The bitter rivalry of Hugh Gaitskell (Labour-right) and Aneurin 'Nye' Bevan (Labour Left) within the British Labour party between 1951-64 over party policy and ideology.
After World War Two a Cold War developed between the capitalist Western countries and the Communist countries of the Eastern Bloc. Soviet leader Joseph Stalin wanted a buffer zone of friendly Communist countries to protect the USSR from further attack in the future. However, British Prime Minister Clement Attlee and US President Harry Truman made it clear at Yalta and Potsdam that this was unacceptable to the Western governments. They wanted freely defined states. Communist parties had gained control through what the Hungarian leader, Rakosi, called salami tactics. By 1950, the Eastern Bloc consisted of many Eastern European countries which were under the influence of the USSR. These included Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Ukraine. After Stalin's death in 1953, there was a power struggle in the USSR. By the mid-1950s the dominant Soviet political figure Nikita Khrushchev was solidifying his grasp on power.
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After World War Two a Cold War developed between the capitalist Western countries and the Communist countries of the Eastern Bloc. Soviet leader Joseph Stalin wanted a buffer zone of friendly Communist countries to protect the USSR from further attack in the future. However, British Prime Minister Clement Attlee and US President Harry Truman made it clear at Yalta and Potsdam that this was unacceptable to the Western governments. They wanted freely defined states. Communist parties had gained control through what the Hungarian leader, Rakosi, called salami tactics. By 1950, the Eastern Bloc consisted of many Eastern European countries which were under the influence of the USSR. These included Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Ukraine. After Stalin's death in 1953, there was a power struggle in the USSR. By the mid-1950s the dominant Soviet political figure Nikita Khrushchev was solidifying his grasp on power.
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In a May 9, 2024 paper, Juri Opitz from the University of Zurich, along with Shira Wein and Nathan Schneider form Georgetown University, discussed the importance of linguistic expertise in natural language processing (NLP) in an era dominated by large language models (LLMs).
The authors explained that while machine translation (MT) previously relied heavily on linguists, the landscape has shifted. “Linguistics is no longer front and center in the way we build NLP systems,” they said. With the emergence of LLMs, which can generate fluent text without the need for specialized modules to handle grammar or semantic coherence, the need for linguistic expertise in NLP is being questioned.
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हम आग्रह करते हैं कि जो भी सत्ता में आए, वह संविधान का पालन करे, उसकी रक्षा करे और उसे बनाए रखे।" प्रस्ताव में कुल तीन प्रमुख हस्तक्षेप और उनके तंत्र भी प्रस्तुत किए गए। पहला हस्तक्षेप स्वतंत्र मीडिया को प्रोत्साहित करके, वास्तविकता पर आधारित काउंटर नैरेटिव का निर्माण करके और सत्तारूढ़ सरकार द्वारा नियोजित मनोवैज्ञानिक हेरफेर की रणनीति का मुकाबला करके लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कथा को बनाए रखना और उस पर कार्यकरना था।
An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
2. Brief History: 1945-50
New Jerusalem
• Labour Landslide victory in 1945
• Clement Attlee – Welfare State, nationalisation
and low unemployment
• Huge state intervention however economy very
weak
• Left wing of party opposed support for USA
foreign policy, nuclear weapons and NATO
• Labour tiny majority in 1950
• In 1951 several left-wing ministers, including
Aneurin Bevan, resigned from government in
protest at the introduction of NHS prescription
charges to help fund the Korean war.
• Another election in 1951, Conservatives won.
3. Main Party Divisions
NATO
• Assumptions about objectives of superpowers
• USA and USSR
Nuclear Disarmament
• Stemmed from liberal pacifism
EEC membership
• Most bitter during 1970’s and 1980’s
• Supporters and opponents on both sides of the party
• But usually social democratic right with membership
and socialist left demanding withdrawal
4. Party Split: 1951 - onwards
Hugh Gaitskell
• Shadow Chancellor of Exchequer 1951-55
• Centre right of Lab, social democrats
• Revisionist
• Many Parallels with economic policies of
R.A Butler (termed Butskellism)
Aneurin ‘Nye’ Bevan
• Left of the party, ‘Old Left’
• Focus on Marxism, state control like Lenin
• Opposed to health service cuts to pay for
Korean War
• ‘Keep Left’ pamphlet group of Lab
5. Gaitskellism - Ideology
• Opposed many economic policies of Labour
• Pro-NATO and Pro-Nuclear
• Getting out of both would weaken Labour foreign policy
• Opposed EEC
• Opposed Clause IV
• Socialism not just identified with public ownership
• Tough on Tax and Spending
• Pragmatic on how to fund foreign policy
• Argued goals could be achieved if government used appropriate foreign
and social polices measures
6. Key Gaitskellites
Tony Crossland
• Lab party revisionist for the
right
• Argued against public
ownership for socialism
• High priority was to reduce
poverty and improve public
services
Douglas Jay
• Brought thinking of
Keynesianism
• Opposed to EEC
• ‘the man in Whitehall knows
best’
James Callaghan
• Later PM
• Shadow Chancellor of
Exchequer under Gaitskell
• Opponent of unilateral
disarmament
7. Bevanism - Ideology
• Full state control of the means of production
• ‘Cradle to the grave’ welfare state
• Housing for all
• Full employment
• Skepticism towards most American Foreign Policy
• Third way between USA and USSR
• Workers of the world unite
• Anti-facism and Anti-apartheid
• Anti-nuclear and Anti-NATO
• Democratization
• Distance between revisionists (not socialists) and soviets (not
democratic)
• Workers not enough representation
8. Key Bevanites
Michael Foot
• Later leader of Lab 1980-83
• Fell out after Bevan
renounced unilateral
disarmament
• Also helped right ‘Keep Left’
pamphlet - 1947
Harold Wilson
• Resigned from cabinet with
Bevan in 1951 over health
service
• Became chairman of Keep
Left
• Backed Gaitskell in 1955
against Bevan
Richard Crossman
• Intellectual
• ‘Keep Left’ pamphlet
• Democratic socialism
• ‘Third force’ foreign policy,
independent from USA or USSR
9. Revisionism – Anthony Crosland
‘In my view Marx has little to offer the
contemporary socialist either in respect of
practical policy, or of the correct analysis of
our society, or even of the right conceptual
tools or framework’
-Crosland 1956
Capitalism of C19th no longer existed, with presence of:
• Progressive taxation
• Welfare Reforms
• State enterprise
• Trade Unions
So no need for traditional Labour policies such as clause IV
10. Rejection of Revisionism
Britain being outcompeted by USSR
-Crossman“We know what happens to
people who stay in the middle of
the road. They get run down.”
-Bevan
• Not Socialist
• Britain still a capitalist country
• Seen as a move towards centre ground,
electoral opportunists
• Continuing power of capitalist class
• Trade Unions not enough power
• Public ownership therefore still central
to socialism
• E.g. John Strachey ‘Contemporary
Capitalism’
11. Criticisms of the ‘Old Left’
U-turn on nukes
• See to reduce nukes, not get rid of
• Without them a future British foreign secretary would
be going ‘naked into the conference chamber’
• Michael Foot disagreed, major part of Labour
manifesto 1983
Poor Leadership
• Bevan died in 1960
• Only a figurehead organization
• Bevan had no coherent or consistent strategy
12. Evaluation of Gaitskellism
• Never know how good a PM Hugh would have been
• Problems of fixed exchange rates, which hampered the
Labour government in 1964-70
• Never failing
• EEC membership good example
• Current Labour do well in looking how he modernised the
party
• Use of media to reach electorate, including Tony Benn
using TV
• Would have utlised social media and current labour are
doing
• After his death in 1960, formation of Campaign for
Democratic Socialists (CDS)
• Provided for the moderates
• But later became the vanguard for the SDP
13. After Gaiskell and Bevan - Bennites
Tony Benn 1925-2014
• After Gaiskell and Bevan passeed
• Party went left in 1979
• Member of cabinet in 1970’s
• Benn wrote two books, Arguments for
socialism (1980) and Arguments for
Democracy (1981)
New left View
• Critisims of 1964-70 and 1974-79
governments
• Attracted Bevanites
• Rejection of revisionism
Objectives
• Democracy
• Full participation of society
• Equality
• Justify inequalities within society
• Efficiency
• Keynesianism not neoliberalism
• World outlook
• Internationalism not isolationism
14. Summary
• After Attlee governemnt split over future of Labour and socialism
• Gaitskell– revisionist
• Key Gaitskellites
• Tony Crosland
• Douglas Jay
• James Callaghan
• Bevan – classic Marxist
• Key Bevanites
• Richard Crosman
• Michael Foot
• Harold Wilson
• Capitalism no longer the suppressive society of Marx
• Still a rejection of revisionism as not ‘true socialism’
• Later Gaitskellites left labour and formed SDP
• Later Bevanites rallied around Tony Benn
15. Practice Questions
• Why has the Labour left always ultimately lost out to the Labour
right and what consequences has this had for the party?
• To what extent did the ‘Old left’ influence labour policy from
1951-64?