The document discusses some of the problems that can occur when using software, from trivial issues like typographical errors to more serious issues that could result in injury or death if software miscalculates important values. It provides examples of how minor defects could negatively impact individuals, companies, the environment, and health and safety depending on the context. The document also discusses how defects arise from errors in software specification, design, implementation, use, environmental conditions, and intentional damage. Testing helps measure software quality by finding defects and ensuring requirements are met. The purpose of testing is to determine if software satisfies requirements, demonstrate it is fit for purpose, and detect defects.

1. Chapter 1
Fundamentals of
testing
ADE AFSA
11453201937
Program studi Sistem Informasi
Fakultas Sains dan Tenologi
Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Syarif kasim Riau

2. Some of the problems we encounter when using software are quite trivial, but others can be
costly and damaging - with loss of money, time or business reputation - and even may result in
injury or death. For example, suppose a user interface has typographical defects. Does this
matter? It may be trivial, but it could have a significant effect, depending on the website and the
defect:
• If my personal family-tree website has my maternal grandmother's maiden name spelt
wrong, my mother gets annoyed and I have to put up with some family teasing, but I can fix it
easily and only the family see it (probably).
• If the company website has some spelling mistakes in the text, potential customers may be
put off the company as it looks unprofessional.
• If a software program miscalculates pesticide application quantities, the effect could be very
significant: suppose a decimal point is wrongly placed so that the application rate is 10 times
too large. The farmer or gardener uses more pesticide than needed, which raises his costs,
has environmental impacts on wildlife and water supplies and has health and safety impact
for the farmer, gardener, family and workforce, livestock and pets. There may also be
consequent loss of trust in and business for the company and possible legal costs and fines
for causing the environmental and health problems.
Software systems context

3. If someone makes an error or mistake in using the software, this may lead
directly to a problem - the software is used incorrectly and so does not behave as we
expected. However, people also design and build the software and they can make
mistakes during the design and build. These mistakes mean that there are flaws in the
software itself. These are called defects or sometimes bugs or faults. Remember, the
software is not just the code; check the definition of soft- ware again to remind
yourself.
When the software code has been built, it is executed and then any defects may
cause the system to fail to do what it should do (or do something it shouldn't), causing a
failure. Not all defects result in failures; some stay dormant in the code and we may
never notice them.
Causes of software defects

4. Do our mistakes
matter?
When we think about what might go wrong we have to consider defects
and failures arising from:
1. errors in the specification, design and implementation of the
software and system;
2. errors in use of the system;
3. environmental conditions;
4. intentional damage;
5. potential consequences of earlier errors, intentional damage, defects
and failures.

5. Testing helps us to measure the quality of software in terms of the number of
defects found, the tests run, and the system covered by the tests. We can do this for
both the functional attributes of the software (for example, printing a report correctly)
and for the non-functional software requirements and characteristics (for example,
printing a report quickly enough).
Testing and quality

6. Testing and quality

7. The definition starts
with a description of
testing as a process
and then lists some
objectives of the test
process. First, let's
look at testing as a
process:
Process – Testing is a
process rather than a
single activity
All life cycle activities
Both static and
dynamic
Planning –
Preparation
Evaluation
Software
products and
related work
products
Defining software testing

8. Defining software testing
The second part of the
definition covers the
some of the objectives
for testing – the
reasons why we do it:
Determine that (software products) satisfy specified
requirements
Demonstrate that (software products) are fit for
purpose
Detect defects

9. Testing Principal
Tabel 1.2 Testing Principles