ....................................................................................................................................................356
Shoot 'em up......................................................................................................................................356
Rail Shooter .......................................................................................................................................356
Run-and-Gun Shooter....................................................................................................................356
Light-gun games...............................................................................................................................357
Hybrid..................................................................................................................................................357
Multiplayer.........................................................................................................................................357
Browser Games.....................................................................................................................................357
Plugins Used......................................................................................................................................357
Server-Side Games..........................................................................................................................358
See also................................................................................................................................................358
List of Browser Games .......................................................................................................................358
Real-time Strategy ...............................................................................................................................360
Brief History......................................................................................................................................360
Gameplay............................................................................................................................................360
Micro-management games ..........................................................................................................361
Macro-management games .........................................................................................................361
Others...................................................................................................................................................362
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Graphics ..............................................................................................................................................362
Future games.....................................................................................................................................363
MUDs.........................................................................................................................................................363
History.................................................................................................................................................364
Variations on MUDs........................................................................................................................366
See also................................................................................................................................................367
MMOGs.....................................................................................................................................................367
Overview and history.....................................................................................................................367
Comparing MMOG's to other computer games....................................................................368
Types of MMOG's.............................................................................................................................370
MMORPGs................................................................................................................................................371
History.................................................................................................................................................372
Academic attention.........................................................................................................................374
Amateur development...................................................................................................................374
Browser-based MMORPGs...........................................................................................................375
MUD......................................................................................................................................................376
Genre challenges..............................................................................................................................376
See also................................................................................................................................................377
References..........................................................................................................................................377
List of MMORPGs..................................................................................................................................378
By graphics.........................................................................................................................................378
Free to Play........................................................................................................................................381
Science fiction...................................................................................................................................382
Comic book setting..........................................................................................................................383
Cartoon setting.................................................................................................................................383
Historical ............................................................................................................................................383
Modern setting .................................................................................................................................383
Text .......................................................................................................................................................383
See also................................................................................................................................................383
MMOFPSs.................................................................................................................................................384
About....................................................................................................................................................384
MMOFPS Games...............................................................................................................................384
See also................................................................................................................................................384
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MMORTSs................................................................................................................................................385
Platform Games.....................................................................................................................................385
History.................................................................................................................................................386
Chronology of significant platform games.............................................................................388
Computer Puzzle Games....................................................................................................................390
Tetris....................................................................................................................................................390
See also................................................................................................................................................390
List of Computer Puzzle Games......................................................................................................391
Visual matching................................................................................................................................391
Maze/obstacle course navigation .............................................................................................392
Hidden object....................................................................................................................................392
Single character control................................................................................................................392
Multiple character control...........................................................................................................392
Multiple puzzle types.....................................................................................................................393
Collections..........................................................................................................................................393
Other.....................................................................................................................................................393
See also................................................................................................................................................393
Dating Simulations...............................................................................................................................393
Technical definition........................................................................................................................393
Characteristics..................................................................................................................................394
Popular dating sims........................................................................................................................394
Halo............................................................................................................................................................394
Video games.......................................................................................................................................395
Future Video Game Releases.......................................................................................................396
Possible influences..........................................................................................................................397
Other.....................................................................................................................................................400
Interactive Fiction................................................................................................................................402
The medium of interactive fiction.............................................................................................403
History.................................................................................................................................................404
Notable works of interactive fiction ........................................................................................406
Sample transcript............................................................................................................................406
Interactive fiction development systems...............................................................................407
See also................................................................................................................................................408
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Alternative definitions...................................................................................................................408
Music Video Games..............................................................................................................................408
NanaOn-Sha.......................................................................................................................................408
BEMANI (née Konami g.m.d)......................................................................................................409
Harmonix............................................................................................................................................409
United Game Artists/Q Entertainment...................................................................................410
Racing Games.........................................................................................................................................411
Simulation style racing games....................................................................................................412
Semi-simulation style racing games ........................................................................................412
Arcade style racing games ...........................................................................................................413
Futuristic racers...............................................................................................................................413
Kart racers..........................................................................................................................................413
Arcade racing games time line...................................................................................................413
Roguelike.................................................................................................................................................414
Overview.............................................................................................................................................414
Roguelike Family Tree...................................................................................................................416
List of popular roguelikes (and other descendents of Rogue).......................................416
Serious Games .......................................................................................................................................417
Overview.............................................................................................................................................418
Development.....................................................................................................................................418
List of serious games......................................................................................................................419
Serious game developers..............................................................................................................420
Shoot 'em Up..........................................................................................................................................420
Types of Arcade Shooters/Shmups..........................................................................................420
Styles of Arcade Shooters/Shmups..........................................................................................422
Non-Arcade Style Shooters/"Action-Shooters"/Other Shooters..................................422
Turn-based Games...............................................................................................................................423
Types....................................................................................................................................................423
Examples.............................................................................................................................................423
Console Games ......................................................................................................................................424
Introduction ......................................................................................................................................425
Console and display........................................................................................................................425
Limitations.........................................................................................................................................426
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Ratings & Censorship.....................................................................................................................426
Other information ...........................................................................................................................427
Critics of video games....................................................................................................................427
See also................................................................................................................................................428
Video Game Consoles..........................................................................................................................428
Seventh Generation Consoles.....................................................................................................429
Sixth Generation Consoles ...........................................................................................................429
See also................................................................................................................................................429
Books....................................................................................................................................................429
List of Video Game Consoles............................................................................................................429
16-bit era (1989-1995).................................................................................................................430
The first home video games/pre-crash of '77 (1972-1977) ..........................................432
See also................................................................................................................................................432
Game Boy.................................................................................................................................................432
History.................................................................................................................................................432
Versions...............................................................................................................................................433
Accessories.........................................................................................................................................436
Cartridges...........................................................................................................................................438
Popularity...........................................................................................................................................439
Popular culture.................................................................................................................................439
Emulation...........................................................................................................................................439
See also................................................................................................................................................439
Game Boy Advance..............................................................................................................................440
Hardware............................................................................................................................................441
Models..................................................................................................................................................443
Accessories.........................................................................................................................................444
Sales And Marketing.......................................................................................................................445
Games...................................................................................................................................................445
See also................................................................................................................................................445
Game Boy Advance SP........................................................................................................................446
Changes ...............................................................................................................................................446
Backlit model ....................................................................................................................................447
Criticism..............................................................................................................................................448
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See also................................................................................................................................................448
Game Boy micro....................................................................................................................................448
Design and specifications.............................................................................................................449
Packaging............................................................................................................................................450
Release and Sales.............................................................................................................................451
Reaction ..............................................................................................................................................451
References..........................................................................................................................................452
Gizmondo ................................................................................................................................................453
Releases...............................................................................................................................................453
Functionality and specifications................................................................................................454
Competition.......................................................................................................................................454
Controversy.......................................................................................................................................455
See also................................................................................................................................................455
Nintendo..................................................................................................................................................455
History.................................................................................................................................................457
Other consoles..................................................................................................................................463
Handheld consoles..........................................................................................................................465
Other hardware................................................................................................................................467
Policies.................................................................................................................................................467
Community.........................................................................................................................................470
People ..................................................................................................................................................470
Notable software and franchises...............................................................................................471
Divisions .............................................................................................................................................472
Arcade games released by Nintendo........................................................................................474
Anime...................................................................................................................................................475
Nintendo offices and locations...................................................................................................475
Unauthorized Brand Use in the Philippines..........................................................................475
See also................................................................................................................................................475
Nintendo GameCube...........................................................................................................................476
Launch titles......................................................................................................................................476
Overview.............................................................................................................................................477
Software library...............................................................................................................................479
Hardware specifications...............................................................................................................482