Downloaded 13 times
![if else Statement- Flowchart
Entry
Test_Condition
?
Statement-X;
True Statement-block;
Next Statement;
[ True ]
[ False ]
False Statement-block;](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/unit1-230101155655-ffc9cfce/85/Fundamentals-of-Data-Structures-Unit-1-pptx-56-320.jpg)
![77
FEATURES OF AN ARRAY
âą Arrays have 0 (Zero) as the first index, not 1 (One). In
this example, marks[0] is the first element.
âą If the size of an array is N, to access the last element,
the N-1 index is used. In this example, mark[4].
âą Suppose the starting address of mark[0] is 2120d. Then,
the address of the mark[1] will be 2124d. Similarly, the
address of marks[2] will be 2128d and so on.
marks[0] marks[1] marks[2] marks[3] marks[4]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/unit1-230101155655-ffc9cfce/85/Fundamentals-of-Data-Structures-Unit-1-pptx-77-320.jpg)
![78
ARRAY - DECLARATION
âą To declare an array in C, need to declare data type and
size of an Array or by initializing it or by both.
Declaration of an Array in C
123 765 1621
1 1 1
1 2 3
1 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
3 3
3 3 0
int *a;
int *a;
int *a;
int *a;
int a[3]; int a[3] = {1,2,3} int a[3] = {} int a[3] = {0âŠ1} = 3;
int a[3] = {[0âŠ1]=3}
int a[3] = {0}
int a[3] = {1,1,1}
int a[3] = {1}](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/unit1-230101155655-ffc9cfce/85/Fundamentals-of-Data-Structures-Unit-1-pptx-78-320.jpg)
![79
ARRAY DECLARATION
âą Array declaration by specifying the array size:
datatype arrayName[SIZE];
âą Examples:
// Array declaration by specifying size
int arr1[10];
// Declare an array of user specified size
int n = 10;
int arr2[n];
âą Array declaration by initializing elements:
// Array declaration by initializing elements
int arr[] = { 10, 20, 30, 40 }
// Here Compiler creates an array of size 4.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/unit1-230101155655-ffc9cfce/85/Fundamentals-of-Data-Structures-Unit-1-pptx-79-320.jpg)
![80
ARRAY DECLARATION
âą Array declaration by specifying size and initializing
elements:
âą Examples:
// Array declaration by specifying size and initializing
int arr[6] = { 10, 20, 30, 40 }
âą In above syntax Compiler creates an array of size 6,
initializes first 4 elements as specified by user and rest
two elements as 0. above is same as "int arr[] = {10, 20,
30, 40, 0, 0}"](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/unit1-230101155655-ffc9cfce/85/Fundamentals-of-Data-Structures-Unit-1-pptx-80-320.jpg)
![81
ARRAY INITIALIZATION
âą Initializing is a process to initialize the value in array
variable.
âą Initialization of array one by one:
int arr[5];
arr[0]=10;
arr[1]=20;
arr[2]=30;
arr[3]=40;
arr[4]=50;
âą Initialization of array at once:
int arr[]={10,20,30,40,50};](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/unit1-230101155655-ffc9cfce/85/Fundamentals-of-Data-Structures-Unit-1-pptx-81-320.jpg)
![82
ACCESSING ARRAY ELEMENTS IN C
âą Array elements can be accessed with the help of index
value of an element.
âą Array index starts with 0 and goes till size of array -1.
âą int arr[]={10,20,30,40,50};
arr[3] // here 3 is index value and it return 40
0 1 3 4 5 6
arr
arr[0];
Array Variable
Index of elements
to be accessed](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/unit1-230101155655-ffc9cfce/85/Fundamentals-of-Data-Structures-Unit-1-pptx-82-320.jpg)
![83
ACCESSING ARRAY ELEMENTS
Example:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main()
{
int i, marks[]={80, 62, 70, 90, 98}; //declaration and initialization of array
clrscr();
//traversal of array
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
printf("n%d",marks[i]);
}
getch();
return 0;
}
80
62
70
90
98](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/unit1-230101155655-ffc9cfce/85/Fundamentals-of-Data-Structures-Unit-1-pptx-83-320.jpg)
![84
2 DIMENSIONAL ARRAY
âą An array of arrays is known as 2D array.
âą In 2-dimentional elements are arranged in row and
column format.
âą When we are working with 2-dimentional array we
require to refer 2-subscript operator which indicates row
and column sizes.
data-type arrayName [SIZE] [SIZE];](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/unit1-230101155655-ffc9cfce/85/Fundamentals-of-Data-Structures-Unit-1-pptx-84-320.jpg)
![85
2 DIMENSIONAL ARRAY - INITIALIZATION
âą There are two ways to initialize a two Dimensional
arrays during declaration.
âą int a[2][4] = { {10, 11, 12, 13}, {14, 15, 16, 17} };
or
âą int a[2][4] = { 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17};
int abc[2][2] = {1, 2, 3 ,4 }
/* Valid declaration*/
int abc[][2] = {1, 2, 3 ,4 }
/* Valid declaration*/
int abc[][] = {1, 2, 3 ,4 }
/* Invalid declaration â you must specify second dimension*/
int abc[2][] = {1, 2, 3 ,4 }
/* Invalid declaration â you must specify second dimension*/](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/unit1-230101155655-ffc9cfce/85/Fundamentals-of-Data-Structures-Unit-1-pptx-85-320.jpg)
![86
2 DIMENSIONAL ARRAY
âą int a[2][4];
2 Dimensional Array Conceptual Memory Representation
âą Here the array is a[2][4], which can be conceptually viewed as a matrix of 2 rows and 4
columns.
âą Actual representation in memory as follows:
âą Array is on Integer type, so each element would use 4 bytes.
a[0][0] a[0][1] a[0][2] a[0][3]
a[1][0] a[1][1] a[1][2] a[1][3]
a[0][0] a[0][1] a[0][2] a[0][3] a[1][0] a[1][1] a[1][2] a[1][3]
82206 82210 82214 82218 82222 82226 82230 82234](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/unit1-230101155655-ffc9cfce/85/Fundamentals-of-Data-Structures-Unit-1-pptx-86-320.jpg)
![87
2 DIMENSIONAL ARRAY - INITIALIZATION
#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
int disp[2][3];
int i, j;
for(i=0; i<2; i++) {
for(j=0;j<3;j++) {
printf("Enter value for disp[%d][%d]:", i, j);
scanf("%d", &disp[i][j]);
} }
printf("Two Dimensional array elements:n");
for(i=0; i<2; i++) {
for(j=0;j<3;j++) {
printf("%d ", disp[i][j]);
if(j==2){
printf("n");
} } }
return 0;
}
Enter value for disp[0][0]:1
Enter value for disp[0][1]:2
Enter value for disp[0][2]:3
Enter value for disp[1][0]:4
Enter value for disp[1][1]:5
Enter value for disp[1][2]:6
Two Dimensional array elements:
1 2 3
4 5 6](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/unit1-230101155655-ffc9cfce/85/Fundamentals-of-Data-Structures-Unit-1-pptx-87-320.jpg)
![89
DECLARATION
âą Strings are declared in C in similar manner as arrays.
âą Syntax:
â datatype stringname[SIZE];
âą Example:
â char s[5];](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/unit1-230101155655-ffc9cfce/85/Fundamentals-of-Data-Structures-Unit-1-pptx-89-320.jpg)
![90
INITIALIZATION
âą Strings can be initialized in different ways as follows:
char str[]="abcd"; ///* string size = âa'+âb'+âc'+âd'+"NULL" = 5
*/
or
char str[5]="abcd";
or
char str[5]={'a','b','c','d','0'};
or
char str[]={'a','b','c','d','0'};
or
char str[5]={'a','b','c','d','0'};
or
char *c="abcd";](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/unit1-230101155655-ffc9cfce/85/Fundamentals-of-Data-Structures-Unit-1-pptx-90-320.jpg)
![91
STRINGS - EXAMPLE
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main()
{
char str[10];
printf("Enter name: ");
scanf("%s",name);
printf("Your name is: %s.",name);
getch();
return 0;
}](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/unit1-230101155655-ffc9cfce/85/Fundamentals-of-Data-Structures-Unit-1-pptx-91-320.jpg)
![92
STRINGS -gets() & puts()
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main()
{
char str[10];
printf("Enter any string: ");
gets(str);
printf("String are: ");
puts(str);
getch();
return 0;](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/unit1-230101155655-ffc9cfce/85/Fundamentals-of-Data-Structures-Unit-1-pptx-92-320.jpg)
![93
IMPORTANT POINTS TO NOTE
âą In declaration of string size must be required to mention
otherwise it gives an error.
char str[]; // Invalid
char str[10]; // Valid
âą In declaration of the string size must be unsigned integer
value (not -ve or zero value) which is greater than zero
only.
char str[]; // Invalid
char str[0]; // Invalid
char str[-1]; // Invalid
char str[10]; // Valid](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/unit1-230101155655-ffc9cfce/85/Fundamentals-of-Data-Structures-Unit-1-pptx-93-320.jpg)
![94
IMPORTANT POINTS TO NOTE
âą In Initialization of the string if the specific number of
character are not initialized it then rest of all character
will be initialized with NULL.
char str[5]={'5','+','A'};
str[0]; ---> 5
str[1]; ---> +
str[2]; ---> A
str[3]; ---> NULL
str[4]; ---> NULL
âą In initialization of the string we can not initialized more
than size of string elements.
char str[2]={'5','+','A','B'}; // Invalid](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/unit1-230101155655-ffc9cfce/85/Fundamentals-of-Data-Structures-Unit-1-pptx-94-320.jpg)
![95
IMPORTANT POINTS TO NOTE
âą In initialization of the string the size is optional in this
case how many variable elements are initialized it, that
array element will created.
char str[]={'5','+','A','B'}; // Valid
sizeof(str) --> 4byte
âą When we are working with character array explicitly
NULL character does not occupies any physical memory
at the end of the character array.
char str[]={'h','e','l','l','o'}; //sizeof(str) --> 5byte
âą String data at the end of the string NULL character
occupies physical memory.
char str[]="hello"; //sizeof(str) --> 6 byte](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/unit1-230101155655-ffc9cfce/85/Fundamentals-of-Data-Structures-Unit-1-pptx-95-320.jpg)
![97
STRING LENGTH(WITHOUT USING FUNCTION)
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
char input_string[50];
int i=0, length=0;
clrscr();
printf("nEnter your text:t");
gets(input_string);
while(input_string[i]!='0')
{
length++;
i++;
}
printf("nThe length of your text is: %d character(s)", length);
getch();
}
Enter your text:
Enter your text: ECE
The length of your text is: 3
character(s)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/unit1-230101155655-ffc9cfce/85/Fundamentals-of-Data-Structures-Unit-1-pptx-97-320.jpg)
![98
STRING LENGTH (USING STRLEN FUNCTION)
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char input_string[50];
int length;
clrscr();
printf("nEnter your text:t");
gets(input_string);
length=strlen(input_string);
printf("nThe length of your text is: %d character(s)", length);
getch();
}
Enter your text: ECE
The length of your text is: 3
character(s)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/unit1-230101155655-ffc9cfce/85/Fundamentals-of-Data-Structures-Unit-1-pptx-98-320.jpg)
![99
STRING COPY (WITHOUT USING FUNCTIONS)
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
char copy[50], paste[50];
int i;
clrscr();
printf("nEnter your name (to copy):t");
gets(copy);
for(i=0;copy[i]!='0';i++)
{
paste[i]=copy[i];
}
paste[i]='0';
printf("nThe name is (pasted as):t");
puts(paste);
getch();
}
Enter your name: DEV
The name is (pasted as): DEV](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/unit1-230101155655-ffc9cfce/85/Fundamentals-of-Data-Structures-Unit-1-pptx-99-320.jpg)
![100
STRING COPY (USING STRCPY FUNCTION)
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
char copy[50], paste[50];
int i;
clrscr();
printf("nEnter your name (to copy):t");
gets(copy);
strcpy(paste, copy);
printf("nThe name is (pasted as):t");
puts(paste);
getch();
Enter your name: DEV
The name is (pasted as): DEV](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/unit1-230101155655-ffc9cfce/85/Fundamentals-of-Data-Structures-Unit-1-pptx-100-320.jpg)
![101
STRING CONCATENATION (STRCAT)
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char s1[30]="Hai";
char s2[30]="ECE";
char s3[30]="Department";
clrscr();
strcat(s1,s2);
puts(s1);
strcat(s1,s3);
puts(s1);
getch();
}
HaiECE
HaiECEDepartment](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/unit1-230101155655-ffc9cfce/85/Fundamentals-of-Data-Structures-Unit-1-pptx-101-320.jpg)
![102
STRING CONCATENATION (STRCAT)
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char s1[30]="Hai";
char s2[30]="ECE";
char s3[30]="Department";
clrscr();
strcat(s1,s2);
puts(s1);
strcat(s1,s3);
puts(s1);
getch();
}
HaiECE
HaiECEDepartment](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/unit1-230101155655-ffc9cfce/85/Fundamentals-of-Data-Structures-Unit-1-pptx-102-320.jpg)
![103
STRING COMPARISION (STRCMP)
#include <string.h>
int main(){
char str1[20],str2[20];
printf("Enter 1st string: ");
gets(str1);//reads string from console
printf("Enter 2nd string: ");
gets(str2);
if(strcmp(str1,str2)==0)
printf("Strings are equal");
else
printf("Strings are not equal");
return 0;
}
Enter 1st string:
Enter 1st string: Hai
Enter 2nd string:
Enter 2nd string: Hai
Strings are Equal](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/unit1-230101155655-ffc9cfce/85/Fundamentals-of-Data-Structures-Unit-1-pptx-103-320.jpg)
Uploaded byVigneshkumar Ponnusamy
Fundamentals of Data Structures Unit 1.pptx
This document outlines the objectives and topics covered in the course EC8393 - Fundamentals of Data Structures in C. The course aims to teach students about linear and non-linear data structures and their applications using the C programming language. Key topics include implementing various data structure operations in C, choosing appropriate data structures, and modifying existing or designing new data structures for applications. Assessment includes continuous internal assessments, a university exam, and a minimum 80% attendance requirement.
EducationâŠ
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Fundamentals of Data Structures Unit 1.pptx
- 1. EC8393 - Fundamentalsof Data Structures in C
- 2. âą To learnthe features of C âą To learn the linear and non-linear data structures âą To explore the applications of linear and non-linear data structures âą To learn to represent data using graph data structure âą To learn the basic sorting and searching algorithms 2 Course Objective
- 3. Upon completion ofthe course, students will be able to âą Implement linear and non-linear data structure operations using C âą Suggest appropriate linear / non-linear data structure for any given data set. âą Apply hashing concepts for a given problem âą Modify or suggest new data structure for an application âą Appropriately choose the sorting algorithm for an application 3 Course Outcome
- 4. Pradip Dey andManas Ghosh, âProgramming in C, Second Edition, Oxford University Press, 2011. 4 Text Book
- 5. Ellis Horowitz, SartajSahni, Susan Anderson-Freed, - Fundamentals of Data Structures in C, Second Edition, University Press, 2008. 5 Text Book
- 6. 1. Mark AllenWeiss, âData Structures and Algorithm Analysis in C, Second Edition, Pearson Education, 1996. 2. Alfred V. Aho, John E. Hopcroft and Jeffrey D. Ullman, âData Structures and Algorithms, Pearson Education, 1983. Reference Books
- 7. 3. Robert Kruse,C.L.Tondo, Bruce Leung, Shashi Mogalla , â Data Structures and Program Design in C, Second Edition, Pearson Education, 2007. 4. Jean-Paul Tremblay and Paul G. Sorenson, âAn Introduction to Data Structures with Applications, Second Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill, 1991. Reference Books
- 8. Course Assessment S. NoName of the Assessment Nos. Max. Marks Weightage % 1 CIA I 1 100 20 Marks Note: (Sum of CIA I + CIA II + CIA III) The total 300 Marks will be converted into 20 Marks 2 CIA II 1 100 3 CIA III 1 100 4 University Exam 1 100 This will be converted into 80 Marks Internal: 20 Marks Total: 100 Marks External: 80 Marks Note: You need to maintain minimum 80% attendance. If your attendance is less than 80% then you won't be allowed to write your final exams .
- 9. Course Management Contact Mode Contact Details Faculty Mailvigneshkumar.cse@karpagamtech.ac.in Mobile / Whatsapp +91 - 9578469113
- 10. UNIT - 1 CPROGRAMMING BASICS
- 11. âą What isa Program? â The collection of detailed expressions/instructions that supplied to a computer to perform a specific task is known as a program. â Example: Word Processors, Apps, Games, etc., âą A computer program tells your computer how to do what you want. âą C is a Programming language designed to create System Application to interact with the hardware. 11 WHAT IS C PROGRAM?
- 12. âą Objective ofdeveloping C Programming Language: â Developing an operating system used on multiple computers. âą C is a lower level than most other languages â i.e. it creates code thatâs a lot closer to what machines really understand. âą Procedural and Structured programming Language 12 Why C?
- 13.
- 14. âą Simple &Structured Programming Language â provides structured approach (to break the problem into parts), rich set of library functions, data types etc. âą Portable â C programs can be executed on many machines with a little bit or no change. âą Mid - Level Programming Language â C is also used to do low-level programming. It is used to develop system applications such as kernel, driver etc. It also supports the feature of high level language. 14 Features of C?
- 15. âą Rich Library âC provides a lot of inbuilt functions that make the development fast âą Memory Management â It supports the feature of dynamic memory allocation. âą Speed â The compilation and execution time of C language is fast. 15 Features of C?
- 16. âą Pointers â Itallows to interact with the memory directly by using the pointers. âą Recursion â Can call the function within the function. â It provides code reusability for every function. âą Extensible â It can easily adopt new features. 16 Features of C?
- 17. 17 Basic Structure ofa C Program Documentation Section Link Section Definition Section Global Declaration Section Main Function Section Declaration Part Executable Part Sub- Program Section User Defined Function
- 18. âą Documentation Section âIt is a comment block with information which helps in tracking and identifying the program. âą Link Section â It provides instructions to the compiler to link functions from the system library such as #include directive. âą Definition Section â It defines all symbolic constants such as using the #define directive. 18 Basic Structure of C Program
- 19. âą Global DeclarationSection â There are some variables that can be used in more than one function. â Such variables are called Global Variables and are declared in the global declaration section. âą Main Function Section â Every C Program must have one main function section. â Two Parts: Declaration Part & Executable Part âą Declaration Part â Declares all the variables used in executable part 19 Basic Structure of C Program
- 20. âą Executable Part âAt least one executable part. â Appear between the opening and closing braces. â The closing brace is the logical end of the program. â All statements ends with a semicolon. âą Sub - Program Section â The sub program contains all the user defined functions that are called in the main function. 20 Basic Structure of C Program
- 21. âą The executionof C Programming language involves a number of tasks/phases. âą To successfully develop an application/program we need to have a pre- processor, a compiler, a assembler and a linker. âą C is a compiled programming language that means, the code need to convert the source files (human readable text files) into object files (which can be understood by the machine: microcontroller, computer/laptop). 21 How C Programming Language works?
- 22. 22 C Compilation Process Pre-processor Compiler Assembler Linker Components ofa Compiler .c File Source Code Assembly Code Object Code Libraries Executable File
- 23. 23 Preprocessor /*demo*/ #include<stdio.h> void main() { printf(âHelloâ); } code ofstdio.h void main() { printf(âHelloâ); } Pre-processor Pre-processor remove comments and include header files in source code, replace the macro name with code
- 24. 24 Compiler code of stdio.h voidmain() { printf(âHelloâ); } push ebp mov ebp, esp and esp,-16 sub esp, 16 ⊠call printf leave ret Compiler Compiler generates assembly code
- 25. 25 Compiler push ebp mov ebp,esp and esp,-16 sub esp, 16 ⊠call printf leave ret 00010001111001011 01101101101011011 11000001010101001 11010101010001111 00011111 Assembler Assembler converts the symbolic machine code in to object code
- 26.
- 27.
- 28. âą While solvinga problem using a computer program, all the data we want to work should be stored in computerâs memory and if some operation is performed, the date need to be updated in memory. âą In order to store the data in memory, there are certain ways to store, access and modify data in computerâs memory. 28 CONSTANTS AND VARIABLES
- 29. âą interest = đâđâđ 100 âHere p, n and r ï Variable ï Values can Change â 100 ï Constant ï Values will not change â Interest ï Variable Name âą Constants are the values of different types that can write directly in a program. âą Ex: An integer, real number or a sequence of charactes âą 1000, 3.14, âaâ, âHelloâ 29 CONSTANTS AND VARIABLES
- 30. âą Variables areunique name or identifier for a section of computerâs memory where we can fill the data. âą Ex: P,Q 30 CONSTANTS AND VARIABLES P Q Constants and variables means to store and represent data. Data can be of various types.
- 31. âą Data typedefines a set of values that a variable can store along with a set of operations that can be performed on it. 31 DATA TYPES Data Types Derived Basic Enumeration Void
- 32. âą Data typedefines a set of values that a variable can store along with a set of operations that can be performed on it. 32 DATA TYPES Data Types Derived Basic Enumeration Void
- 33. 33 DATA TYPES Types DataTypes Basic Data Type int, char, float, double Derived Data Type array, pointer, structure, union Enumeration Data Type enum Void Data Type void
- 34. âą To usevariables along with data type, a variable need to be declared first. âą Syntax ï datatype variable_name; âą Example: #include<stdio.h> int main() { int a; //Declaration a=10; //Initialization printf(âa=%dâ,a); } 34 DATA TYPES
- 35. Type Size (Bytes)Format Specifier Range int 2 %d -32768 to 32767 char 1 %c -128 to 127 float 4 %f 3.4E-38 to 3.4E+38 double 8 %lf 1.7E-308 to 1.7E+308 short int 2 %hd -128 to 127 unsigned int 2 %u 0 to 65535 long int 4 %ld -2147483648 to 2147483647 signed char 1 %c -128 to 127 unsigned char 1 %c 0 to 255 long double 10 %LF 3.4E-4932 to 35 DATA TYPES
- 36. 36 OPERATORS IN C âąAn operator is a symbol that operates on a value or a variable. âą These values are known as operands. âą For example: + is an operator to perform addition. âą C has a wide range of operators to perform various operations. âą Arithmetic Operators âą Relational Operators âą Logical Operators âą Assignment Operators âą Bitwise Operators âą Misc Operators
- 37. 37 OPERATORS âą Arithmetic Operators: âąAn arithmetic operator performs mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division etc on numerical values. â+, -, *, /, %, ++, -- âą Assignment Operators: âą An assignment operator is used for assigning a value to a variable. â =, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=
- 38. 38 OPERATORS âą Relational Operators: âąA relational operator checks the relationship between two operands. If the relation is true, it returns 1; if the relation is false, it returns value 0. ==, >, <, !=, >=, <= Relational operators are used in decision making and loops. âą Assignment Operators: âą An assignment operator is used for assigning a value to a variable. â =, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=
- 39. 39 DECISION MAKING ANDBRANCHING
- 40. 40 DECISION MAKING ANDBRANCHING âą Instructions of a programs are executed either â Sequential Manner â Branching âą âDecision making and branchingâ is one of the most important concepts of computer programming. âą Programs should be able to make logical (true/false) decisions based on the condition provided. âą Controlling the execution of statements based on certain condition or decision is called decision making and branching.
- 41. 41 Condition Satisfied {True} Conditionnot Satisfied {False} Branching Branch 1 Branch 2 START Read User Input Condition ? Perform Some Tasks Perform Some Other Tasks Show Result END
- 42. 42 HOLIDAY TRIP PROBLEM âąConsider the fact that you and some of your friends have planed to go out for a holiday trip after the Spring Semester, 2014. âą You have also decided that if you have got received money 10000 dollars or more from your parent then your will go out for a foreign trip. Otherwise, if the allotted money is less than 10000 then you will go out for a country side trip. âą Now you are supposed to design a program to solve this problem.
- 43. 43 START Money Received 15000 Money Received >= 10000? ConditionNot Satisfied {False} Condition Satisfied {True} Holiday Enjoyed END
- 44. 44 DECISION MAKING ANDBRANCHING IN C âą C language supports the following decision making statements. â if statement â switch statement â conditional operator â goto statement âą These statements are knows as decision making statements. âą They are also called control statements as the control the flow of execution.
- 45. 45 IF STATEMENT âą Theif statement is a powerful statement for decision making and is used to control the flow of execution of statements. âą It takes the following structure: â if (test-condition) âą It allows the computer to evaluate the expression first and then depending on whether the value of the expression or condition is true or false, it transfer the control to a particular statement.
- 46. 46 IF STATEMENT Entry False True âą Example if(pocketbalance is zero) Borrow Money; Test Condition
- 47. 47 IF STATEMENT âą Theif statement can be implemented if four different forms depending on the complexity of the conditions to be tested. âą The four forms are: â Simple if statement â If else statement â Nested if else statement â Else if ladder
- 48. 48 SIMPLE IF STATEMENT-STRUCTURE âą The general form of a simple if statement is: if (test_condition) { statement-block; } statement x; âą When the condition is true then both the statement block and the statement-x are executed but in sequence.
- 49. 49 SIMPLE IF STATEMENT-FLOWCHART Entry Test Condition? Statement Block; Statement x; Next Statement; True False
- 50. âȘ Important thingsto notice that if you want to control a single statement using the if condition then no need to create a block using the curly bracy. âȘ The curly bracy is used to create statement block when it is necessary to include multiple statements under the same if condition. SIMPLE IF STATEMENT
- 51. Simple if Statement-Example âȘExample with block of statement: if (marks>=90) { marks=marks+ bonus_marks; grade=âA+â; } printf(âThe mark achieved:marksâ , %d); Condition controlled Statement
- 52. Simple if Statement âȘExampleof single statement: if (marks>=90) marks=marks+ bonus_marks; printf(âThe mark achieved:marksâ , %d); Condition controlled statement
- 53. Simple if Statement âȘWhat happens if multiple statements follows after the if condition without using the curly brace? âȘ Answer: Then the statement immediately following the if condition is considered as the controlling statement of the if condition. if the condition is true the controlled statement is executed otherwise not. Rest of the statements are executed sequentially.
- 54. if else Statement âȘIf the test condition is true then the true block statements, immediately following the if statements are executed; âȘ Otherwise the false block statements are executed. âȘ In short either true-block or false-block of statements will be executed, not both. âȘ But in both cases the control is transferred subsequently to the statement-x as it is an independent (not controlled by the if else statement) statement. âȘ It is also called two way conditional branching
- 55. if else Statement-Structure âȘ The if else statement is an extension of the simple if statement. The general form is : if (test_condition) { True block statements; } else { False block statements; } statement-x;
- 56. if else Statement-Flowchart Entry Test_Condition ? Statement-X; True Statement-block; Next Statement; [ True ] [ False ] False Statement-block;
- 57. if else Statement-Example âȘExample with block of statement: if (marks>=40) { marks=marks+ bonus_marks; grade=âpassedâ; } else { marks=marks; grade=âfailedâ; } printf(âThe mark achieved:marksâ , %d); True block statement False block statement
- 58. Nested if elseStatement âȘ Using âifâŠelse statementâ within another âifâŠelse statementâ is called ânested if statementâ. âȘ âNested if statementsâ is mainly used to test multiple conditions. âȘ It is called nested conditional branching.
- 59. 59 NESTED IF ELSESTATEMENT- STRUCTURE âą The general form of a nested if else statement is: if (test_condition) { if(test_condition) { statement- block; } else { statement block; } } else { statement block; }
- 60. Nested if else-Example if (gender==female) { if (age<10) { provide free entry; provide free food; } else { provide only free entry; } } else { statement-block; } Nested if else
- 61. Else if ladderStatement âȘ The word ladder means the staircase. As the name implies this statement is used to choose right way/paths among multiple paths. âȘ There is another way of putting if conditions together when multiway decisions are involved. âȘ A multiway decision is a chain of if conditions in which the statement associated with an else condition behaves like another if condition. âȘ Else if ladder is also called 3 way or multiway decision making statement.
- 62. Else if ladder-Structure if (test_condition 1) statement-1; else if (test_condition 2) statement-2; else if (test_condition 3) statement-3; else if (test_condition 4) statement-4; âŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠ âŠâŠâŠ.. else if (test_condition n) statement-n; statement-x;
- 63. Else if ladder-Example if(Mark>=50 && Mark<60) { printf("Your grade is D"); } else if(Mark>=60 && Mark<70) { printf("Your grade is C n"); } else if(Mark>=70 && Mark<80) { printf("Your grade is B n"); } else if(Mark>=80 && Mark<90) { printf("Your grade is A n"); } else printf("you have failed");
- 64. Switch Statement âȘ Whenone of the many statements is to be selected, then if conditional statement can be used to control the selection. âȘ However the complexity of such a program increases dramatically when the number of statements increases. âȘ Fortunately, C has a built in multiway decision making statement known as switch. âȘ The switch statement tests the value of a given variable or expression against a list of case values and when a match is found only then a block of statements associated with that case is executed. âȘ The general form is given below:
- 65. Switch Statement-Structure switch(expression/ value) { casevalue-1: statement-block-1; break; case value-2: statement-block-2; break; âŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠâŠ âŠâŠ. case value-n: statement-block-n; break; default: default-statement-block; break; } statement-x;
- 66. Rules for SwitchStatement âȘ The switch statement must be an integral type. âȘ Case labels must be constant or constant expression. âȘ Case labels must be unique. No two labels can have the same value. âȘ Case labels must end with colon. âȘ The break statement transfer the control out of the switch statement. âȘ The break statement is optional. So two or more case labels may belong to the same statements. âȘ The default label is optional. If present, it will be executed when the expression does not find a matching case label. âȘ There can be at most one default label. âȘ The default may be placed any where but usually placed at the end. âȘ It is permitted to nest switch statements.
- 67. Conditional Operator âȘ TheC language has an unusual operator which is useful for making two way decisions. âȘ This operator is a combination of ? and : âȘ It takes three operands. This operator is popularly known as the conditional operator. âȘ The conditional operator can be used as the replacement of if else conditional statement for two way decision making.
- 68. Conditional Operator âȘ Thegeneral structure of conditional operator: Conditional expression? true-statement 1: false-statement; âȘ The condition is evaluated first. If the result is true then the statement 1 is executed and its value is returned. âȘ Otherwise statement 2 is executed and its value is returned. âȘ Example: flag = (x<0) ? 0 :1;
- 69. Conditional Operator flag =(x<0) ? 0 :1; It is equivalent to: if(x<0) flag=0; else flag=1;
- 70. 70 GOTO STATEMENTS âą Thegoto statement allows us to transfer control of the program to the specified label. âą Syntax of goto Statement: goto label; ... .. ... ... .. ... label: statement;
- 71. 71 LOOPING STATEMENTS In aprogram, want to print HAI more than Once!!!!! HAI HAI HAI HAI HAI HAI HAI HAI HAI HAI Printf(âHAIâ); Printf(âHAIâ); Printf(âHAIâ); Printf(âHAIâ); Printf(âHAIâ); Printf(âHAIâ); Printf(âHAIâ); Printf(âHAIâ); Printf(âHAIâ); Printf(âHAIâ); No good programmer does this!!!!
- 72. 72 LOOPS âą Do notneed to write the code for 10 times. âą A loop is a piece of code which allows one to execute a statement or block of statements repeatedly. âą A loop can either be a pre-test loop or be a post-test loop. â Pre Test Loop: Entry Controlled Loop â Post Test Loop: Exit Controlled Loop Entry Controlled Loop Exit Controlled Loop Checks the condition first and then runs the loop body Executes loop body first and then checks for a condition
- 73. 73 LOOPING STATEMENTS while Loop -Entry Control do while loop - Exit Control for loop - Entry Control
- 74. 74 WHILE LOOP âą Inwhile loop it checks the condition first, if condition is true then control goes inside the loop body other wise goes outside the body. âą Syntax: while (condition) { loop body; increment or decrement; } Start Condition Loop Body Loop Update Process Results Stop If condition is false If condition is true
- 75. 75 WHILE STATEMENTS âą Example inta=1; while (a<4) { printf(âHaiâ); a++; } True True 2 Hai 3 4 1 a Hai Hai Output Prints Hai Increment by 1 True Prints Hai Increment by 1 True Prints Hai Increment by 1 False Loop Exists
- 76. 76 ARRAYS âą An Arrayis a collection of similar data type value in a single variable. âą It is a derived data type in C, which is constructed from fundamental data type of C language. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Length of Array 10 First Index Element (at 5th Index) Indexes
- 77. 77 FEATURES OF ANARRAY âą Arrays have 0 (Zero) as the first index, not 1 (One). In this example, marks[0] is the first element. âą If the size of an array is N, to access the last element, the N-1 index is used. In this example, mark[4]. âą Suppose the starting address of mark[0] is 2120d. Then, the address of the mark[1] will be 2124d. Similarly, the address of marks[2] will be 2128d and so on. marks[0] marks[1] marks[2] marks[3] marks[4]
- 78. 78 ARRAY - DECLARATION âąTo declare an array in C, need to declare data type and size of an Array or by initializing it or by both. Declaration of an Array in C 123 765 1621 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 0 int *a; int *a; int *a; int *a; int a[3]; int a[3] = {1,2,3} int a[3] = {} int a[3] = {0âŠ1} = 3; int a[3] = {[0âŠ1]=3} int a[3] = {0} int a[3] = {1,1,1} int a[3] = {1}
- 79. 79 ARRAY DECLARATION âą Arraydeclaration by specifying the array size: datatype arrayName[SIZE]; âą Examples: // Array declaration by specifying size int arr1[10]; // Declare an array of user specified size int n = 10; int arr2[n]; âą Array declaration by initializing elements: // Array declaration by initializing elements int arr[] = { 10, 20, 30, 40 } // Here Compiler creates an array of size 4.
- 80. 80 ARRAY DECLARATION âą Arraydeclaration by specifying size and initializing elements: âą Examples: // Array declaration by specifying size and initializing int arr[6] = { 10, 20, 30, 40 } âą In above syntax Compiler creates an array of size 6, initializes first 4 elements as specified by user and rest two elements as 0. above is same as "int arr[] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 0, 0}"
- 81. 81 ARRAY INITIALIZATION âą Initializingis a process to initialize the value in array variable. âą Initialization of array one by one: int arr[5]; arr[0]=10; arr[1]=20; arr[2]=30; arr[3]=40; arr[4]=50; âą Initialization of array at once: int arr[]={10,20,30,40,50};
- 82. 82 ACCESSING ARRAY ELEMENTSIN C âą Array elements can be accessed with the help of index value of an element. âą Array index starts with 0 and goes till size of array -1. âą int arr[]={10,20,30,40,50}; arr[3] // here 3 is index value and it return 40 0 1 3 4 5 6 arr arr[0]; Array Variable Index of elements to be accessed
- 83. 83 ACCESSING ARRAY ELEMENTS Example: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> intmain() { int i, marks[]={80, 62, 70, 90, 98}; //declaration and initialization of array clrscr(); //traversal of array for(i=0;i<5;i++) { printf("n%d",marks[i]); } getch(); return 0; } 80 62 70 90 98
- 84. 84 2 DIMENSIONAL ARRAY âąAn array of arrays is known as 2D array. âą In 2-dimentional elements are arranged in row and column format. âą When we are working with 2-dimentional array we require to refer 2-subscript operator which indicates row and column sizes. data-type arrayName [SIZE] [SIZE];
- 85. 85 2 DIMENSIONAL ARRAY- INITIALIZATION âą There are two ways to initialize a two Dimensional arrays during declaration. âą int a[2][4] = { {10, 11, 12, 13}, {14, 15, 16, 17} }; or âą int a[2][4] = { 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17}; int abc[2][2] = {1, 2, 3 ,4 } /* Valid declaration*/ int abc[][2] = {1, 2, 3 ,4 } /* Valid declaration*/ int abc[][] = {1, 2, 3 ,4 } /* Invalid declaration â you must specify second dimension*/ int abc[2][] = {1, 2, 3 ,4 } /* Invalid declaration â you must specify second dimension*/
- 86. 86 2 DIMENSIONAL ARRAY âąint a[2][4]; 2 Dimensional Array Conceptual Memory Representation âą Here the array is a[2][4], which can be conceptually viewed as a matrix of 2 rows and 4 columns. âą Actual representation in memory as follows: âą Array is on Integer type, so each element would use 4 bytes. a[0][0] a[0][1] a[0][2] a[0][3] a[1][0] a[1][1] a[1][2] a[1][3] a[0][0] a[0][1] a[0][2] a[0][3] a[1][0] a[1][1] a[1][2] a[1][3] 82206 82210 82214 82218 82222 82226 82230 82234
- 87. 87 2 DIMENSIONAL ARRAY- INITIALIZATION #include<stdio.h> int main(){ int disp[2][3]; int i, j; for(i=0; i<2; i++) { for(j=0;j<3;j++) { printf("Enter value for disp[%d][%d]:", i, j); scanf("%d", &disp[i][j]); } } printf("Two Dimensional array elements:n"); for(i=0; i<2; i++) { for(j=0;j<3;j++) { printf("%d ", disp[i][j]); if(j==2){ printf("n"); } } } return 0; } Enter value for disp[0][0]:1 Enter value for disp[0][1]:2 Enter value for disp[0][2]:3 Enter value for disp[1][0]:4 Enter value for disp[1][1]:5 Enter value for disp[1][2]:6 Two Dimensional array elements: 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 88. 88 STRINGS âą String isa collection of character or group of character, in a linear sequence which are represented using double quotes. âą The string in C language is one-dimensional array of character which is terminated by a null character '0'. âą Examples: â âWelcome to the world of programming in Câ â â Hello ECEâ âą âCâ provides standard library <string.h> that contains many functions which can be used to perform complicated operations easily on Strings in C.
- 89. 89 DECLARATION âą Strings aredeclared in C in similar manner as arrays. âą Syntax: â datatype stringname[SIZE]; âą Example: â char s[5];
- 90. 90 INITIALIZATION âą Strings canbe initialized in different ways as follows: char str[]="abcd"; ///* string size = âa'+âb'+âc'+âd'+"NULL" = 5 */ or char str[5]="abcd"; or char str[5]={'a','b','c','d','0'}; or char str[]={'a','b','c','d','0'}; or char str[5]={'a','b','c','d','0'}; or char *c="abcd";
- 91. 91 STRINGS - EXAMPLE #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> intmain() { char str[10]; printf("Enter name: "); scanf("%s",name); printf("Your name is: %s.",name); getch(); return 0; }
- 92. 92 STRINGS -gets() &puts() #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> int main() { char str[10]; printf("Enter any string: "); gets(str); printf("String are: "); puts(str); getch(); return 0;
- 93. 93 IMPORTANT POINTS TONOTE âą In declaration of string size must be required to mention otherwise it gives an error. char str[]; // Invalid char str[10]; // Valid âą In declaration of the string size must be unsigned integer value (not -ve or zero value) which is greater than zero only. char str[]; // Invalid char str[0]; // Invalid char str[-1]; // Invalid char str[10]; // Valid
- 94. 94 IMPORTANT POINTS TONOTE âą In Initialization of the string if the specific number of character are not initialized it then rest of all character will be initialized with NULL. char str[5]={'5','+','A'}; str[0]; ---> 5 str[1]; ---> + str[2]; ---> A str[3]; ---> NULL str[4]; ---> NULL âą In initialization of the string we can not initialized more than size of string elements. char str[2]={'5','+','A','B'}; // Invalid
- 95. 95 IMPORTANT POINTS TONOTE âą In initialization of the string the size is optional in this case how many variable elements are initialized it, that array element will created. char str[]={'5','+','A','B'}; // Valid sizeof(str) --> 4byte âą When we are working with character array explicitly NULL character does not occupies any physical memory at the end of the character array. char str[]={'h','e','l','l','o'}; //sizeof(str) --> 5byte âą String data at the end of the string NULL character occupies physical memory. char str[]="hello"; //sizeof(str) --> 6 byte
- 96. 96 STRING FUNCTIONS âą strlen: âfinds the length of a string â strlen(string); âą strcpy: â copies one string to another â strcpy(destination,source) âą strcat: â concatenates one string at the end of another â strcat(string_one,string_two); âą strcmp: â compares two strings lexicographically â strcmp(string_one,string_two);
- 97. 97 STRING LENGTH(WITHOUT USINGFUNCTION) #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { char input_string[50]; int i=0, length=0; clrscr(); printf("nEnter your text:t"); gets(input_string); while(input_string[i]!='0') { length++; i++; } printf("nThe length of your text is: %d character(s)", length); getch(); } Enter your text: Enter your text: ECE The length of your text is: 3 character(s)
- 98. 98 STRING LENGTH (USINGSTRLEN FUNCTION) #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<string.h> void main() { char input_string[50]; int length; clrscr(); printf("nEnter your text:t"); gets(input_string); length=strlen(input_string); printf("nThe length of your text is: %d character(s)", length); getch(); } Enter your text: ECE The length of your text is: 3 character(s)
- 99. 99 STRING COPY (WITHOUTUSING FUNCTIONS) #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { char copy[50], paste[50]; int i; clrscr(); printf("nEnter your name (to copy):t"); gets(copy); for(i=0;copy[i]!='0';i++) { paste[i]=copy[i]; } paste[i]='0'; printf("nThe name is (pasted as):t"); puts(paste); getch(); } Enter your name: DEV The name is (pasted as): DEV
- 100. 100 STRING COPY (USINGSTRCPY FUNCTION) #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { char copy[50], paste[50]; int i; clrscr(); printf("nEnter your name (to copy):t"); gets(copy); strcpy(paste, copy); printf("nThe name is (pasted as):t"); puts(paste); getch(); Enter your name: DEV The name is (pasted as): DEV
- 101. 101 STRING CONCATENATION (STRCAT) #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<string.h> voidmain() { char s1[30]="Hai"; char s2[30]="ECE"; char s3[30]="Department"; clrscr(); strcat(s1,s2); puts(s1); strcat(s1,s3); puts(s1); getch(); } HaiECE HaiECEDepartment
- 102. 102 STRING CONCATENATION (STRCAT) #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<string.h> voidmain() { char s1[30]="Hai"; char s2[30]="ECE"; char s3[30]="Department"; clrscr(); strcat(s1,s2); puts(s1); strcat(s1,s3); puts(s1); getch(); } HaiECE HaiECEDepartment
- 103. 103 STRING COMPARISION (STRCMP) #include<string.h> int main(){ char str1[20],str2[20]; printf("Enter 1st string: "); gets(str1);//reads string from console printf("Enter 2nd string: "); gets(str2); if(strcmp(str1,str2)==0) printf("Strings are equal"); else printf("Strings are not equal"); return 0; } Enter 1st string: Enter 1st string: Hai Enter 2nd string: Enter 2nd string: Hai Strings are Equal