The document summarizes learnings from 20 years of L4 microkernel development. It discusses how early L4 designs focused on performance through techniques like lazy scheduling and direct process switching, but modern kernels emphasize principles like minimality and formal verification. Minimality has driven designs to become simpler over time, with policies separated from mechanisms and drivers moved to user-space. While IPC speed remains important, verification shows it need not compromise performance. Capabilities have also proven effective for access control compared to early process hierarchies. Overall, microkernels remain valuable if guided by core principles demonstrated over L4's evolution.