The document discusses the Future UN Development System (FUNDS) which aims to accelerate reforms to the UN development system to better address global challenges like those outlined in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. It also discusses efforts to integrate the International Organization for Migration (IOM) into the UN system to address migration issues, but notes that the recent attempt to do so in 2016 was unsuccessful. The UN still lacks a clear lead agency for migration issues.
The document discusses several United Nations specialized agencies, including UNESCO, UNICEF, the International Labour Organization (ILO), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the World Bank. It provides details on the structure, objectives, and activities of each agency. UNESCO works to promote international collaboration in education, science, and culture to further human rights. UNICEF focuses on meeting children's basic needs and expanding their potential worldwide. The ILO aims to improve labour conditions, promote employment, and raise living standards globally.
The document discusses a migration partnership agreement signed between Nigeria and Switzerland in 2011. It aims to manage migration flows between the two countries by increasing regular migration, encouraging the readmission of migrants, and involving the private sector to improve training and education opportunities. This is intended to promote regular migration and maximize the benefits of migration for both origin and destination countries. The chapter examines the role of public-private partnerships in implementing the agreement and considers how to make the implementation more effective.
THE CREATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL GOVERNMENTAL INSTITUTIONSpaperpublications3
Abstract: The study looked at the creation of International Governmental Institutions (IGIs) with emphasis on the international cooperation; the development of IGIs, the development of the position of the international public official, how International Public Officials differ from National Public Officials, and how they conduct international public administration. This study concluded with giving the reader the importance of International Public Administration.
THE UNITED NATIONS SECRETARIAT AND THE SECRETARY-GENERALpaperpublications3
Abstract: The study sought to understand the structure of the United Nations Secretariat and its Secretaries-General who have worked for this body since inception in 1945. The United Nations was formed after the League of Nations failed in its activities after World War II. The Secretariat of the UN is an international body that assembles personnel from various parts of the world whose duty it is to perform a considerable mass of work. These international staff works at Headquarters in New York, at the UN office in Geneva, at its complex in Vienna, in Nairobi, and in other international centers around the World.
The document summarizes key facts from the United Nations 2017 International Migration Report. Some of the key points include:
- The number of international migrants has grown rapidly in recent years, reaching 258 million in 2017 up from 173 million in 2000.
- Over 60% of migrants live in Asia or Europe, with the largest numbers in the US, Saudi Arabia, Germany, and Russia.
- International migration is an important issue addressed in the UN's 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the New York Declaration on Refugees and Migrants.
- The report provides the latest data on levels and trends in international migration worldwide.
Abstract: The aim of the study was to understand how the United Nations (UN) functions and how the UN constitutes membership. It also delved into. The study provided a background to the establishment of the United Nations, its Charter and its purposes. Literature review included books on the UN System and its specialized agencies. It concluded with the structural organization of the UN and its Secretariat.
The document summarizes the UNEP FI 2003 Global Roundtable meeting held in Tokyo, Japan from October 20-21, 2003. Over 460 participants from governments, banking, investment, insurance and asset management sectors, and non-governmental organizations attended the meeting. They discussed topics relating to financing sustainability, such as reporting sustainability, insuring sustainability, and sustainable investment strategies. At the end of the meeting, participants agreed to a conference statement outlining the role of financial institutions in sustainability and principles for a sustainable society. They also agreed to establish a UNEP FI Asia Pacific Task Force.
THE ORIGIN OF THE POST OF THE INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC OFFICIALpaperpublications3
Abstract: This study established that the International Public Official (IPO) exists as a result of international agreements between sovereign states. Secondly, IPOs function exclusively in the interest of the international community, which comes about as a result of such agreements. Thirdly, IPOs do not belong to the administrative system of any state and have a special status.
The document discusses several United Nations specialized agencies, including UNESCO, UNICEF, the International Labour Organization (ILO), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the World Bank. It provides details on the structure, objectives, and activities of each agency. UNESCO works to promote international collaboration in education, science, and culture to further human rights. UNICEF focuses on meeting children's basic needs and expanding their potential worldwide. The ILO aims to improve labour conditions, promote employment, and raise living standards globally.
The document discusses a migration partnership agreement signed between Nigeria and Switzerland in 2011. It aims to manage migration flows between the two countries by increasing regular migration, encouraging the readmission of migrants, and involving the private sector to improve training and education opportunities. This is intended to promote regular migration and maximize the benefits of migration for both origin and destination countries. The chapter examines the role of public-private partnerships in implementing the agreement and considers how to make the implementation more effective.
THE CREATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL GOVERNMENTAL INSTITUTIONSpaperpublications3
Abstract: The study looked at the creation of International Governmental Institutions (IGIs) with emphasis on the international cooperation; the development of IGIs, the development of the position of the international public official, how International Public Officials differ from National Public Officials, and how they conduct international public administration. This study concluded with giving the reader the importance of International Public Administration.
THE UNITED NATIONS SECRETARIAT AND THE SECRETARY-GENERALpaperpublications3
Abstract: The study sought to understand the structure of the United Nations Secretariat and its Secretaries-General who have worked for this body since inception in 1945. The United Nations was formed after the League of Nations failed in its activities after World War II. The Secretariat of the UN is an international body that assembles personnel from various parts of the world whose duty it is to perform a considerable mass of work. These international staff works at Headquarters in New York, at the UN office in Geneva, at its complex in Vienna, in Nairobi, and in other international centers around the World.
The document summarizes key facts from the United Nations 2017 International Migration Report. Some of the key points include:
- The number of international migrants has grown rapidly in recent years, reaching 258 million in 2017 up from 173 million in 2000.
- Over 60% of migrants live in Asia or Europe, with the largest numbers in the US, Saudi Arabia, Germany, and Russia.
- International migration is an important issue addressed in the UN's 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the New York Declaration on Refugees and Migrants.
- The report provides the latest data on levels and trends in international migration worldwide.
Abstract: The aim of the study was to understand how the United Nations (UN) functions and how the UN constitutes membership. It also delved into. The study provided a background to the establishment of the United Nations, its Charter and its purposes. Literature review included books on the UN System and its specialized agencies. It concluded with the structural organization of the UN and its Secretariat.
The document summarizes the UNEP FI 2003 Global Roundtable meeting held in Tokyo, Japan from October 20-21, 2003. Over 460 participants from governments, banking, investment, insurance and asset management sectors, and non-governmental organizations attended the meeting. They discussed topics relating to financing sustainability, such as reporting sustainability, insuring sustainability, and sustainable investment strategies. At the end of the meeting, participants agreed to a conference statement outlining the role of financial institutions in sustainability and principles for a sustainable society. They also agreed to establish a UNEP FI Asia Pacific Task Force.
THE ORIGIN OF THE POST OF THE INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC OFFICIALpaperpublications3
Abstract: This study established that the International Public Official (IPO) exists as a result of international agreements between sovereign states. Secondly, IPOs function exclusively in the interest of the international community, which comes about as a result of such agreements. Thirdly, IPOs do not belong to the administrative system of any state and have a special status.
UNOPS has worked in the Democratic Republic of Congo since 1999, supporting partners with infrastructure projects. In 2014, UNOPS completed a four-year, $4.2 million project funded by the European Commission to rebuild bridges and roads in a remote region. The 12 rebuilt bridges and 130 km of rehabilitated road has connected over 340,000 people to markets, cutting travel time and food costs in half. The improved infrastructure also enabled emergency responders to access an Ebola outbreak in a village along the new road.
This weekly bulletin summarizes job opportunities in biodiversity conservation. It highlights several openings for biodiversity planning specialists, project coordinators, and programme officers with organizations like UNOPS, UNDP, and WWF. The bulletin also lists entry-level through senior-level vacancies in fields like natural resources management, nutrition, and engineering with the UN, UNICEF, and other humanitarian organizations. Contact information is provided to learn more about positions or submit additional job listings.
College students and new graduates have always been attractive candidates for internships and starter positions at non-governmental organizations (NGOs). These citizen groups are recognized as key policy actors addressing issues of public good.
Given their funding constraints, NGOs are constantly in need of interns and entry level team-members. They seek candidates from a variety of backgrounds whom are interested in international politics and policy-making.
Most NGOs are dynamic, multi-cultural working environments, where people learn from each other, making it a great place for International Relations college graduates to begin their careers. By working for a non-governmental organization, one can gain experience in teamwork, communication, analysis, and other important skills featured in listings for competitive jobs in the field of International Relations.
Mike Dottridge has over 40 years of experience working in human rights and child rights organizations. He has focused on issues like exploitation, trafficking, child labor, and protecting vulnerable groups. As a consultant since 2002, he has worked for organizations such as the ILO, UNICEF, NGOs, and governmental donors on projects related to exploitation, child protection, and human trafficking in various regions. He is fluent in English, French, and Spanish and has experience working internationally on these issues.
Colours of the wind - An analysis of integration in europeseyflecce
This handbook comes from the the development of the project Colours of the
Wind, a training course developed by SEYF Malta and supported by the Maltese
National Agengy EUPA within the frame of the Erasmus Plus Programme.
Its overall aim was to train and enable youth workers, leaders and youngsters
on the way to use different models and tools for the integration of minorities,
especially young migrants in society.
The content and the information provided by this publication try to give some
input to all the people involved in the process of non formal education, of the
promotion of intercultural dialogue and of the values of integration and solidairity
among the local communities
Our strong belief is that from more inclusive communites we can build a stronger
Europe.
The products, the activities based on non formal education and all the researches
have been entirely made by the participant to the project.
Our thanks go to EUPA, the Maltese National Agency that supported our project
under the Erasmus Plus programme, to the international participants and their
sending organizations and to the local NGOs that believed in our aims.
Project link: http://www.seyf.eu/inclusion/95-colours-of-the-wind
Ron nechemia attends un meeting on economic crisisEurOrientF
The United Nations is convening a three-day summit from June 24-26 to address the global economic crisis and its impact. Ron Nechemia, Chairman of EurOrient Financial Group and a UN representative, will attend and deliver a policy statement. Nechemia will offer his perspective as a global development financier on the issues that caused the financial collapse and recommendations to improve regulation and oversight. He will stress the need for strengthened international cooperation and harmonized financial rules across borders. Nechemia brings experience from participating in previous UN conferences on financing development.
Colours of The Wind - An Analysis of Integration in Europeseyfmalta
This ebook comes from the the development of the project Colours of the Wind, a training course developed by SEYF Malta and supported by the Maltese National Agency EUPA within the frame of the Erasmus Plus Programme.
The content and the information provided by this publication try to give some input to all the people involved in the process of non formal education, of the promotion of intercultural dialogue and of the values of integration and solidairity among the local communities.
Project Link: http://www.seyf.eu/inclusion/95-colours-of-the-wind
The document is the 2008-2009 Global Appeal from the UNHCR which outlines the organization's operational plans and strategies for assisting refugees over the next two years. It highlights the challenges of protecting and finding durable solutions for close to 33 million displaced people around the world. The Appeal is aimed at governmental and private donors to bring awareness to the plight of millions of refugees and internally displaced persons. It describes UNHCR's partnerships with other organizations and reforms to inter-agency collaboration. The Appeal provides information on operations through regional summaries and country-specific chapters in order to request early and predictable funding to ensure uninterrupted humanitarian assistance.
Humanitarian Private Sector Partnership Platform launched in East AfricaUNHCR KENYA
The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) launched the Humanitarian Private Sector Partnership Platform – East Africa in Nairobi to bolster effective humanitarian responses. The number of people needing assistance has more than doubled over the past decade to 87 million people in 2016, costing an estimated $20 billion. This partnership aims to provide structured ways for humanitarian, business, and government actors to connect and help communities minimize disaster impacts and recovery times through more sustainable partnerships.
This document provides frequently asked questions about a human rights-based approach to development. It discusses key topics such as:
- The definition of human rights and their universal, indivisible, and interdependent nature.
- The relationship between human rights and development goals, including poverty reduction, governance, and economic growth.
- What a human rights-based approach adds to development work, including helping to resolve conflicts and ensuring national ownership.
- How human rights principles like equality, participation, and accountability should guide development programming in areas such as situation analysis, formulation, capacity development, and monitoring.
This document is the 2009 Annual Report for the United Nations Volunteers (UNV) program. It discusses UNV's work promoting volunteerism to support peace and development worldwide. In 2009, UNV organized a meeting where participants embraced a vision for marking the 10th anniversary of the International Year of Volunteers in 2011, with the theme "Inspiring the Volunteer in You." The report highlights how UNV advocates for volunteerism, integrates sustainability into development programs through volunteerism, and mobilizes volunteers' skills to support the Millennium Development Goals and build social cohesion. It provides examples of volunteers' impact in areas like gender empowerment, environment, health, peacekeeping and humanitarian response.
After Charlie and Garissa, addressing the external dimension of global terror...Philippe Darmuzey
This document discusses the need for a new treaty between Africa and Europe to address shared security challenges like terrorism. It notes the "annus horribilis" of 2015, with attacks in both continents like Charlie Hebdo, Garissa University, and the Mediterranean migrant crisis. It argues the current Africa-EU strategic partnership is not adequate given worsening threats. A new treaty could help promote peace as the foundation of relations between the two regions, which will share over 2.5 billion citizens by 2050. It would also help prevent, manage and resolve crises that impact both continents.
The document summarizes key discussions from the Sixth High-level Dialogue on Financing for Development and the eighth annual Internet Governance Forum. At the Financing for Development dialogue, participants discussed securing financing for sustainable development through innovative sources while maintaining official development assistance. The dialogue highlighted the need for a follow-up conference to the Monterrey Consensus. At the Internet Governance Forum, participants addressed rebuilding trust in the internet in light of government surveillance revelations and explored balancing national security and human rights. Both meetings emphasized multi-stakeholder participation and cooperation on discussed issues.
A Guide For NGOs and Women's Human Rights Activists at the UN and CSW 2016BPWI
Advocacy training booklet during CSW60 for Non-Governmental Organisations and Women's Human Rights Activists at the United Nations and Commission on the Status of Women
This document discusses various humanitarian actors involved in disaster response. It identifies affected communities as the first responders and notes that states have the primary role in responding to disasters within their territories. If a disaster exceeds a state's capacity, international assistance can be sought. Key international humanitarian actors mentioned include the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, humanitarian non-governmental organizations, the United Nations, sub-regional intergovernmental bodies, donors such as Western countries and the private sector.
The United Nations Volunteers (UNV) programme is the UN organization that promotes volunteerism to support peace and development worldwide. UNV contributes to peace and development by mobilizing volunteers, advocating for volunteerism globally and encouraging partners to integrate volunteerism into development programming.
UNV’s vision is a world where volunteerism is recognized, within societies, as a way for all people and countries to achieve peace and development through the simultaneous eradication of poverty and significant reduction of inequalities and exclusion.
UNV’s Strategic Framework for the period 2014-2017 is the first of its kind, striving to harness the power of volunteers and volunteerism to support the achievement of agreed goals for peace and development.
The Framework guides UNV’s work over the coming four years and reflects a focus on working more systematically with UN entities and other partners to jointly deliver more impact for peace and development.
Tunisia has made progress in its democratic transition since 2014 elections but still faces threats of violent extremism. USIP supports peacebuilding in Tunisia through programs engaging local and national actors to develop civil society and government institutions. Recent USIP work includes training mediators and facilitators, fostering regional peer learning among them, and facilitating police-community dialogues to build relationships and identify security solutions.
El documento explica diferentes métodos para factorizar polinomios. Describe cómo factorizar polinomios cuando hay un factor común, cuando hay términos cuadrados perfectos, cúbicos perfectos o trinomios cuadráticos. Incluye ejemplos para ilustrar cada método de factorización.
La Web 2.0 se refiere a la evolución de aplicaciones web enfocadas en los usuarios finales que permiten la inteligencia colectiva y el control de datos por parte de los usuarios. Fue diseñada por Tim O'Reilly en 2004 para describir una segunda generación de la web basada en comunidades de usuarios y servicios como redes sociales y blogs que fomentan la colaboración. Algunas tecnologías que apoyan a la Web 2.0 incluyen blogs, grupos de correo, alojamiento de video y páginas wiki, las cuales
El documento resume la historia del deporte y la actividad física en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires en los últimos 50 años. Explica que la educación física se originó en las actividades para mantener el cuerpo en forma para la guerra en la antigüedad y que los Juegos Olímpicos fueron creados por los griegos para honrar a los dioses. También describe las diferentes capacidades físicas y programas implementados por el gobierno para promover el deporte, como "Barrios en Juego" y campañas de salud.
UNOPS has worked in the Democratic Republic of Congo since 1999, supporting partners with infrastructure projects. In 2014, UNOPS completed a four-year, $4.2 million project funded by the European Commission to rebuild bridges and roads in a remote region. The 12 rebuilt bridges and 130 km of rehabilitated road has connected over 340,000 people to markets, cutting travel time and food costs in half. The improved infrastructure also enabled emergency responders to access an Ebola outbreak in a village along the new road.
This weekly bulletin summarizes job opportunities in biodiversity conservation. It highlights several openings for biodiversity planning specialists, project coordinators, and programme officers with organizations like UNOPS, UNDP, and WWF. The bulletin also lists entry-level through senior-level vacancies in fields like natural resources management, nutrition, and engineering with the UN, UNICEF, and other humanitarian organizations. Contact information is provided to learn more about positions or submit additional job listings.
College students and new graduates have always been attractive candidates for internships and starter positions at non-governmental organizations (NGOs). These citizen groups are recognized as key policy actors addressing issues of public good.
Given their funding constraints, NGOs are constantly in need of interns and entry level team-members. They seek candidates from a variety of backgrounds whom are interested in international politics and policy-making.
Most NGOs are dynamic, multi-cultural working environments, where people learn from each other, making it a great place for International Relations college graduates to begin their careers. By working for a non-governmental organization, one can gain experience in teamwork, communication, analysis, and other important skills featured in listings for competitive jobs in the field of International Relations.
Mike Dottridge has over 40 years of experience working in human rights and child rights organizations. He has focused on issues like exploitation, trafficking, child labor, and protecting vulnerable groups. As a consultant since 2002, he has worked for organizations such as the ILO, UNICEF, NGOs, and governmental donors on projects related to exploitation, child protection, and human trafficking in various regions. He is fluent in English, French, and Spanish and has experience working internationally on these issues.
Colours of the wind - An analysis of integration in europeseyflecce
This handbook comes from the the development of the project Colours of the
Wind, a training course developed by SEYF Malta and supported by the Maltese
National Agengy EUPA within the frame of the Erasmus Plus Programme.
Its overall aim was to train and enable youth workers, leaders and youngsters
on the way to use different models and tools for the integration of minorities,
especially young migrants in society.
The content and the information provided by this publication try to give some
input to all the people involved in the process of non formal education, of the
promotion of intercultural dialogue and of the values of integration and solidairity
among the local communities
Our strong belief is that from more inclusive communites we can build a stronger
Europe.
The products, the activities based on non formal education and all the researches
have been entirely made by the participant to the project.
Our thanks go to EUPA, the Maltese National Agency that supported our project
under the Erasmus Plus programme, to the international participants and their
sending organizations and to the local NGOs that believed in our aims.
Project link: http://www.seyf.eu/inclusion/95-colours-of-the-wind
Ron nechemia attends un meeting on economic crisisEurOrientF
The United Nations is convening a three-day summit from June 24-26 to address the global economic crisis and its impact. Ron Nechemia, Chairman of EurOrient Financial Group and a UN representative, will attend and deliver a policy statement. Nechemia will offer his perspective as a global development financier on the issues that caused the financial collapse and recommendations to improve regulation and oversight. He will stress the need for strengthened international cooperation and harmonized financial rules across borders. Nechemia brings experience from participating in previous UN conferences on financing development.
Colours of The Wind - An Analysis of Integration in Europeseyfmalta
This ebook comes from the the development of the project Colours of the Wind, a training course developed by SEYF Malta and supported by the Maltese National Agency EUPA within the frame of the Erasmus Plus Programme.
The content and the information provided by this publication try to give some input to all the people involved in the process of non formal education, of the promotion of intercultural dialogue and of the values of integration and solidairity among the local communities.
Project Link: http://www.seyf.eu/inclusion/95-colours-of-the-wind
The document is the 2008-2009 Global Appeal from the UNHCR which outlines the organization's operational plans and strategies for assisting refugees over the next two years. It highlights the challenges of protecting and finding durable solutions for close to 33 million displaced people around the world. The Appeal is aimed at governmental and private donors to bring awareness to the plight of millions of refugees and internally displaced persons. It describes UNHCR's partnerships with other organizations and reforms to inter-agency collaboration. The Appeal provides information on operations through regional summaries and country-specific chapters in order to request early and predictable funding to ensure uninterrupted humanitarian assistance.
Humanitarian Private Sector Partnership Platform launched in East AfricaUNHCR KENYA
The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) launched the Humanitarian Private Sector Partnership Platform – East Africa in Nairobi to bolster effective humanitarian responses. The number of people needing assistance has more than doubled over the past decade to 87 million people in 2016, costing an estimated $20 billion. This partnership aims to provide structured ways for humanitarian, business, and government actors to connect and help communities minimize disaster impacts and recovery times through more sustainable partnerships.
This document provides frequently asked questions about a human rights-based approach to development. It discusses key topics such as:
- The definition of human rights and their universal, indivisible, and interdependent nature.
- The relationship between human rights and development goals, including poverty reduction, governance, and economic growth.
- What a human rights-based approach adds to development work, including helping to resolve conflicts and ensuring national ownership.
- How human rights principles like equality, participation, and accountability should guide development programming in areas such as situation analysis, formulation, capacity development, and monitoring.
This document is the 2009 Annual Report for the United Nations Volunteers (UNV) program. It discusses UNV's work promoting volunteerism to support peace and development worldwide. In 2009, UNV organized a meeting where participants embraced a vision for marking the 10th anniversary of the International Year of Volunteers in 2011, with the theme "Inspiring the Volunteer in You." The report highlights how UNV advocates for volunteerism, integrates sustainability into development programs through volunteerism, and mobilizes volunteers' skills to support the Millennium Development Goals and build social cohesion. It provides examples of volunteers' impact in areas like gender empowerment, environment, health, peacekeeping and humanitarian response.
After Charlie and Garissa, addressing the external dimension of global terror...Philippe Darmuzey
This document discusses the need for a new treaty between Africa and Europe to address shared security challenges like terrorism. It notes the "annus horribilis" of 2015, with attacks in both continents like Charlie Hebdo, Garissa University, and the Mediterranean migrant crisis. It argues the current Africa-EU strategic partnership is not adequate given worsening threats. A new treaty could help promote peace as the foundation of relations between the two regions, which will share over 2.5 billion citizens by 2050. It would also help prevent, manage and resolve crises that impact both continents.
The document summarizes key discussions from the Sixth High-level Dialogue on Financing for Development and the eighth annual Internet Governance Forum. At the Financing for Development dialogue, participants discussed securing financing for sustainable development through innovative sources while maintaining official development assistance. The dialogue highlighted the need for a follow-up conference to the Monterrey Consensus. At the Internet Governance Forum, participants addressed rebuilding trust in the internet in light of government surveillance revelations and explored balancing national security and human rights. Both meetings emphasized multi-stakeholder participation and cooperation on discussed issues.
A Guide For NGOs and Women's Human Rights Activists at the UN and CSW 2016BPWI
Advocacy training booklet during CSW60 for Non-Governmental Organisations and Women's Human Rights Activists at the United Nations and Commission on the Status of Women
This document discusses various humanitarian actors involved in disaster response. It identifies affected communities as the first responders and notes that states have the primary role in responding to disasters within their territories. If a disaster exceeds a state's capacity, international assistance can be sought. Key international humanitarian actors mentioned include the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, humanitarian non-governmental organizations, the United Nations, sub-regional intergovernmental bodies, donors such as Western countries and the private sector.
The United Nations Volunteers (UNV) programme is the UN organization that promotes volunteerism to support peace and development worldwide. UNV contributes to peace and development by mobilizing volunteers, advocating for volunteerism globally and encouraging partners to integrate volunteerism into development programming.
UNV’s vision is a world where volunteerism is recognized, within societies, as a way for all people and countries to achieve peace and development through the simultaneous eradication of poverty and significant reduction of inequalities and exclusion.
UNV’s Strategic Framework for the period 2014-2017 is the first of its kind, striving to harness the power of volunteers and volunteerism to support the achievement of agreed goals for peace and development.
The Framework guides UNV’s work over the coming four years and reflects a focus on working more systematically with UN entities and other partners to jointly deliver more impact for peace and development.
Tunisia has made progress in its democratic transition since 2014 elections but still faces threats of violent extremism. USIP supports peacebuilding in Tunisia through programs engaging local and national actors to develop civil society and government institutions. Recent USIP work includes training mediators and facilitators, fostering regional peer learning among them, and facilitating police-community dialogues to build relationships and identify security solutions.
El documento explica diferentes métodos para factorizar polinomios. Describe cómo factorizar polinomios cuando hay un factor común, cuando hay términos cuadrados perfectos, cúbicos perfectos o trinomios cuadráticos. Incluye ejemplos para ilustrar cada método de factorización.
La Web 2.0 se refiere a la evolución de aplicaciones web enfocadas en los usuarios finales que permiten la inteligencia colectiva y el control de datos por parte de los usuarios. Fue diseñada por Tim O'Reilly en 2004 para describir una segunda generación de la web basada en comunidades de usuarios y servicios como redes sociales y blogs que fomentan la colaboración. Algunas tecnologías que apoyan a la Web 2.0 incluyen blogs, grupos de correo, alojamiento de video y páginas wiki, las cuales
El documento resume la historia del deporte y la actividad física en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires en los últimos 50 años. Explica que la educación física se originó en las actividades para mantener el cuerpo en forma para la guerra en la antigüedad y que los Juegos Olímpicos fueron creados por los griegos para honrar a los dioses. También describe las diferentes capacidades físicas y programas implementados por el gobierno para promover el deporte, como "Barrios en Juego" y campañas de salud.
Este documento describe conceptos clave de la orientación e intervención psicopedagógica. Explica que la orientación implica la interrelación de áreas como la carrera, el desarrollo personal y los procesos de enseñanza. También involucra a varios agentes como tutores, profesores y padres. Luego, detalla diferentes contextos para la intervención como el sistema escolar y medidas comunitarias. Finalmente, resume que la orientación psicopedagógica busca formar profesionales, mejorar procesos educativos y brindar at
La Ley de Dependencia financia los servicios necesarios para personas dependientes debido a enfermedad, discapacidad o vejez. Para ser beneficiario hay que ser español, tener algún grado de dependencia y residir en España. La dependencia se valora mediante un baremo único que considera la capacidad para realizar actividades básicas. La ley proporciona servicios como teleasistencia, ayudas técnicas y centros de día, así como prestaciones económicas.
El documento presenta las normas de la American Psychological Association (APA) adoptadas por la Universidad Adventista UNAC para la realización de documentos escritos y trabajos de grado. Explica la necesidad de una guía práctica para la elaboración de manuscritos siguiendo el estilo APA. Luego resume brevemente el manual de estilo APA adaptado al español y proporciona orientaciones sobre formato, citas, referencias y otros aspectos formales de los documentos.
Esta muestra es una serie de imagenes, de la gira cultural con niños de la comuna de Quemchi, a la ciudad de Santiago, donde se presentaron con sus cuentas cuentos, en el museo Gabriela Mistral, de esa ciudad.
The document provides an overview of IOM's funding requirements for 2016, totaling over $2 billion, to support projects addressing various aspects of migration governance across different regions. Specifically, it details the financial needs for initiatives concerning emergency response, health, border management, migrant assistance, labor mobility, research, environment and climate change. The largest share of funding is needed for emergency operations, post-crisis response, and migrant assistance projects. Multi-regional initiatives also require over $50 million. Overall, the funding requirements demonstrate IOM's comprehensive approach and global activities to improve migration management.
This document discusses the inclusion of migration in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Specifically, it notes that SDG target 10.7 calls for "orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people, including through the implementation of planned and well-managed migration policies." IOM advocated for the inclusion of migration in the development agenda and sees this as an opportunity to acknowledge migration's contributions to development. IOM is committed to helping states achieve migration-related development targets and is developing a Migration Governance Indicator to help track progress on well-managed migration policies.
The document discusses the role and functions of the United Nations in global governance. It outlines the history and establishment of the UN after World War II to promote peace and international cooperation. It describes the main organs of the UN including the General Assembly, Security Council, and various economic and social bodies. The document also examines the Millennium Development Goals agreed upon by UN members and progress toward these. Finally, it discusses the challenges of globalization and interdependence for countries and the UN's role in promoting policy coherence and building institutional capacity to respond to issues that transcend national borders.
Loopholes in the sand how europe is outsourcing its international obligationsWillem Kleinendorst
The EU migration policy has been a hot topic for several years. Until today there is still no clear solution to the refugee crisis, leaving EU member states divided over how to deal with the situation. Meanwhile member states and refugees have stated to take matters into their own hands. Through bi-lateral agreements Europe has slowly but surely started to outsource its border control operations to third countries. Through these bi-lateral migration deals the EU cannot be held liable for their consequences. In essence, this paper will investigate Europe’s bi-lateral migration policy by using Libya as a case study. On the basis of the findings of the research a conclusion will be drawn and recommendations issued.
A surrogate state? The role of UNHCR in the protracted refugee situationsAndy Dabydeen
This document summarizes the roles of different actors in contributing to protracted refugee situations. It discusses how UNHCR has assumed responsibilities like providing shelter, food, and education for refugees when host countries have limited resources. It also examines how industrialized countries have focused on reducing asylum seekers rather than burden sharing. Finally, it analyzes how UNHCR has been constrained by intractable conflicts, policies of other actors, and its own prioritization of issues.
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FUNDS_Brief42_Sept2016_Micinski_Weiss
1. Briefing 42
September 2016
Future UN Development System supports and helps accelerate change in the UN development system to increase effective responses to global development challenges—especially
in relation to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Recognizing the many frustrations that have accompanied UN reform efforts, FUNDS envisages a multi-year process
designed to help build consensus around necessary changes. Financial support currently comes from the governments of Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland, and UNDP.
In preparation for the September General Assembly summit, the
International Organization for Migration (IOM) explored becoming part
of the UN system after working for 65 years side-by-side. The logic was
straightforward: to complement ongoing UN work for migrants and to
transform IOM into the world organization’s lead agency for them. No such
norm-setting and operational transformation, however, took place with
predictable implications for both UN humanitarian and development
organizations. Yet another reform opportunity was missed. Plus ça change…
IOM and the UN have worked closely for decades: In 1992, IOM became a
permanent observer in the General Assembly. In 1996, the UN and IOM
signed a formal cooperation agreement. In 2013, they updated their
relationship through a memorandum of understanding (MOU). The recent
push represents a failed attempt to fill an obvious hole in and improve the
global governance of migration. Based on more than 60 interviews with staff
of IOM, the office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR),
and the European Union (EU) during the summer of 2016 along with
participants at the September 2016 high-level gathering in New York, this
briefing laments the latest in a long history of non-decisions by member
states. It may be decades before another opportunity arises to institutionalize
migrants’ rights within a specialized agency in the UN system.
WHY JOIN THE UN?
Burgeoning numbers of migrants, refugees, and IDPs over the last quarter-
century (see Figure 1) have led the IOM and UN to consider a closer, formal
working relationship. But the dramatic movements of refugees and migrants
in 2015-2016—particularly to Europe—created additional momentum for
including IOM in the UN system. The stated goal earlier this summer was
to “strengthen their cooperation and enhance their ability to fulfil their
respective mandates.”1A 2007 IOM briefing suggested three benefits: first,
IOM would become a full participant in senior policy making. Second, as
the UN has occupied center stage in debates about international migration,
IOM risked being marginalized. Third, IOM staff could benefit from
administrative formalities, including the UN laissez-passer.2
The United Nations requires a lead agency for migrants rather than relying
upon UNHCR as a catch-all agency for all issues related to both the push
(refugees and internally displaced persons, IDPs) and pull (migrants) of
people on the move. One senior IOM official said, “Migration is too big
to not have a placeholder in the UN.” UNHCR officials expressed hope
that once IOM was part of the UN system, they would have an equal
partner for negotiations and implementation. “In order to maintain the
integrity of the asylum system, you really need to know what you are doing
with people who do not qualify [for refugee status] and be able to offer
outcomes and solutions to these people,” said a senior UNHCR protection
officer. “That is not UNHCR’s role, but someone needs to do it. IOM and
UNHCR work quite well in referring rejected asylum seekers for assisted
voluntary returns.”
More controversially, the UN also requires an authoritative voice to define
the human rights of migrants and protect them. The Sustainable
Development Goals recognized for the first time the importance of
migrants to development, but do not adequately address involuntary
migration. The 2016 World Humanitarian Summit in Istanbul recognized
this task as central to both humanitarian and development operations,
but participants failed to rally support for serious change to the
humanitarian system.5Disappointingly but predictably, the new UN-IOM
agreement emphatically denies IOM a norm-setting function and
preserves its role as a subcontractor for member states. The result:
vulnerable migrants still have no champion within the UN system.
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION
AND THE UN SYSTEM: A MISSED OPPORTUNITY
Nicholas R. Micinski and Thomas G. Weiss
The decision to make IOM a “related agency” at the September high-level meeting on refugees and migrants merely delays institutional
reform in the hopes of building consensus later for a a global compact for migration. The UN needs a lead agency for migration.
Figure 1: Number of Refugees, IDPs, and International Migrants3
2. 2
International conversations and negotiations require a dedicated
analytical capacity and advocate for migration’s benefits—particularly
the migration and development (M&D) nexus, temporary labor migrants,
and diaspora remittances. IOM has enormous expertise and experience
in M&D—for example, running projects like the Migration for
Development in Africa that entices diaspora professionals to work
with and return home. The UN Development Programme (UNDP)
recognizes the M&D potential but has inconsistently funded and
implemented projects. Both IOM and UNDP often overlook M&D’s
complexities: for example, GDP growth often increases the number of
emigrants, and projects aimed to build state capacity for border control
do nothing to help local economies.6 Some joint M&D programming
already exists involving UNDP and IOM along with UNHCR, the
International Labour Organization (ILO), and the UN Population Fund.
The Joint Migration & Development Initiative has funded 51 local projects,
produced a handbook for migration and development, and a website
for collaboration.7
Crucially, IOM has labored to overcome its image as a tool of western
member states, especially the United States. Joining the UN could broaden
IOM’s support base and strengthen its legitimacy as an actor in sensitive
political environments. IOM could and should be responsible for
mainstreaming migration and development policies with a presence in
both the UN humanitarian and development systems.
GLOBAL DIVISION OF LABOR
The global governance of migration is a patchwork of institutions, treaties,
and semi-regular forums. A division of labor exists between various UN
organizations and IOM.
UNHCR has the most clearly defined role, responsible for protection of
refugees as spelled out in the 1951 Refugee Convention and the 1967
Protocol. Overtime, UNHCR’s mandate stretched to include IDPs.8 In
addition, UNHCR has assumed the role as coordinator of the cluster
response in emergencies, often responsible for ensuring protection of
refugees (especially vulnerable groups); assisting and monitoring refugee
status determination; monitoring reception, registration, and detention
practices. UNHCR also addresses “refugee-like situations”—but this is an
institutional sleight-of-hand. As one senior official asserts, “UNHCR’s
responsibility starts and ends with refugees.”
Other UN programs and organizations fill-in when issues overlap, such
as migration and development (UNDP), migrant children and families
(UNICEF), migrant workers (ILO), humanitarian relief for displaced
persons (Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs), food in
camps (World Food Programme), and combatting human trafficking (UN
Office for Drug Control). The UN secretary-general has also appointed
Peter Sutherland as Special Representative for International Migration,
François Crépeau as Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of
Migrants, and Tomáš Boček as Special Representative on Migration and
Refugees. In total, 28 different components of the UN system deal with
migration with no clear leadership or hierarchy.
IOM’s operations fall into two broad categories, both with implications
for the UN’s humanitarian and development efforts: assistance to migrants
in emergency situations; and such traditional tasks as voluntary return
and migration policy. IOM primarily works with migrants or with mixed
flows (refugees, IDPs, and migrants), but it also provides services like
health checks and travel logistics for refugees being relocated or resettled.
Figure 2 compares the annual budgets of IOM and UNHCR since 2000;
much of the increase in IOM’s budget in the 2000s reflected its expanded
membership, while UNHCR’s budgets grew as a result of increased
humanitarian operations.
UN and IOM officials already collaborate in reception centers, refugee
camps, and coordination mechanisms. Their work often occurs through
spaces like Regional Migrant and Refugee Response Plans, the Migration
Crisis Operational Framework, and the Migrants in Crisis Initiative. In
some regions, there are mixed migration task forces that meet regularly
to exchange information, coordinate responses, and plan joint projects.
In March 2016 in Greece alone, there were 54 working groups—made up
of UN organizations, IOM, EU, and other major non-governmental
organizations (NGOs)—meeting regularly to coordinate their response
to the large flows of migrants and refugees.9
In short, while not formally within the UN system, IOM has become an
essential player in the world organization’s humanitarian and development
responses.
WHAT WILL CHANGE?
While the IOM’s joining the UN system was meant to be a major outcome
of the September meeting, the agreed text basically extends the previous
IOM-UN relationship. IOM already follows UN staff rules and security
regulations, and it participates in the UN pension plan. In addition,
IOM also is present in consultations, submits reports, and makes
recommendations when requested.
A 2007 IOM policy brief outlined four options for the future: 1) implement
more fully the current cooperation agreement; 2) become a related agency;
3) transition to a UN fund or program; or 4) become a specialized agency.10
The brief concluded that becoming a UN fund was least attractive because
it would require a fundamental change in the organization’s governance
and narrow its ability to act independently. The status quo option was not
onerous but also lacked the benefits of greater participation or influence
in high-level policy. In fact, in 2007 the IOM director-general requested
joining the UN Development Group (UNDG) and Chief Executive Board
(CEB), but his request was denied. This decision has changed with the new
agreement but still falls short of the requisite stature.11
2
Figure 2: Annual Budgets for UNHCR and IOM4
The United Nations requires a lead agency for migrants rather than relying upon
UNHCR as a catch-all agency for all issues related to both the push (refugees
and IDPs) and pull (migrants) of people on the move. One senior IOM official
said, “Migration is too big to not have a placeholder in the UN.” UNHCR officials
expressed hope that once IOM was part of the UN system, they would have an
equal partner for negotiations and implementation. “In order to maintain the
integrity of the asylum system, you really need to know what you are doing with
people who do not qualify [for refugee status] and be able to offer outcomes and
Figure 2: Annual Budgets for UNHCR and IOM4
3. 3
IOM, most likely, was not designated as the lead agency for migration-
related issues because of lobbying by UN organizations that are competing
for resources and relevance. The agreement does not spell out how
expenses are to be apportioned on joint projects. The door is left open for
future accords, for example on key protection of confidentiality and data-
sharing because UNHCR maintains extensive databases of registered
refugees and asylum seekers. There are risks with sharing data—for
example, information about individuals fleeing persecution should not be
shared with countries of persecution—but also such benefits as cost
savings and family reunification.
It is unclear whether IOM will participate in UN country teams or be
integrated into “Delivering as One.” The agreement lays the groundwork
to “explore the possibility of establishing common facilities or services in
specific areas, with due regard to cost savings.”14But interviews with key
staff suggest that IOM is keen to maintain independence and not lose
direct influence in countries where they have labored for decades. IOM
staff resemble other parts of the UN system in not wishing to be subject
to UN resident coordinators and additional oversight and reporting. At
the same time, staff appreciate that joining the UN system could free up
IOM to advocate and mainstream migration best practices.
Finally, overlaps between IOM and UN responsibilities should be resolved.
Both IOM and UNHCR gather extensive data on migrants and refugees,
often on the same people. For example, IOM began the Missing Migrants
Project because no UN organization was collecting this information, while
IOM also collects other data on migration flows that overlap with UNHCR
statistics. In future, all UN agencies (including IOM) should resolve who
is collecting which data and submit them in a uniform and centralized
way. Another potential downside is the transaction costs for participation
in UN coordination mechanisms.
MAJOR CHALLENGES
Because IOM is merely a “related agency” of the UN system, the UN and
IOM must confront three major differences that were postponed:
definitions, relationships to member states, and workplace cultures.
Despite the lack of clarity in September, the UN and IOM should address
these tensions directly in the interest of crafting more cohesive and
effective responses to the challenges of global migration.
Different Definitions
The first major challenge is how IOM and the UN system define refugees
and migrants. UNHCR uses the strictest definition of refugees as persons
who have fled their country because of “a well-founded fear of being
persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a
particular social group or political opinion.” The language of the 1951
Refugee Convention specifically excludes IOM’s bread-and-butter:
economic migrants who flee to improve their situations. UNHCR defends
its narrow definition for two reasons: First, it is easier to determine well-
founded fear of persecution than dire economic circumstances. Second,
member states agreed to protect refugee rights under the narrow
definition; and any dilution could endanger the current international
norm of protection.
IOM considers refugees one sub-category of migrants. To a greater extent
than UNHCR, the IOM deals with “mixed migration flows” that include
refugees, economic migrants, unaccompanied minors, forced migrants,
or trafficked persons. IOM defines a migrant as “any person who is moving
or has moved across an international border or within a State away from
his/her habitual place of residence, regardless of (1) the person’s legal
status; (2) whether the movement is voluntary or involuntary; (3) what the
causes for the movement are; or (4) what the length of the stay is.”15
Now that IOM is part of the UN system, it is unclear which agencies
will lead and are primarily responsible for emergency and development
responses for mixed migrant populations. Kicking the can down the
road does not address these essential management and policy issues.
Different Member States
IOM and the United Nations have different memberships and different
relationships with them. There are 148 states that are signatories of either
the 1951 Refugee Convention or the 1967 Protocol, while IOM has 165
member and eight observer states.16 Notably missing from the refugee
conventions are several states with major displaced populations: Eritrea,
India, Jordan, Libya, Nepal, Pakistan, South Sudan, Sri Lanka, Thailand,
and Vietnam. In June 2016, China applied to become a member of IOM,
while Russia remains an observer.17
If IOM and UN operations become more synchronized, gaps in
membership could become obstacles to rapid responses in emergencies,
Box 1: Summary of IOM-UN Agreement
• Exchange of information, expert advice, and assistance
• Cooperation in statistics
• Commitment to avoid duplication of activities and services
• Add agenda items and participate in all meetings without vote
• Provide special studies related to each others work
• Cooperate on efficient administrations (facilities, staff, and
services)
• IOM staff can travel on the UN laissez-passer
Many practical coordination and programming advantages would result
from converting IOM into a specialized agency, and thus we are hoping
to keep this issue alive as discussions continue. Such status is “generally
meant to acknowledge the leading role of specialized agencies in their
respective domains”12—a contentious change for UNHCR and UNDP
whose work often overlaps with migration. Government inertia and
protection of organizational turf explain most UN decisions, and the
September 2016 outcome is no exception.
The agreement designates IOM as a “related agency,” which preserves it
as “an independent, autonomous and non-normative international
organization.”13 Box 1 summarizes the main points of the IOM-UN
agreement. IOM will participate in all UN coordination mechanisms, such
as the UNDG, the Inter-Agency Standing Committee, and the Global
Migration Group. As IOM was already participating in all but the UNDG
and CEB, the agreement is not making radical changes. While IOM will
now enjoy a seat at the high table of UN policy making, it was hardly
lacking influence earlier—particularly in coordination mechanisms,
regional task forces, and joint response plans.
4. 4
Future United Nations Development System, Ralph Bunche Institute for International Studies, CUNY Graduate Center
365 Fifth Avenue, Suite 5203, New York, NY 10016-4309 Tel: (212) 817-2100 Fax: (212) 817-1565 www.futureUN.org
Nicholas R. Micinski is Research and Editorial Associate of the FUNDS Project at the
Ralph Bunche Institute for International Studies and a PhD candidate in Political Science
at the CUNY Graduate Center. Previously, he worked in the NGO sector in London for
five years on refugee and social enterprise issues.
Thomas G. Weiss is Presidential Professor of Political Science and Director Emeritus
of the Ralph Bunche Institute for International Studies at The City University of New
York’s Graduate Center; he also is Co-director of the FUNDS Project and of the Wartime
History and the Future UN Project. A 2016 Andrew Carnegie Fellow, past president of
the International Studies Association (2009-10), and chair of the Academic Council on
the UN System (2006-9), his most recent single-authored books include What’s Wrong
with the United Nations and How to Fix It (2016); Humanitarian Intervention: Ideas in
Action (2016); Governing the World? Addressing “Problems without Passports” (2014);
Global Governance: Why? What? Whither? (2013); and Humanitarian Business (2013).
NOTES
1. UN General Assembly, “Agreement concerning the Relationship between the United Nations and
the International Organization for Migration,” 70th session, UN document A/70/976, 8 July 2016, 3.
2. IOM, “Options for the IOM-UN Relationship: Additional Analysis of the Costs and Benefits,” 94th
session, IOM document MC/INF/290, 9 November 2007, 14-15.
3. Refugee statistics also include people in refugee-like situations, but do not include Palestinian
refugees registered under the UNRWA. See: UNHCR Statistics Portal, http://popstats.unhcr.org/
en/time_series; UN DESA, http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/
estimates2/estimates15.shtml.
4. Data compiled by authors from annual budget reports using UNHCR revised expenditure and
IOM’s operational budget.
5. See Peter J. Hoffman, “Humanitarianism in Treatment: Analyzing the World Humanitarian
Summit,” FUNDS Briefing #41, August 2016, http://www.futureun.org/en/Publications-Surveys/
Article?newsid=94.
6. For further discussion of the tensions in the migration and development nexus, see: Nicholas R.
Micinski and Thomas G. Weiss, “The European Migrant Crisis: Can Development Agencies Do
Better?” FUNDS Briefing #37, January 2016, http://www.futureun.org/en/Publications-Surveys/
Article?newsid=84.
7. www.migration4development.org. See also EC-UN Joint Migration Development Initiative,
“The involvement of countries of origin in the integration process,” Sixth Meeting of the European
Integration Forum, Brussels, 9 November 2011, https://www.google.gr/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=s
source=webcd=9ved=0 ahUKEwidxoXwtarOAhXGPRoKHdSyA6YQFghOMAgurl=https%3A
%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fmigrant-integration%2Findex.cfm%3Faction%3Dmedia.download%
26uuid%3DF2075B2F-022F-CFEA-54FAAEB7DBFEA6FCusg=AFQjCNEuK6K0MOal4589_ny
GVQR0ImuahQbvm=bv.128617741,bs.1,d.bGs
8. Alexander Betts, “UNHCR, Autonomy, and Mandate Change,” in International Actors as Self-
Directed Actors: A Framework for Analysis, ed. Joel E. Oestereich (New York: Routledge, 2012),
127-128; Thomas G. Weiss and David A. Korn, Internal Displacement: Conceptualization and its
Consequences (London: Routledge, 2006).
9. UNHCR, “UNHCR- Coordination Mechanisms in Greece,” 18 March 2016, https://data.unhcr.org/
mediterranean/download.php?id=911.
10. IOM, “Options for the IOM-UN Relationship: Additional Analysis of the Costs and Benefits,” 94th
session, IOM document MC/INF/290), 9 November 2007, 2-4.
11. UN General Assembly, “Agreement concerning the Relationship between the United Nations and
the International Organization for Migration,” 70th session, UN document A/70/976, 8 July 2016.
12. IOM, “Options for the IOM-UN Relationship: Additional Analysis of the Costs and Benefits,” 94th
session, IOM document MC/INF/290), 9 November 2007, 6.
13. UN General Assembly, “Agreement concerning the Relationship between the United Nations and
the International Organization for Migration,” 70th session, UN document A/70/976, 8 July 2016, 3.
14. Ibid., 6.
15. IOM, “IOM Definition of ‘Migrant,’” 15 March 2016, https://www.iom.int/sites/default/files/about-
iom/IOM-definition-of-a-migrant-15March2016.pdf.
16. States not signatories of 1951 Refugee Convention or 1967 Protocol are: Bangladesh, Comoros,
Eritrea, Guyana, India, Jordan, Kiribati, Libya, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Micronesia,
Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Saint Lucia, South Sudan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vanuatu,
Vietnam; Not member states of IOM: Dominica, Equatorial Guinea, Liechtenstein, Monaco,
and Russian Federation. States that are neither members of IOM or signatories of refugee
conventions: Bahrain, Bhutan, Cuba, Indonesia, Iraq, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Moldova, Oman,
North Korea, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Syria, UAE, Uzbekistan, Andorra, Brunei, Grenada,
Palau, San Marino, Tonga.
17. IOM, “International Organization for Migration Welcomes China Application for IOM Membership,”
13 June 2016, https://www.iom.int/news/international-organization-migration-welcomes-china-
application-iom-membership.
18. See Richard Jolly, Louis Emmerij, and Thomas G. Weiss, UN Ideas That Changed the World
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2009).
including Security Council decisions. Alternatively, the world
organization could benefit from IOM’s more inclusive membership for
migration issues—bringing into the fold states that previously preferred
to manage migration outside the UN system.
In contrast to UNHCR, the IOM maintains that it is not and will not
become a norm-setter. This tenuous position is hard to fathom because
all UN organizations seek to extend customary law through best practices.
More importantly, because the UN has a comparative advantage in global
norm-setting,18 it requires a legitimate but currently missing voice on
migration. IOM should set norms as an integral part of the UN system.
Different working cultures
IOM and the UN have distinct working cultures. UNHCR’s mandate is
to protect the rights of refugees and hold states accountable to
international human rights standards. IOM has thrived on the
“projectization” of its operations. IOM projects operate on full-cost
recovery through government contracts. In practice then, IOM is a
subcontractor for member states with insufficient expertise or experience
in such issues as assisted voluntary returns. In other cases, IOM has few
resources for pre-emptive policy planning.
In addition, IOM is not consensus-based—projects reflect individual
member state’s interests. IOM is not used to “shaming and blaming,”
which is a necessary component of the international tool-kit when states
violate the fundamental rights of migrants.
IOM has the potential to add to the performance and reputation of the
UN system. While the September 2016 high-level meeting was an
important moment of international cooperation on migration, it
was a missed opportunity for IOM and the UN. Parallel to the IOM
negotiations, UN Special Advisor Karen AbuZayd spearheaded
discussions about a Global Compact for Safe, Regular and Orderly
Migration and a Global Compact on Refugee Responsibility-Sharing. The
lack of meaningful movement on such crucial issues shows that the United
Nations—both for humanitarian and development purposes—requires a
dedicated agency capable of leading on the rights of migrants and
championing the benefits. The IOM should be that entity.