Funkční skupiny organické chemie
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herbal Anti diabetic drugs
The document discusses four plants used in traditional Indian medicine to treat diabetes: Gymnema sylvestre, Salacia reticulata, Pterocarpus marsupium, and Swertia chirata. It describes the chemical constituents of each plant including major components like gymnemic acid, salacinol, and mangiferin. It also summarizes the proposed mechanisms of action for lowering blood glucose, such as inhibiting alpha-glucosidase enzymes and increasing insulin secretion. A brief overview of other medicinal uses and potential side effects is provided for each plant.
Flavonoids classification, isolation and identification
Flavonoids are groups of polyphenolic compounds which are found in fruits, flowers, seeds & vegetable.
(named from the Latin word flavus meaning yellow, their colour in nature)
VITAMINS [NATURAL PRODUCTS], M.PHARM SYLLABUS
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) is essential for normal growth and nutrition. It plays a key role in energy metabolism and processing amino acids and fats. Riboflavin has a molecular formula of C17H20N4O6 and contains 4 hydroxyl groups. Its structure consists of a 6,7-dimethyl-isoalloxazine ring system attached to a ribitoyal sugar alcohol group.
Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) is the first natural compound containing cobalt. It contains a corrin ring structure resembling the tetrapyrrole ring of porphyrins, with a single cobalt atom in the center bonded to 4 nitrogen atoms. It supports
Flavanoid
This document discusses flavonoids, which are polyphenolic compounds found in plants. It provides an introduction to flavonoids, including their structure, occurrence in plants, and functions. It also describes methods for isolating, extracting, and determining the structures of flavonoids, such as using chromatography, ultraviolet and infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Key tests for detecting flavonoids include the Shinoda test and sodium hydroxide test.
Flavonoids
This document discusses flavonoids, which are secondary plant metabolites that provide color and protect plants. It defines flavonoids and describes their biosynthesis, distribution in plants, properties, classification, and various health benefits. Specifically, it summarizes different types of flavonoids like flavonols, flavanones, isoflavonoids, and anthocyanins and their sources. It also outlines several medicinal properties of flavonoids including their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, anti-ulcer, anti-atherosclerotic, and hepatoprotective effects.
Role of chirality in stereoselective and specific theraputic agent
This document discusses the role of chirality in selective therapeutic agents. It begins by defining isomerism and the different types of isomers including constitutional, stereoisomers, optical isomers, enantiomers, and diastereomers. It then discusses the discovery of optical activity and chirality. The key points are that humans are chiral beings and the enantiomers of chiral drugs may have different biological effects. Several examples are given to illustrate how the biological activity of enantiomers can differ, including some being more active, having opposing effects, or one causing toxicity. The importance of understanding chirality in drug development and safety is emphasized.
Strategies to synthesize 5 & 6 membered heterocyclic.pptx
M. Pharm Pharmaceutical Chemistry ppt on Organic chemistry first semester strategies to synthesize heterocyclic rings A presentation on heterocyclic chemistry
Active constituent of Phyllanthus niruri for liver dysfunction
Phyllanthus niruri is a plant found throughout India that contains lignans including phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin. These compounds have been shown to inhibit hepatitis B virus by blocking the viral DNA polymerase enzyme and binding to the hepatitis B surface antigen. The extraction process involves placing powdered P. niruri leaves in methanol for 24 hours using a Soxhlet apparatus to extract the phyllanthin, which is then analyzed using HPLC. P. niruri has several potential medical uses due to its antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, blood sugar lowering, and kidney stone preventing properties.
Recommended
herbal Anti diabetic drugs
The document discusses four plants used in traditional Indian medicine to treat diabetes: Gymnema sylvestre, Salacia reticulata, Pterocarpus marsupium, and Swertia chirata. It describes the chemical constituents of each plant including major components like gymnemic acid, salacinol, and mangiferin. It also summarizes the proposed mechanisms of action for lowering blood glucose, such as inhibiting alpha-glucosidase enzymes and increasing insulin secretion. A brief overview of other medicinal uses and potential side effects is provided for each plant.
Flavonoids classification, isolation and identification
Flavonoids are groups of polyphenolic compounds which are found in fruits, flowers, seeds & vegetable.
(named from the Latin word flavus meaning yellow, their colour in nature)
VITAMINS [NATURAL PRODUCTS], M.PHARM SYLLABUS
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) is essential for normal growth and nutrition. It plays a key role in energy metabolism and processing amino acids and fats. Riboflavin has a molecular formula of C17H20N4O6 and contains 4 hydroxyl groups. Its structure consists of a 6,7-dimethyl-isoalloxazine ring system attached to a ribitoyal sugar alcohol group.
Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) is the first natural compound containing cobalt. It contains a corrin ring structure resembling the tetrapyrrole ring of porphyrins, with a single cobalt atom in the center bonded to 4 nitrogen atoms. It supports
Flavanoid
This document discusses flavonoids, which are polyphenolic compounds found in plants. It provides an introduction to flavonoids, including their structure, occurrence in plants, and functions. It also describes methods for isolating, extracting, and determining the structures of flavonoids, such as using chromatography, ultraviolet and infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Key tests for detecting flavonoids include the Shinoda test and sodium hydroxide test.
Flavonoids
This document discusses flavonoids, which are secondary plant metabolites that provide color and protect plants. It defines flavonoids and describes their biosynthesis, distribution in plants, properties, classification, and various health benefits. Specifically, it summarizes different types of flavonoids like flavonols, flavanones, isoflavonoids, and anthocyanins and their sources. It also outlines several medicinal properties of flavonoids including their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, anti-ulcer, anti-atherosclerotic, and hepatoprotective effects.
Role of chirality in stereoselective and specific theraputic agent
This document discusses the role of chirality in selective therapeutic agents. It begins by defining isomerism and the different types of isomers including constitutional, stereoisomers, optical isomers, enantiomers, and diastereomers. It then discusses the discovery of optical activity and chirality. The key points are that humans are chiral beings and the enantiomers of chiral drugs may have different biological effects. Several examples are given to illustrate how the biological activity of enantiomers can differ, including some being more active, having opposing effects, or one causing toxicity. The importance of understanding chirality in drug development and safety is emphasized.
Strategies to synthesize 5 & 6 membered heterocyclic.pptx
M. Pharm Pharmaceutical Chemistry ppt on Organic chemistry first semester strategies to synthesize heterocyclic rings A presentation on heterocyclic chemistry
Active constituent of Phyllanthus niruri for liver dysfunction
Phyllanthus niruri is a plant found throughout India that contains lignans including phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin. These compounds have been shown to inhibit hepatitis B virus by blocking the viral DNA polymerase enzyme and binding to the hepatitis B surface antigen. The extraction process involves placing powdered P. niruri leaves in methanol for 24 hours using a Soxhlet apparatus to extract the phyllanthin, which is then analyzed using HPLC. P. niruri has several potential medical uses due to its antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, blood sugar lowering, and kidney stone preventing properties.
Introduction to alkaloids
This document provides an overview of alkaloids. It defines alkaloids as basic, nitrogen-containing compounds found in plants. Alkaloids are classified in several ways, including by their chemical structure, biosynthetic pathway, pharmacological effects, and the taxonomic plant family they are found in. Methods for isolating and purifying individual alkaloids from crude mixtures are also described. The molecular modification of opioid alkaloids like morphine to enhance their medical usefulness is discussed. Finally, the document outlines some of the biological activities that alkaloids can have in plants and humans, ranging from protective effects to therapeutic applications to toxicity.
Chemistry of carotenoids
Carotenoids are tetra-terpenoid plant pigments that range in color from red to yellow. They have conjugated double bonds that allow them to absorb light and act as antioxidants. Carotenoids are precursors to vitamin A and can be classified as carotenes or xanthophylls depending on whether they contain oxygen. They play important roles in photosynthesis and protecting plants from photodamage.
Protection for amino group and amino acid
The document discusses protecting groups in organic synthesis. It provides characteristics that a good protecting group should have such as being selectively introduced and removed in good yields without affecting other functional groups. Common protecting groups for amino groups are discussed, including carbamates like Boc and Cbz which are installed under mild conditions and removed under acidic or basic conditions. Other protecting groups for amines mentioned are amides, formamides, acetamides, and sulfonamides which are stable but removed under strong acidic or basic conditions. The document provides examples of protecting group introduction and removal in peptide and amine synthesis.
Occurrence and classification and function of alkaloids
Alkaloids introduction, Alkaloids classification, Alkaloids function, pharmaceutical applications of alkaloids, Examples of alkaloids, Some review questions related to alkaloids.
Alkaloids
Alkaloids are a group of naturally occurring chemical compounds that mostly contain basic nitrogen atoms.
The term alkaloid was coined by Meissner, a German pharmacist, in 1819.
Alkaloids are cyclic organic compounds containing nitrogen in a negative state of oxidation with limited distribution among living organisms.
Most alkaloids contain oxygen in their molecular structure; those compounds are usually colorless crystals at ambient conditions.
Some alkaloids are colored, like berberine (yellow) and sanguinarine (orange).
Most alkaloids are weak bases, but some, such as theobromine and theophylline, are amphoteric.
Many alkaloids dissolve poorly in water but readily dissolve in organic solvents.
Most alkaloids have a bitter taste or are poisonous when ingested.
Flavonoids
it contains flavonoids chemisytry classification and structure elucidation of flavones and isoflavones
07 derivatives ii
This document summarizes various derivatives of carboxylic acids including esters, amides, anhydrides, and others. It discusses their structures, nomenclature, properties, biological importance and examples. Key reactions include hydrolysis of esters, amides and anhydrides. Many occur naturally in lipids, proteins, amino acids and other biomolecules playing important metabolic roles.
Flavonoids
Randive Pragati Mangesh is a junior studying Agricultural Biotechnology. Their topic for the course Basic Biochemistry is Flavonoids. Flavonoids are a class of plant secondary metabolites with a common three ring structure. They are widely distributed in plants and have various beneficial effects on human health due to their antioxidant properties. Flavonoids are classified into subgroups based on how their B ring attaches to the C ring and include flavones, flavonols, flavanones, anthocyanidins, and isoflavonoids. They play important roles in plant defense against pathogens and have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-atherosclerotic effects in humans.
Alkaloids-Medicinal Chemistry MANIK
Alkaloids: alkaloids as pharmaceutical raw materials, opium and its analogue, synthesis
of ephedrine, clinical comparison of ephedrine and epinephrine.
Extraction, isolation and structure elucidation of flavonoids: Quercetin
Extraction, isolation and structure elucidation of- Flavonoids Quercetin
Introduction
FLAVONOIDS & THEIR EXAMPLES
Quercetin
general isolation method
Extraction and isolation
Extraction from neem leaves
Isolation of Quercetin Methanolic Extract of Azadirachta indica leaves
Structure elucidation of Quercetin
Health benefits
Side Effects of Quercetin
Chemsitry of Natural Products-Flavonoids and quercetin
# Quercetin is the most abundant dietary flavonoid. It has been linked to improved exercise performance and reduced inflammation, blood pressure, and blood sugar level.
# Flavonoids any of large class of plant pigments having a structure based on or similar to that of flavone.
Coumarins
This document provides information about coumarins and related compounds. It discusses the classification of coumarins, including simple coumarins, furocoumarins, pyranocoumarins, and benzocoumarins. It also provides details about psoralen, including its biological source, structure, isolation, identification tests, uses, synthesis, and biological actions. Finally, it mentions xanthotoxin, which is extracted from Ammi majus, and discusses its extraction, purification, testing methods, synthesis, and properties/uses.
Flavonoids
isolation, identification, General method of structural determination
Structural elucidation of quercetin
Source, characteristics and medicinal use of drugs containing carbohydrates -...
this ppt deals about the sources, characteristics and medicinal uses of drugs containing carbohydrates - acacia gum and honey.
information collected from various websites
Bernthsen acridine synthesis (CHEMISTRIAN)
THE BERNTHSEN ACRIDINE SYNTHESIS IS THE SYNTHESIS OF ACRIDINE FIRSTLY PERFORMED BY BERNTHSEN THEREFORE KNOWN AS BERNTHSEN ACRIDINE SYNTHESIS. THIS PRESENTATION INCLUDES THE SYNTHESIS WITH ITS MECHANISM AND APPLICATION AS ASKED IN EXAMS.
study of natural products as leads for new pharmaceuticals for the various cl...
study of natural products as leads for new pharmaceuticals for the various cl...Subham Kumar Vishwakarma
(a) Drugs Affecting the Central Nervous System: Morphine alkaloids
(b) Anticancer Drugs: Paclitaxel and Docetaxel, Etoposide and Teniposide
(c) Cardiovascular Drugs: Lovastatin, Teprotide, and Dicoumarol
(d) Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs: Curare alkaloids
(e) Anti-malarial drugs and analogs
(f) Chemistry of macrolide antibiotics (Erythromycin, Azithromycin, Roxithromycin, and Clarithromycin) and β - Lactam antibiotics (Cephalosporins and Carbapenem)Coumarin ; Synthesis and Medicinal properties
Coumarin ; Synthesis and Medicinal properties Dr.Mohd Kamil Hussain, Department of Chemistry, Govt Raza PG College Rampur
The document discusses coumarins, which are naturally occurring compounds with diverse pharmacological properties. Coumarins are found in many plant species and have a wide range of biological activities. Some examples mentioned include uses as anticoagulants, antimicrobials, anti-inflammatories, and more. Common coumarin derivatives discussed include warfarin and various synthetic routes for producing coumarins are also summarized such as the Perkin reaction and Pechmann condensation.Vitamin d and oral contraceptives
Vitamin D is a hormone produced in the skin from sunlight exposure and converted in the liver to calcidiol. Vitamin D3 produced in the skin is more effective at elevating vitamin D levels in the body than vitamin D2 from plant sources. While vitamin D2 and D3 were thought to be equivalent, recent evidence shows vitamin D3 is two to three times more potent than vitamin D2 at increasing serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. Vitamin D plays an important role in bone health, autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular disease, cancer prevention and other chronic diseases by regulating calcium and phosphate metabolism.
2. DRUG DESIGN & RELATION OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS.pptx
The document discusses the relationship between a drug's molecular structure and its biological activity. It covers key topics like how functional groups contribute to a drug's pharmacological effects, the role of receptors in drug selectivity and action, and how physicochemical properties like acidity and stereochemistry impact solubility, binding to targets, and a drug's overall activity. It provides examples to illustrate these structure-activity principles, which were established through seminal findings like Crum-Brown and Fraser's work with quaternary ammonium compounds and the discovery of acetylcholine by Loewi and Navrati.
Alkaloids ars
This document defines alkaloids as basic, heterocyclic nitrogenous compounds derived from amino acids that are physiologically active. However, it notes some deviations from this definition, including that some alkaloids are not basic, do not contain heterocyclic nitrogen, or are derived from sources other than plants. It then provides qualitative chemical tests to identify alkaloids and discusses their physical and chemical properties, distribution in plants, extraction methods, classification, and biosynthesis.
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Introduction to alkaloids
This document provides an overview of alkaloids. It defines alkaloids as basic, nitrogen-containing compounds found in plants. Alkaloids are classified in several ways, including by their chemical structure, biosynthetic pathway, pharmacological effects, and the taxonomic plant family they are found in. Methods for isolating and purifying individual alkaloids from crude mixtures are also described. The molecular modification of opioid alkaloids like morphine to enhance their medical usefulness is discussed. Finally, the document outlines some of the biological activities that alkaloids can have in plants and humans, ranging from protective effects to therapeutic applications to toxicity.
Chemistry of carotenoids
Carotenoids are tetra-terpenoid plant pigments that range in color from red to yellow. They have conjugated double bonds that allow them to absorb light and act as antioxidants. Carotenoids are precursors to vitamin A and can be classified as carotenes or xanthophylls depending on whether they contain oxygen. They play important roles in photosynthesis and protecting plants from photodamage.
Protection for amino group and amino acid
The document discusses protecting groups in organic synthesis. It provides characteristics that a good protecting group should have such as being selectively introduced and removed in good yields without affecting other functional groups. Common protecting groups for amino groups are discussed, including carbamates like Boc and Cbz which are installed under mild conditions and removed under acidic or basic conditions. Other protecting groups for amines mentioned are amides, formamides, acetamides, and sulfonamides which are stable but removed under strong acidic or basic conditions. The document provides examples of protecting group introduction and removal in peptide and amine synthesis.
Occurrence and classification and function of alkaloids
Alkaloids introduction, Alkaloids classification, Alkaloids function, pharmaceutical applications of alkaloids, Examples of alkaloids, Some review questions related to alkaloids.
Alkaloids
Alkaloids are a group of naturally occurring chemical compounds that mostly contain basic nitrogen atoms.
The term alkaloid was coined by Meissner, a German pharmacist, in 1819.
Alkaloids are cyclic organic compounds containing nitrogen in a negative state of oxidation with limited distribution among living organisms.
Most alkaloids contain oxygen in their molecular structure; those compounds are usually colorless crystals at ambient conditions.
Some alkaloids are colored, like berberine (yellow) and sanguinarine (orange).
Most alkaloids are weak bases, but some, such as theobromine and theophylline, are amphoteric.
Many alkaloids dissolve poorly in water but readily dissolve in organic solvents.
Most alkaloids have a bitter taste or are poisonous when ingested.
Flavonoids
it contains flavonoids chemisytry classification and structure elucidation of flavones and isoflavones
07 derivatives ii
This document summarizes various derivatives of carboxylic acids including esters, amides, anhydrides, and others. It discusses their structures, nomenclature, properties, biological importance and examples. Key reactions include hydrolysis of esters, amides and anhydrides. Many occur naturally in lipids, proteins, amino acids and other biomolecules playing important metabolic roles.
Flavonoids
Randive Pragati Mangesh is a junior studying Agricultural Biotechnology. Their topic for the course Basic Biochemistry is Flavonoids. Flavonoids are a class of plant secondary metabolites with a common three ring structure. They are widely distributed in plants and have various beneficial effects on human health due to their antioxidant properties. Flavonoids are classified into subgroups based on how their B ring attaches to the C ring and include flavones, flavonols, flavanones, anthocyanidins, and isoflavonoids. They play important roles in plant defense against pathogens and have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-atherosclerotic effects in humans.
Alkaloids-Medicinal Chemistry MANIK
Alkaloids: alkaloids as pharmaceutical raw materials, opium and its analogue, synthesis
of ephedrine, clinical comparison of ephedrine and epinephrine.
Extraction, isolation and structure elucidation of flavonoids: Quercetin
Extraction, isolation and structure elucidation of- Flavonoids Quercetin
Introduction
FLAVONOIDS & THEIR EXAMPLES
Quercetin
general isolation method
Extraction and isolation
Extraction from neem leaves
Isolation of Quercetin Methanolic Extract of Azadirachta indica leaves
Structure elucidation of Quercetin
Health benefits
Side Effects of Quercetin
Chemsitry of Natural Products-Flavonoids and quercetin
# Quercetin is the most abundant dietary flavonoid. It has been linked to improved exercise performance and reduced inflammation, blood pressure, and blood sugar level.
# Flavonoids any of large class of plant pigments having a structure based on or similar to that of flavone.
Coumarins
This document provides information about coumarins and related compounds. It discusses the classification of coumarins, including simple coumarins, furocoumarins, pyranocoumarins, and benzocoumarins. It also provides details about psoralen, including its biological source, structure, isolation, identification tests, uses, synthesis, and biological actions. Finally, it mentions xanthotoxin, which is extracted from Ammi majus, and discusses its extraction, purification, testing methods, synthesis, and properties/uses.
Flavonoids
isolation, identification, General method of structural determination
Structural elucidation of quercetin
Source, characteristics and medicinal use of drugs containing carbohydrates -...
this ppt deals about the sources, characteristics and medicinal uses of drugs containing carbohydrates - acacia gum and honey.
information collected from various websites
Bernthsen acridine synthesis (CHEMISTRIAN)
THE BERNTHSEN ACRIDINE SYNTHESIS IS THE SYNTHESIS OF ACRIDINE FIRSTLY PERFORMED BY BERNTHSEN THEREFORE KNOWN AS BERNTHSEN ACRIDINE SYNTHESIS. THIS PRESENTATION INCLUDES THE SYNTHESIS WITH ITS MECHANISM AND APPLICATION AS ASKED IN EXAMS.
study of natural products as leads for new pharmaceuticals for the various cl...
study of natural products as leads for new pharmaceuticals for the various cl...Subham Kumar Vishwakarma
(a) Drugs Affecting the Central Nervous System: Morphine alkaloids
(b) Anticancer Drugs: Paclitaxel and Docetaxel, Etoposide and Teniposide
(c) Cardiovascular Drugs: Lovastatin, Teprotide, and Dicoumarol
(d) Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs: Curare alkaloids
(e) Anti-malarial drugs and analogs
(f) Chemistry of macrolide antibiotics (Erythromycin, Azithromycin, Roxithromycin, and Clarithromycin) and β - Lactam antibiotics (Cephalosporins and Carbapenem)Coumarin ; Synthesis and Medicinal properties
Coumarin ; Synthesis and Medicinal properties Dr.Mohd Kamil Hussain, Department of Chemistry, Govt Raza PG College Rampur
The document discusses coumarins, which are naturally occurring compounds with diverse pharmacological properties. Coumarins are found in many plant species and have a wide range of biological activities. Some examples mentioned include uses as anticoagulants, antimicrobials, anti-inflammatories, and more. Common coumarin derivatives discussed include warfarin and various synthetic routes for producing coumarins are also summarized such as the Perkin reaction and Pechmann condensation.Vitamin d and oral contraceptives
Vitamin D is a hormone produced in the skin from sunlight exposure and converted in the liver to calcidiol. Vitamin D3 produced in the skin is more effective at elevating vitamin D levels in the body than vitamin D2 from plant sources. While vitamin D2 and D3 were thought to be equivalent, recent evidence shows vitamin D3 is two to three times more potent than vitamin D2 at increasing serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. Vitamin D plays an important role in bone health, autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular disease, cancer prevention and other chronic diseases by regulating calcium and phosphate metabolism.
2. DRUG DESIGN & RELATION OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS.pptx
The document discusses the relationship between a drug's molecular structure and its biological activity. It covers key topics like how functional groups contribute to a drug's pharmacological effects, the role of receptors in drug selectivity and action, and how physicochemical properties like acidity and stereochemistry impact solubility, binding to targets, and a drug's overall activity. It provides examples to illustrate these structure-activity principles, which were established through seminal findings like Crum-Brown and Fraser's work with quaternary ammonium compounds and the discovery of acetylcholine by Loewi and Navrati.
Alkaloids ars
This document defines alkaloids as basic, heterocyclic nitrogenous compounds derived from amino acids that are physiologically active. However, it notes some deviations from this definition, including that some alkaloids are not basic, do not contain heterocyclic nitrogen, or are derived from sources other than plants. It then provides qualitative chemical tests to identify alkaloids and discusses their physical and chemical properties, distribution in plants, extraction methods, classification, and biosynthesis.
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Occurrence and classification and function of alkaloids
Occurrence and classification and function of alkaloids
Extraction, isolation and structure elucidation of flavonoids: Quercetin
Extraction, isolation and structure elucidation of flavonoids: Quercetin
Chemsitry of Natural Products-Flavonoids and quercetin
Chemsitry of Natural Products-Flavonoids and quercetin
Source, characteristics and medicinal use of drugs containing carbohydrates -...
Source, characteristics and medicinal use of drugs containing carbohydrates -...
study of natural products as leads for new pharmaceuticals for the various cl...
study of natural products as leads for new pharmaceuticals for the various cl...
2. DRUG DESIGN & RELATION OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS.pptx
2. DRUG DESIGN & RELATION OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS.pptx
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Funkční skupiny organické chemie
- 2. Funkční skupina: V organické chemii je funkční skupina určitá skupina atomů v molekule, která jí přidávají určité charakteristické vlastnosti. Stejná funkční skupina umožňuje stejné nebo podobné reakce nezávisle na délce molekuly, jejichž je částí. Podle funkční skupiny se organické sloučeniny dělí do charakteristických kategorií.
- 3. Uhlovodíky Skupiny obsahující halogen Skupiny obsahující kyslík Skupiny obsahující dusík Skupiny obsahující síru
- 7. Skupina Obecný vzorec Předpona Přípona Výskyt Aminoskupina -N< amino- -amin Aminy Amidová -C(=O)-N< karboxamido - -amid Amidy karboxylových kyselin Azoskupina -N=N- azo- -diazen Azosloučeniny Imidová -C(=O)-NHC(=O)- imido- -imid Imidy karboxylových kyselin Iminová -C(=N-)- imino- Iminy Nitrilová -C≡N kyano- -imin -nitril, kyanid Nitroskupina Nitrososkupina -NO2 -NO nitronitroso- Nitrily Nitrosloučeniny Nitrososloučeniny