The document summarizes key events and processes of the French Revolution. It discusses the storming of the Bastille prison in Paris on July 14th 1789 by an angry mob alarmed by rumors that the king had ordered troops to fire on citizens. It also describes the political, economic, and social causes that led to the revolution, including the poor leadership and lavish spending of King Louis XVI that left the government in debt, as well as the unequal system of estates that placed most tax burden on the third estate. The Tennis Court Oath of June 20th 1789 saw representatives of the third estate declare themselves the National Assembly to draft a new constitution.
Covers key events in the presidency of John Quincy Adams, including the popularization of Jacksonian democracy, the Corrupt Bargain of 1824, the promotion of Henry Clay's "American System," the fracturing of the Democratic-Republican Party, and the emergence of the Second Party System.
On July 14, 1789, a mob stormed the Bastille prison in Paris, a symbol of the absolute power of the monarchy. The mob was alarmed by King Louis XVI's dismissal of the popular Finance Minister Jacques Necker and movement of troops near Paris. After negotiations failed, the governor of the Bastille opened fire on the mob, fueling the attack. The mob seized weapons and gunpowder from the prison. The fall of the Bastille had immediate effects of driving royal troops from Paris and establishing a new city government, along with long term impacts of encouraging peasant unrest and formally abolishing feudalism.
1) Aimée records the events of the early French Revolution from the perspective of a member of the second estate. She describes the growing tensions between the estates and the king's resistance to reform.
2) The journal entry details the storming of the Bastille and the march on Versailles as the revolution intensifies. The king and royal family are forced to relocate to Paris as anger towards the monarchy increases.
3) As the revolution continues, Robespierre rises to power and initiates the Reign of Terror. After thousands are killed, Robespierre himself is executed, marking a turning point away from radical revolutionaries like himself.
The document summarizes the events in Russia leading up to and following the Russian Revolution of 1917. It discusses the struggles Russia faced under the Romanov dynasty like food shortages, poverty, and the embarrassing loss in the Russo-Japanese War. This led to the overthrow of the Tsar in 1917 and the rise of the Bolsheviks under Lenin who took power that same year. A civil war then broke out between the Reds and anti-Communist Whites which the Reds eventually won, establishing the Soviet Union by 1922 under Lenin's rule which was later passed to Stalin.
How were civilians affected by the First World War?Dave Wallbanks
The First World War had a major impact on civilians in Britain. The government took control over many aspects of life, including food production and rationing due to losses from German attacks on shipping. Over 2.5 million men volunteered for the army in the first years of the war, but conscription was later introduced in 1916 due to the high casualty rate. Women contributed significantly to the war effort through work in hospitals near the front, in farms, factories, and recruiting more men to enlist. Propaganda was used to generate patriotic support among the public.
The Great Depression: Causes and Effectsjjarvis106
The Great Depression was caused by false prosperity, speculation, the stock market crash, banking crisis, unemployment, and trade collapse. The stock market crashed in October 1929, leading to widespread bank failures. Unemployment rose to 25-35% as factories closed. Farm income declined 60% and 1/3 of farmers lost their land. People were unable to withdraw savings from failed banks and unemployment benefits were not enough to live on, forcing many to sell possessions and live in makeshift shelters or "Hoovervilles". The Depression had devastating social effects like long unemployment lines and families living in cars or tents. President Hoover believed in private solutions while FDR emphasized helping those with little.
This discussest the inter-war period for the United States, which we call ther Roaring 20s. It covers important social, political, and economic topics associated with the 1920s.
The Great Depression lasted from 1929 to 1939 and was the deepest and longest economic downturn in history, with 13 to 15 million Americans out of work. After the stock market crash of 1929, people felt worthless as they struggled to survive with millions relying on soup kitchens for food. Farmers in the Midwest were especially hard hit by years of drought during the Dust Bowl of the 1930s that destroyed crops and topsoil and forced many to abandon their homes. Initially, President Herbert Hoover rejected demands for direct federal aid to the unemployed, believing government assistance was unnecessary and that economic recovery would occur naturally through lowered prices.
Covers key events in the presidency of John Quincy Adams, including the popularization of Jacksonian democracy, the Corrupt Bargain of 1824, the promotion of Henry Clay's "American System," the fracturing of the Democratic-Republican Party, and the emergence of the Second Party System.
On July 14, 1789, a mob stormed the Bastille prison in Paris, a symbol of the absolute power of the monarchy. The mob was alarmed by King Louis XVI's dismissal of the popular Finance Minister Jacques Necker and movement of troops near Paris. After negotiations failed, the governor of the Bastille opened fire on the mob, fueling the attack. The mob seized weapons and gunpowder from the prison. The fall of the Bastille had immediate effects of driving royal troops from Paris and establishing a new city government, along with long term impacts of encouraging peasant unrest and formally abolishing feudalism.
1) Aimée records the events of the early French Revolution from the perspective of a member of the second estate. She describes the growing tensions between the estates and the king's resistance to reform.
2) The journal entry details the storming of the Bastille and the march on Versailles as the revolution intensifies. The king and royal family are forced to relocate to Paris as anger towards the monarchy increases.
3) As the revolution continues, Robespierre rises to power and initiates the Reign of Terror. After thousands are killed, Robespierre himself is executed, marking a turning point away from radical revolutionaries like himself.
The document summarizes the events in Russia leading up to and following the Russian Revolution of 1917. It discusses the struggles Russia faced under the Romanov dynasty like food shortages, poverty, and the embarrassing loss in the Russo-Japanese War. This led to the overthrow of the Tsar in 1917 and the rise of the Bolsheviks under Lenin who took power that same year. A civil war then broke out between the Reds and anti-Communist Whites which the Reds eventually won, establishing the Soviet Union by 1922 under Lenin's rule which was later passed to Stalin.
How were civilians affected by the First World War?Dave Wallbanks
The First World War had a major impact on civilians in Britain. The government took control over many aspects of life, including food production and rationing due to losses from German attacks on shipping. Over 2.5 million men volunteered for the army in the first years of the war, but conscription was later introduced in 1916 due to the high casualty rate. Women contributed significantly to the war effort through work in hospitals near the front, in farms, factories, and recruiting more men to enlist. Propaganda was used to generate patriotic support among the public.
The Great Depression: Causes and Effectsjjarvis106
The Great Depression was caused by false prosperity, speculation, the stock market crash, banking crisis, unemployment, and trade collapse. The stock market crashed in October 1929, leading to widespread bank failures. Unemployment rose to 25-35% as factories closed. Farm income declined 60% and 1/3 of farmers lost their land. People were unable to withdraw savings from failed banks and unemployment benefits were not enough to live on, forcing many to sell possessions and live in makeshift shelters or "Hoovervilles". The Depression had devastating social effects like long unemployment lines and families living in cars or tents. President Hoover believed in private solutions while FDR emphasized helping those with little.
This discussest the inter-war period for the United States, which we call ther Roaring 20s. It covers important social, political, and economic topics associated with the 1920s.
The Great Depression lasted from 1929 to 1939 and was the deepest and longest economic downturn in history, with 13 to 15 million Americans out of work. After the stock market crash of 1929, people felt worthless as they struggled to survive with millions relying on soup kitchens for food. Farmers in the Midwest were especially hard hit by years of drought during the Dust Bowl of the 1930s that destroyed crops and topsoil and forced many to abandon their homes. Initially, President Herbert Hoover rejected demands for direct federal aid to the unemployed, believing government assistance was unnecessary and that economic recovery would occur naturally through lowered prices.
http://www.tomrichey.net
This PowerPoint presentation was designed to accompany an introductory lecture on Louis XIV for Western Civilization, World History, and AP European History students.
The Civil Rights Movement prior to 1954 saw some progress such as the abolition of slavery after the Civil War and the founding of organizations like the NAACP in 1909. However, the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court decision legalized racial segregation. Through the 1950s, the NAACP challenged segregation in the courts in cases like Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, which ruled that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. However, implementation of desegregation met strong resistance in some southern states, as seen in events like the Little Rock Nine crisis. Non-violent protests grew the movement throughout the late 1950s and early 1960s, culminating in the March on Washington and passage of the Civil
Two figures sit despondently on a cracked stone bearing the inscription of the failed League of Nations as the foundation for peace. The cracked stone represents the broken foundation and failure of the League to maintain order and prevent another war. Published on November 11, 1938, the cartoon reflects the despair and foreboding of another war following the Munich Agreement earlier that year.
The New Economic Policy (NEP) was introduced by Lenin in 1921 as a temporary retreat from extreme socialist policies to help stabilize Russia's struggling economy in the aftermath of World War I and the Russian Civil War. The NEP allowed for some private enterprise and free trade of agricultural goods to encourage economic growth while the Communist party consolidated power. While it helped recovery by reintroducing economic incentives, the NEP was criticized by some socialists for permitting capitalist practices and failing to rapidly industrialize the Soviet Union. Overall, the NEP was a pragmatic solution that addressed immediate economic needs but was not meant as a long-term departure from Communist principles.
Lincoln was born in 1809 in Kentucky and moved to Indiana in 1816. He had little formal education but became a lawyer. In 1860, Lincoln was elected President as the Republican candidate, receiving the most electoral and popular votes. Booth initially planned to kidnap Lincoln to exchange for Confederate prisoners but later decided to assassinate him. On April 14, 1865, Booth fatally shot Lincoln at Ford's Theater and was later hunted down and killed.
The document summarizes key events and people of the American Civil War. It discusses how Abraham Lincoln was elected president in 1860 on an anti-slavery platform, causing southern slave states to secede and form the Confederacy. The war was fought between the northern Union states and the southern Confederate states from 1861 to 1865 over the issues of states' rights and slavery. Key figures discussed include Abraham Lincoln, Jefferson Davis, Ulysses S. Grant, Harriet Tubman, and Frederick Douglass.
Ghost towns are abandoned or unoccupied towns for various reasons such as depletion of resources, disasters, diseases, and human intervention. Examples of ghost towns include Hashima Island in Japan, which was abandoned after coal mining stopped; Oradour-sur-Glane in France, where the inhabitants were massacred during WWII; Pripyat in Ukraine, which was abandoned after the Chernobyl nuclear disaster; and Dhanushkodi in India, which was destroyed by a cyclone in 1964 and declared unfit for living.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: LENIN AND MARXISM. Module Stalin, it contains: Lenin and Marxism, Utopic Marxism, the appeal of Marxism, Marxism and Lenin's radicalism, Lenin's role in the Revolution, provisional government weakness, homework.
Joseph Stalin was born in 1879 in Gori, Georgia and died in 1953 in Moscow, Russia. He rose to power in the Soviet Union after Lenin and led the country from the mid-1920s until his death. Under Stalin, the Soviet Union industrialized rapidly, defeating Nazi Germany in World War II and emerging as a global superpower, though he consolidated power through violent purges and repression. Stalin played a major role in shaping the Cold War between Western powers and the Soviet bloc.
Making of Modern Britain Wilson Governments 1964 to 1970NeilCharlesGardner
Harold Wilson's Labour government that held power from 1964-1970 faced significant economic challenges upon taking office. The balance of payments deficit was worse than expected at over £1,000 million annually. In response, the Labour government implemented an import surcharge and raised taxes rather than enacting spending cuts. This upset the financial industry in London. The government also had troubled relations with trade unions as strikes increased. The declining coal industry also posed economic problems as Britain shifted to other fuel sources like oil.
War Communism was introduced by the Bolshevik government during the Russian Civil War to help fight against opposing forces and take control of industry and food production. It involved the nationalization of factories, mines, and railways as well as forced grain requisitioning from peasants using violence and arrest. However, it failed as peasants hid grain and food shortages led to a severe famine in 1921 that killed millions. War communism damaged the economy and led to unrest, forcing the Bolsheviks to transition to the New Economic Policy.
The document provides a historical overview of businesses in Plaquemine, Louisiana between the late 19th century and mid-20th century. It describes various stores, factories, hotels, and other commercial establishments. Photos show the buildings and people associated with these businesses, such as general stores, bakeries, pharmacies, foundries, and ice cream factories. The document highlights the economic development of Plaquemine over this period through the growth and changes of local enterprises.
María Antonieta nació en 1755 y se casó con Luis XVI de Francia en 1770, convirtiéndose en reina en 1774. Aunque inicialmente popular, su estilo de vida extravagante y los escándalos políticos la hicieron impopular entre el pueblo francés. Durante la Revolución francesa fue acusada de delitos y guillotinada en 1793.
This document summarizes Prohibition in the United States and its repeal via the 21st Amendment. It discusses how the Temperance movement led to the 18th Amendment banning alcohol nationwide in 1919. Enforcement of Prohibition spawned organized crime groups like Al Capone's who profited from bootlegging. Prohibition became unenforceable with widespread corruption and deaths from illegal alcohol. It was repealed by the 21st Amendment in 1933 as the Great Depression increased demand for jobs and tax revenue from legal alcohol. Prohibition failed because it turned law-abiding citizens into criminals and was too difficult to enforce while empowering gangsters.
France suffered tremendous losses in WWI with over 1.6 million deaths. In the interwar period, France prioritized rebuilding and weakening Germany through occupation of the Ruhr Valley and demanding reparations. However, economic instability and the rise of extremism weakened the French government. By 1939, France was unprepared for another war despite efforts to rearm, remaining politically divided in the late 1930s.
19 c Europe, part 1, session 3; France: The Restoration and the July MonarchyJim Powers
This document provides an overview of the economic and social organization of France following the Napoleonic era. It discusses how the French Revolution permanently changed France by abolishing the feudal system and creating a more centralized state. Economically, France modernized its agriculture and industries like textiles expanded, while socially the nobility's power declined and the middle class rose politically. The majority of French people remained rural farmers or urban workers who faced difficult living and working conditions.
This presentation provides a basic idea of why the French Revolution happened, what the estate was like, and the cause of the French Revolution and the fall of Louis XVI.
The document discusses several factors that contributed to the revolutionary situation in France by 1789. There were long term tensions between social classes as well as the impact of Enlightenment ideas. Short term factors included economic crisis due to poor harvests, financial difficulties exacerbated by the costly American Revolution and expensive wars with Britain and Austria, and growing political discontent with the monarchy and establishment. Food shortages, rising bread prices, unemployment and unrest against the nobility further destabilized the country on the eve of the revolution.
The French Revolution occurred between 1789 and 1815 and transformed France from an absolute monarchy to a republic based on Enlightenment ideals of liberty, equality, and citizenship. It began with the storming of the Bastille prison and establishment of a constitutional monarchy. This gave way to increasing radicalism and the establishment of a republic along with the execution of King Louis XVI. Napoleon later rose to power and established an empire, though he was eventually defeated in 1815. The Revolution had wide-ranging impacts both in France and across Europe by spreading revolutionary ideals.
The French Revolution began in 1788 as King Louis XVI called the Estates-General due to France's bankrupt treasury. This led to conflict between the three estates of French society, and the formation of the National Assembly to represent citizens more equally. On July 14, 1789, the storming of the Bastille fortress by Parisians symbolized the people's growing discontent with the absolute monarchy. The Revolution then spread violence and turmoil across France as radical factions gained influence and instituted the Reign of Terror under Robespierre, sending thousands to the guillotine until his own execution in 1794. The monarchy was abolished, leaving France a democratic republic but still unstable amid conflict with other European nations.
http://www.tomrichey.net
This PowerPoint presentation was designed to accompany an introductory lecture on Louis XIV for Western Civilization, World History, and AP European History students.
The Civil Rights Movement prior to 1954 saw some progress such as the abolition of slavery after the Civil War and the founding of organizations like the NAACP in 1909. However, the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court decision legalized racial segregation. Through the 1950s, the NAACP challenged segregation in the courts in cases like Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, which ruled that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. However, implementation of desegregation met strong resistance in some southern states, as seen in events like the Little Rock Nine crisis. Non-violent protests grew the movement throughout the late 1950s and early 1960s, culminating in the March on Washington and passage of the Civil
Two figures sit despondently on a cracked stone bearing the inscription of the failed League of Nations as the foundation for peace. The cracked stone represents the broken foundation and failure of the League to maintain order and prevent another war. Published on November 11, 1938, the cartoon reflects the despair and foreboding of another war following the Munich Agreement earlier that year.
The New Economic Policy (NEP) was introduced by Lenin in 1921 as a temporary retreat from extreme socialist policies to help stabilize Russia's struggling economy in the aftermath of World War I and the Russian Civil War. The NEP allowed for some private enterprise and free trade of agricultural goods to encourage economic growth while the Communist party consolidated power. While it helped recovery by reintroducing economic incentives, the NEP was criticized by some socialists for permitting capitalist practices and failing to rapidly industrialize the Soviet Union. Overall, the NEP was a pragmatic solution that addressed immediate economic needs but was not meant as a long-term departure from Communist principles.
Lincoln was born in 1809 in Kentucky and moved to Indiana in 1816. He had little formal education but became a lawyer. In 1860, Lincoln was elected President as the Republican candidate, receiving the most electoral and popular votes. Booth initially planned to kidnap Lincoln to exchange for Confederate prisoners but later decided to assassinate him. On April 14, 1865, Booth fatally shot Lincoln at Ford's Theater and was later hunted down and killed.
The document summarizes key events and people of the American Civil War. It discusses how Abraham Lincoln was elected president in 1860 on an anti-slavery platform, causing southern slave states to secede and form the Confederacy. The war was fought between the northern Union states and the southern Confederate states from 1861 to 1865 over the issues of states' rights and slavery. Key figures discussed include Abraham Lincoln, Jefferson Davis, Ulysses S. Grant, Harriet Tubman, and Frederick Douglass.
Ghost towns are abandoned or unoccupied towns for various reasons such as depletion of resources, disasters, diseases, and human intervention. Examples of ghost towns include Hashima Island in Japan, which was abandoned after coal mining stopped; Oradour-sur-Glane in France, where the inhabitants were massacred during WWII; Pripyat in Ukraine, which was abandoned after the Chernobyl nuclear disaster; and Dhanushkodi in India, which was destroyed by a cyclone in 1964 and declared unfit for living.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: LENIN AND MARXISM. Module Stalin, it contains: Lenin and Marxism, Utopic Marxism, the appeal of Marxism, Marxism and Lenin's radicalism, Lenin's role in the Revolution, provisional government weakness, homework.
Joseph Stalin was born in 1879 in Gori, Georgia and died in 1953 in Moscow, Russia. He rose to power in the Soviet Union after Lenin and led the country from the mid-1920s until his death. Under Stalin, the Soviet Union industrialized rapidly, defeating Nazi Germany in World War II and emerging as a global superpower, though he consolidated power through violent purges and repression. Stalin played a major role in shaping the Cold War between Western powers and the Soviet bloc.
Making of Modern Britain Wilson Governments 1964 to 1970NeilCharlesGardner
Harold Wilson's Labour government that held power from 1964-1970 faced significant economic challenges upon taking office. The balance of payments deficit was worse than expected at over £1,000 million annually. In response, the Labour government implemented an import surcharge and raised taxes rather than enacting spending cuts. This upset the financial industry in London. The government also had troubled relations with trade unions as strikes increased. The declining coal industry also posed economic problems as Britain shifted to other fuel sources like oil.
War Communism was introduced by the Bolshevik government during the Russian Civil War to help fight against opposing forces and take control of industry and food production. It involved the nationalization of factories, mines, and railways as well as forced grain requisitioning from peasants using violence and arrest. However, it failed as peasants hid grain and food shortages led to a severe famine in 1921 that killed millions. War communism damaged the economy and led to unrest, forcing the Bolsheviks to transition to the New Economic Policy.
The document provides a historical overview of businesses in Plaquemine, Louisiana between the late 19th century and mid-20th century. It describes various stores, factories, hotels, and other commercial establishments. Photos show the buildings and people associated with these businesses, such as general stores, bakeries, pharmacies, foundries, and ice cream factories. The document highlights the economic development of Plaquemine over this period through the growth and changes of local enterprises.
María Antonieta nació en 1755 y se casó con Luis XVI de Francia en 1770, convirtiéndose en reina en 1774. Aunque inicialmente popular, su estilo de vida extravagante y los escándalos políticos la hicieron impopular entre el pueblo francés. Durante la Revolución francesa fue acusada de delitos y guillotinada en 1793.
This document summarizes Prohibition in the United States and its repeal via the 21st Amendment. It discusses how the Temperance movement led to the 18th Amendment banning alcohol nationwide in 1919. Enforcement of Prohibition spawned organized crime groups like Al Capone's who profited from bootlegging. Prohibition became unenforceable with widespread corruption and deaths from illegal alcohol. It was repealed by the 21st Amendment in 1933 as the Great Depression increased demand for jobs and tax revenue from legal alcohol. Prohibition failed because it turned law-abiding citizens into criminals and was too difficult to enforce while empowering gangsters.
France suffered tremendous losses in WWI with over 1.6 million deaths. In the interwar period, France prioritized rebuilding and weakening Germany through occupation of the Ruhr Valley and demanding reparations. However, economic instability and the rise of extremism weakened the French government. By 1939, France was unprepared for another war despite efforts to rearm, remaining politically divided in the late 1930s.
19 c Europe, part 1, session 3; France: The Restoration and the July MonarchyJim Powers
This document provides an overview of the economic and social organization of France following the Napoleonic era. It discusses how the French Revolution permanently changed France by abolishing the feudal system and creating a more centralized state. Economically, France modernized its agriculture and industries like textiles expanded, while socially the nobility's power declined and the middle class rose politically. The majority of French people remained rural farmers or urban workers who faced difficult living and working conditions.
This presentation provides a basic idea of why the French Revolution happened, what the estate was like, and the cause of the French Revolution and the fall of Louis XVI.
The document discusses several factors that contributed to the revolutionary situation in France by 1789. There were long term tensions between social classes as well as the impact of Enlightenment ideas. Short term factors included economic crisis due to poor harvests, financial difficulties exacerbated by the costly American Revolution and expensive wars with Britain and Austria, and growing political discontent with the monarchy and establishment. Food shortages, rising bread prices, unemployment and unrest against the nobility further destabilized the country on the eve of the revolution.
The French Revolution occurred between 1789 and 1815 and transformed France from an absolute monarchy to a republic based on Enlightenment ideals of liberty, equality, and citizenship. It began with the storming of the Bastille prison and establishment of a constitutional monarchy. This gave way to increasing radicalism and the establishment of a republic along with the execution of King Louis XVI. Napoleon later rose to power and established an empire, though he was eventually defeated in 1815. The Revolution had wide-ranging impacts both in France and across Europe by spreading revolutionary ideals.
The French Revolution began in 1788 as King Louis XVI called the Estates-General due to France's bankrupt treasury. This led to conflict between the three estates of French society, and the formation of the National Assembly to represent citizens more equally. On July 14, 1789, the storming of the Bastille fortress by Parisians symbolized the people's growing discontent with the absolute monarchy. The Revolution then spread violence and turmoil across France as radical factions gained influence and instituted the Reign of Terror under Robespierre, sending thousands to the guillotine until his own execution in 1794. The monarchy was abolished, leaving France a democratic republic but still unstable amid conflict with other European nations.
Wynberg girls high-lynne martin-history-grade8-french revolution quest for li...Wynberg Girls High
By 1789, France was in crisis due to political, social, and economic issues under the Old Order system. Society was divided into estates with the first and second estates (clergy and nobility) holding privileges without paying taxes. The third estate (commoners) bore the tax burden without political representation. King Louis XVI faced a bankrupt treasury due to wars, taxation, and a poor harvest. Ordinary people grew discontented with the lavish lifestyle at Versailles while they struggled. This led to the convening of the Estates General and eventual formation of the National Assembly, marking the start of the French Revolution.
French Revolution a chapter of grade IX. This power point presentation gives detailed information about the chapter. I hope all students will benefit from this presentation.
The French Revolution was caused by severe social inequality, a financial crisis due to wars, and poor harvests. It resulted in the overthrow of the French monarchy and the establishment of a republic. The Revolution had major social, economic, and political impacts, including the formation of rights for citizens and the dissolution of the estates system and monarchy in France. However, it also led to widespread violence and turmoil during the Reign of Terror.
Ppt 8 the revolt of the people - the great fear, august decreesKathleen Paris
The Great Fear was a wave of peasant uprisings across France in July-August 1789 in response to the storming of the Bastille and rumors that the nobility would seek revenge. To restore order, the National Assembly abolished feudalism by passing the August Decrees, eliminating seigneurial dues and privileges. They also introduced the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen proclaiming equality and universal rights, though it was ambiguous about political equality for all groups. While revolutionary, full equality was not yet achieved, especially for the poor.
Prior to the revolution, France was one of the most powerful countries in Europe but was in deep financial crisis due to years of war and debt. As economic conditions deteriorated, resentment grew among commoners towards the privileged nobility and clergy. On July 14, 1789, protesters stormed the Bastille prison, marking the start of the French Revolution. Over the next few years, the monarchy was overthrown and King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette were executed for treason, leading to the establishment of a republic. However, internal power struggles and the Reign of Terror led by Robespierre resulted in thousands of deaths before a new, more moderate government came to power.
The French Revolution. A very important point in the history of Europe.KrzysztofLada
History of the French Revolution. The French Revolution[a] was a period of political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789, and ended with the coup of 18 Brumaire in November 1799 and the formation of the French Consulate. Many of its ideas are considered fundamental principles of liberal democracy,while its values and institutions remain central to modern French political discourse.Its causes are generally agreed to be a combination of social, political and economic factors, which the Ancien Régime proved unable to manage. A financial crisis and widespread social distress led in May 1789 to the convocation of the Estates General, which was converted into a National Assembly in June. The Storming of the Bastille on 14 July led to a series of radical measures by the Assembly, among them the abolition of feudalism, state control over the Catholic Church in France, and a declaration of rights.
The French Revolution.pdfudhuhufbduhvudidiuddvuhdChhotanBasak
The document provides details about the French Revolution from several chapters in a history textbook for class 9th grade students. It discusses the economic troubles facing France in the late 18th century that led to the revolution. This included debt from wars, a lavish royal court, and a subsistence crisis impacting common people. It describes the storming of the Bastille on July 14th, 1789 by citizens of Paris and the establishment of the National Assembly. The Assembly worked to draft a constitution and abolish the feudal system, creating a constitutional monarchy. However, further unrest and wars with neighboring countries led to the monarchy being abolished and France becoming a republic.
The French Revolution was a period of major social upheaval from 1787 to 1799 that sought to completely change the relationship between rulers and the governed. It was caused by widespread discontent with King Louis XVI's poor economic policies and the privileged status of the nobility. As the revolution unfolded, the king was overthrown and executed by guillotine along with his wife Marie Antoinette. The revolution established representative democracy and basic property rights but proceeded in a volatile back-and-forth between revolutionary and reactionary forces that eventually led to war with neighboring countries seeking to restore the monarchy.
The document provides background on the Age of Revolution from 1763 to 1848. It summarizes several major revolutions during this period including the American Revolution against British rule, the French Revolution which overthrew the French monarchy and established a republic, and the Haitian Revolution which established Haiti as the first black republic. It also discusses the spread of revolutionary ideals to Latin America, leading to independence movements against Spanish and Portuguese colonial rule. Overall, the document outlines how the Enlightenment era led to the decline of absolutism and rise of new constitutional states and republics across Europe and the Americas through major revolutionary events.
The document provides background on the Age of Revolution from 1763 to 1848. It summarizes several major revolutions during this period including the American Revolution against British rule, the French Revolution which overthrew the French monarchy and established a republic, and the Haitian Revolution which established Haiti as the first black republic. It also discusses the spread of revolutionary ideals to Latin America, leading to independence movements against Spanish and Portuguese colonial rule. Key influences included the ideas of the Enlightenment and desires for self-government and an end to colonialism and absolutism.
The French Revolution began in 1789 due to growing discontent with the French monarchy and the unequal system of the three estates. The Third Estate, made up of the commoners, demanded political reforms and more representation. This led to the formation of the National Assembly and the storming of the Bastille prison. The Assembly abolished the privileges of the nobility and clergy, declaring the equal rights of all citizens in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. However, economic troubles and military defeats weakened the new government and radical factions grew which ultimately overthrew the monarchy.
The french revolution overview and timeline- version 2.0Cam314
The French Revolution began in 1789 due to economic troubles in France and tensions between the three estates. The Third Estate demanded more rights and representation, leading to the storming of the Bastille and the Great Fear among peasants. The National Assembly was formed and abolished many privileges of the nobility, declaring France a constitutional monarchy. However, internal conflicts and war with other European nations escalated tensions. The monarchy was abolished and Louis XVI was executed, ushering in the Reign of Terror under Robespierre. Napoleon later took control of France and established the Napoleonic Code but was eventually defeated by other European powers. The Congress of Vienna was held to stabilize Europe and restore monarchies, but could not fully contain the
The French Revolution began in 1788 when King Louis XVI called the Estates-General to address France's financial troubles. This led to tensions between the three estates, and the formation of the National Assembly by the Third Estate. On July 14, 1789, the storming of the Bastille prison by Parisians marked the start of the Revolution. The National Assembly abolished feudalism and declared basic rights and liberties in the Declaration of the Rights of Man. However, the Revolution grew increasingly radical as outside powers invaded France and the Reign of Terror began, with Robespierre sending thousands to the guillotine until his own execution in 1794. The Revolution transformed France from a monarchy to a democratic republic and
2. EEvvEEnnttss aanndd pprrooccEEssssEEss
The instances---occur only once---lifetime---person---impact forever.
They are termed---EEVVEENNTTSS
A series actions---occurring---before and after the events---termed---
PPRROOCCEESSSSEESS
Events and processes---interrelated.
Eg. Marriage---fix date, time, month, year---Event
Preparations for the marriage and changes in the life after marriage---
Processes
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rreevvoolluuttiioonn??
A revolution is a fundamental
change in power or
organizational structures that
takes place in a relatively short
period of time.
A forcible overthrow of a
government or social order, in
favor of a new system.
Any fundamental change or
reversal of condition.
QQ.. WWhhaatt aarree tthhee
ccaauusseess ffoorr tthhee
FFrreenncchh rreevvoolluuttiioonn??
Political cause---poor leadership
Economic cause---financial crisis
Social causes---inequalities in
society
Immediate cause---record cold
and widespread hunger
Intellectual cause---enlightenment
ideas
5. tthhEE FFrrEEnncchh rrEEvvoolluuttiioonn
On the morning---14th July 1789—city of Paris—alarm
The king---commanded---move into the city
Rumours---command---army—open fire---citizens
7000---men and women---gathered---in front of---town hall---to form
peoples’ militia.
They broke into---govt. buildings---in search---arms
Questns: (1mk each)
1) When was the city of Paris in the state of alarm?
2) What was the reason for alarming? or what rumours were
spreading in the city?
3) How many people had gathered? where? why?
4) What did the people do?
Or
1)Explain what happened on the morning of 14th July 1789?
(4mks)
6. tthhEE FFoorrttrrEEssss pprriissoonn------
BBaassttiillllEE
Several people---marched---
eastern part of the city---
stormed---the fortress prison---
Bastille
People hoped---to find---
hoarded ammunition
The commander---killed
There were only 7 inmates---
freed
Bastille---demolished---stone
fragments—sold in markets---
souvenir---destruction
Questn:1 mk each)
1) Which was the fortress
prison that was stormed?
2) How many inmates were
there?
7. tthhEE FFrrEEnncchh rrEEvvoolluuttiioonn
Rioting in Paris and countryside---increased
Protests---against---high price of bread
These protests---beginning of a chain of events---led to---execution
on the king in France
Such outcomes----not anticipated
Questions?(1mk each)
1) Why did the people protest?
2) What was the result of such protests?
3) Were these protests the end of the revolution?
Or
1) What happened after the storming of the fortress prison
, the Bastille ? (2mks)
8. What led to the French revolution????
or
What were the reasons that led to such events in
France????????
Why was the Bastille prison stormed????
Why did the price of bread hike????
Why did the people react so violently???
Let’s understand it one by one.
9. FFrrEEnncchh ssoocciiEEttyy dduurriinngg tthhEE
llaattEE EEiigghhttEEEEnntthh ccEEnnttuurryy
In 1774---Louis XVI---Bourbon family---
ascended---throne---France
He was 20yrs---married---Austrian
princess---Marie Antoinette
She ---fond---lavish lifestyle
She later became known as Madame
Deficit
The royal family was subsequently
imprisoned at the Temple Prison.
Louis XVI was deposed and the
monarchy abolished
Marie Antoinette, after her husband's
execution was convicted by the
Revolutionary Tribunal of treason, and
executed by guillotine.
10. tthhEE ppaallaaccEE ooFF
vvEErrssaaiillllEEss
Versailles was a country village
when the palace was built.
Today it is a wealthy suburb of
Paris, some 20 kilometers
southwest of the French capital.
The court of Versailles was the
center of political power in
France from 1682
The royal family was forced to
return to the capital after the
beginning of the French
Revolution.
Versailles is therefore famous
not only as a building, but as a
symbol of the system of absolute
monarchy.
11. FFrrEEnncchh ssoocciiEEttyy dduurriinngg tthhEE
llaattEE EEiigghhttEEEEnntthh ccEEnnttuurryy
France---supported 13 American colonies---7 yr war with Britain---
independence.
This led---billion livers---debt
Lavish life style of the royal family.
Maintenance---court---palace of Versailles
The royal treasury---empty
Lenders---began charging---10%interest on loans
So the French govt---spend increasing %---budget---interest payments
To meet expenses---cost of maintaining army, court, running govt
offices or universities---govt increased taxes.
Livers-unit of currency used before 1794.
Q.1 For what did the govt spend its maximum budget? (1 mk)
Why did the govt increase taxes?(1 mk)
12. ssoocciiaall ccaauussEE
French society in the eighteenth century was divided into three
estates.
The society of the estates was part of the feudal system.
Thus the society and institutions of France before 1789 is usually
termed as Old or Ancient Regime.
King at the top and the estates under him.
Only members of the third estate paid taxes.
This also became one of the major cause that led to French Revolution
13. AA SSoocciieettyy ooff eeSSttAAtteeSS
1st estate
2nd estate
3rd estate
Clergy
Nobility
Big businessmen,
merchants, court officials,
lawyers, etc.
Peasants and artisans
Small peasants, landless
labor, servants
14. the three eStAteS
Q. In what ways did the three estates vary widely?
Ans-In terms of work and taxes that they contributed.
16. tthhrreeee eeSSttAAtteeSS
The nobles enjoyed feudal privileges---extracting feudal dues---
peasants
Peasants---render services to lord---work in his house & field---also
serve army---build roads, etc.
The Church---extracted taxes---peasants called tithes.---10% of total
agricultural produce
All members of third estate---direct taxes to the state---called taille &
indirect taxes---salt or tobacco.
Thus third estate alone---bear---burden of financing---state---taxes
Questions(1mk each)
1. What is tithe?
2. What is taille?
3. Which estate borne the burden of financing activities of
the state?
17. tthhee SSttrruuggggllee ttoo
SSuurrvviivvee
The population---rose---23million in 1715---28 million in 1789
This led---increase in demand---grains
Production of grains---slow---could not keep pace with the demand
In the 1780s, a strong El Nino had formed over the Americas causing
several bitterly cold winters in Europe.
Reports in the winter of 1788 were of hail so large that it could kill a
man unfortunate enough to be caught in the storm.
The bitter cold spell damaged the wheat harvest, which led to a
shortage of wheat.
As a result---price of bread—staple diet of the majority---rose rapidly
This jump in prices hurt the poorest of the citizens.
18. tthhee SSttrruuggggllee ttoo
SSuurrvviivvee
Workers(laborers)---workshops---fixed wages---did not---increase
Thus gap between---poor & rich---widened
Things worsened---drought or hail---as harvest reduced
This led---subsistence crisis---an extreme situation where
basic means of livelihood are endangered.
This occurred frequently in Old Regime
Questions:
1. What was the staple food of the majority of the people
in France?
2. What is subsistence crisis?
3. What was the cause of increase in the price of the
bread?
19. SSuubbSSiiSStteennccee ccrriiSSiiSS
Bad
harvest
Scarcity
of grains
Rising
food
prices
The poorest can
no longer buy
bread
Food
riots
Weaker
bodies
Diseases
and
epidemics
Increased
number of
deaths
20. AA ggrroowwiinngg mmiiddddllee ccllAASSSS
eennvviiSSAAggeeSS AAnn eenndd ttoo pprriivviilleeggeeSS
In the past---peasants & workers---revolted---increasing taxes and food
scarcity
But they lacked---means & program---bring change---social & economic
People---third estate---prosperous & access---education & new ideas---
take up---responsibility---bring the change
The eighteenth century---witnessed---emergence---social groups---
termed middle class
This class---earned wealth---expanding overseas trade & manufacture
of goods---woollen & silk textiles---sold to richer members of the society
or exported
21. AA ggrroowwiinngg mmiiddddllee ccllAASSSS
eennvviiSSAAggeeSS AAnn eenndd ttoo pprriivviilleeggeeSS
The professionals---lawyers or administrative officers---third estate---
believed---no group in society---any privileges by birth
A person’s social position---depend---merit
These ideas envisaging a society based---freedom, equal laws &
opportunities for all---put forward---philosophers---John Locke & Jean
Jacques Rousseau.
Locke—his book---Two Treaties of Govt.---refuted the doctrine---
divine & absolute right of the monarch.
Rousseau---proposed---form of govt---based---social contract between---
people & their representatives
Montesquieu---The Spirit of Law—-political theory--- proposed---
division of power----within the govt---btw—legislative, executive &
judiciary
23. AA ggrroowwiinngg mmiiddddllee ccllAASSSS
eennvviiSSAAggeeSS AAnn eenndd ttoo pprriivviilleeggeeSS
America---after the independence---thirteen colonies---put into force---
model of govt
American constitution & its individual rights guarantee---inspired
political thinkers in France
The ideas---discussed---salons & coffee houses & spread thru books &
newspapers
These ideas---read aloud---illiterates to understand
The news---Louis XVI---planning---impose further taxes---meet expenses
--- state---generated anger & protest---against---system of privileges
Envisages– a desirable future event
24. tthhee oouuttbbrreeAAkk ooff tthhee
rreevvoolluuttiioonn
In France of Old Regime---monarch alone did not---power---impose
taxes
He---call---meeting---Estates General---pass his proposals---new taxes
Estates General---a political body to which the three estates sent their
representatives
But monarch---alone---decide when to call a meeting
The last meeting---1614
On 5th May 1789---Louis XVI---called---assembly---Estates General---
pass---proposal of new taxes
The resplendent(attractive) hall in Versailles---prepared---host the
delegates
The 1st & 2nd estates---300 representatives each---seated—facing each
other
600 members---third estate---prosperous & educated members---stood
back
25. TThhee oouuTTbbrreeaakk ooff TThhee
rreevvoolluuTTiioonn
Peasants, women & artisans---denied entry
Their grievances & demands---listed---40,000 letters
Voting in the assembly--- each estate---one vote
But now---third estate---demanded---every member---one vote
This democratic principle---put forward---philosophers---Rousseau---in
his book---The Social Contract
When the king---rejected---members of 3rd estate---walked out---in
protest
Questions:
1. When was the meeting of Estates General called by Louis
XVI?
2. How many members were represented from each estate?
3. What were the demand of the third estate?
26. TThhee oouuTTbbrreeaakk ooff TThhee
rreevvoolluuTTiioonn
The Tennis Court Oath was a
pivotal event during the first days
of the French Revolution.
This day---the 3rd estate
representatives declared
themselves---National Assembly---
swore---not to disperse---till they
drafted---Constitution for France
Mirabeau---born---noble family---
convinced---need to do away with a
society of feudal privileges---
delivered powerful speeches
Abbe Sieyes---priest---wrote---
influential pamphlet---what is the
3rd estate?
These two people led the members
of 3rd estate on 20th June 1789
27. TThhee oouuTTbbrreeaakk ooff TThhee
rreevvoolluuTTiioonn
While the National Assembly---drafting Constitution---rest of France---
seethed with turmoil
A severe winter---bad harvest---raising bread price---bakers exploited
the situation---hoarding supplies
After hrs---waiting in queues---crowds of angry women---stormed---
shops
The king---ordered---troops---move---Paris
The agitated crowd---stormed & destroyed---Bastille---on 14th July
The rumors spread---lords of manor---hired---bands of brigands---
destroy---ripe crops
Out of frenzy fear---peasants---attacked Chateaux
They looted hoarded grain & burnt down documents---manorial dues
Many nobles---fled or migrated---neighboring countries
Turmoil– uncertainty; frenzy– mad
Seethed—intense anger; Brigands- robbers
28. TThhee oouuTTbbrreeaakk ooff TThhee
rreevvoolluuTTiioonn
As a result of the revolt---Louis XVI---accorded recognition---National
Assembly---accepted---principle---his powers---checked---constitution
On 4th August---Assembly passed---decree abolishing---feudal system of
obligations & taxes like tithes
Members of clergy---forced---give up---privileges
Lands owned---Churches---confiscated
The govt acquired assets worth at least 2 billion livers
Questions:
1. What is manor?---an estate consisting of the lord’s lands
and his mansion.
2. What is Chateaux?---castles or stately residences belonging
to a king or a nobleman
3. What was decided on the night of 4th August 1789?
29. ffrraannccee bbeeccoommeess aa
ccoonnssTTiiTTuuTTiioonnaall mmoonnaarrcchhyy
National Assembly completed---draft of constitution---1791
Its main object---
a. limit monarch’s power &
b. instead of concentrating all the powers in one person’s hand assign
them to diff institutions-legislature, executive and judiciary
Thus France became a Constitutional Monarchy
The Constitution---vested law making power---National Assembly
Citizens voted---electors---who chose---Assembly
Voting rights---not---all citizens
Only men above 25 yrs---paid taxes equal---3 days of a laborer’s wage---
given status---active citizens---eligible of voting
Remaining men & all women---passive citizens
To qualify---elector & member of Assembly---a man---belong---highest
bracket---tax payers
30. ffrraannccee bbeeccoommeess aa
ccoonnssTTiiTTuuTTiioonnaall mmoonnaarrcchhyy
The Constitution began---Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen
Rights such---right to life, freedom of speech & opinion, equality before
law---established---natural & inalienable’ rights
These rights belonged---each human being by birth---not taken away
It---duty---state---protect---citizen’s natural rights
Questions:
1. What is meant by natural & inalienable rights?
2. Who were allowed to vote or become a member of the
assembly?
3. When was the constitution drafted? What was its main
objective?
31. ffrraannccee bbeeccoommeess aa
ccoonnssTTiiTTuuTTiioonnaall mmoonnaarrcchhyy
Original manuscript of the
Constitution written in Polish
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the
Citizen, or of August 1789 is a fundamental
document of the French Revolution and in the
history of human rights.
32. ffrraannccee aabboolliisshheess mmoonnaarrcchhyy
aanndd bbeeccoommeess aa rreeppuubblliicc
The situation in France continued to be tense
In spite of signing the Constitution Louis XVI entered into secret
negotiations with the king of Prussia
Other neighboring countries also were worried with the developments
& were ready to support king Louis XVI
But before they could plan anything, the National Assembly voted in
April 1792 to declare war against Prussia & Austria
People sang patriotic songs like Marseillaise composed by Roget de
L’lsle.
The Marseillaise is now the national anthem of France.
This led to wars---brought losses & economic difficulties---people
Men---busy---war---women---task---livelihood---convincing people---carry
revolution further
33. ffrraannccee aabboolliisshheess mmoonnaarrcchhyy
aanndd bbeeccoommeess aa rreeppuubblliicc
Constitution---1791---political rights---richer sections---society
Thus political clubs---such as Jacobins---named after convent of St.
Jacob of Paris emerged---discuss govt. policies
Women too---active participant
Jacobin club---included---small shopkeepers, servants, daily-wage
earners & artisans---shoemakers, pastry cooks, watch-makers, printers
Questions: (1 mk each)
1) Against whom was the war declared? Who declared it?
2) What happened due to wars?
3) Who took up the task of earning livelihood?
4) Why were the political clubs formed?
5) Who were the members of Jacobin club?
34. ffrraannccee aabboolliisshheess mmoonnaarrcchhyy
aanndd bbeeccoommeess aa rreeppuubblliicc
Their leader- Maximilian
Robespierre
They decided---wear---long
stripped trousers---dock
workers---different from---
nobles---wore---knee breeches
Thus were called---sans-culottes---
means---those without
knee breeches
They also wore red cap
symbolizing liberty Q. Who was the leader?
Q. Who were sans-culottes?
35. ffrraannccee aabboolliisshheess mmoonnaarrcchhyy
aanndd bbeeccoommeess aa rreeppuubblliicc
In the summer 1792---Jacobin---
planned---insurrection
This was against---short supplies &
high prices of food.
On the morning of 10th Aug---
stormed---palace of Tuileries,
massacred king’s guards--- held
king--- hostage.
Assembly voted--- imprisoning royal
family
Elections--- now allowed--- men
above 21---to vote.
Newly elected assembly--- called---
Convention.
Insurrection--a violent uprising
against an authority or
government.
Questions:
1)What happened on 10th August
1792?
36. ffrraannccee aabboolliisshheess mmoonnaarrcchhyy aanndd
bbeeccoommeess aa rreeppuubblliicc
This governing body declared the abolition of the monarchy and
established France as a republic.
21September 1792---- Monarchy abolished--- France--- declared
Republic--- a form of Govt--- people elect--- Govt including its head---- no
hereditary Monarchy.
Louis XVI--- executed publicly--- 21st Jan 1793 at Place de la Concorde.
Queen Marie Antoinette--- same fate shortly.
1) When was Monarchy abolished in France?
2) When was Louis XVI executed?
3) What happened to Marie Antoinette?
37. TThhee rreeiiggnn ooff TTeerrrroorr
Period from 1793- 94--- Reign
of Terror
Robespierre--- Policy of severe
control and punishment.
Enemies of Republic--- Ex-nobles,
clergy, members of
other political parties, his own
party members who
disagreed--- imprisoned and
tried--- Revolutionary Tribunal.
Guilty were--- guillotined---
behead with a device
consisting---two poles & a
blade---named---Dr.Guillotine---
invented it
Questions:
1) Which period was termed as
Reign of Terror?(1 mk)
2) How did Robespierre govt
punish its enemies?(1 mk)
38. TThhee rreeiiggnn ooff TTeerrrroorr
Robespierre govt---issued laws---placing max---ceiling---wages & prices
Meat & bread---rationed
Peasants forced---transport their grains---cities & sell---prices fixed---
govt
Use of expensive white flour forbidden---whole wheat to be used
Equality practiced---speech & address
All men & women---citoyen & citoyenne---citizen instead of Monsieur &
Madame
Churches---shut down & turned---barracks or offices
Robespierre---pursued---policies---relentlessly
His supporters---demanded---moderation
Finally he---convicted by court---27th July 1794---arrested---next day sent
to guillotine
Barracks—houses or convents
Relentlessly—strictly
Q.1) Explain the laws issued by Robespierre govt?(2 mks)
39. AA ddiirreeccTToorryy rruulleess ffrrAAnnccee
Fall of Jacobin govt---allowed---wealthier middle class seize power
A new Constitution---denied---voting rights---non-propertied sections
It provided---two elected legislative councils---appointed---Directory---an
executive made--- five members
This meant---safeguarding against concentration of power in a one-man
executive as under Jacobins
However, Directors clashed with legislatives councils
The political instability---paved way---rise---military Dictator---Napoleon
Bonaparte
Through---changes---form of govt---ideals of freedom, equality before
law, fraternity remained inspiring ideals---motivated political
movements in France & rest of Europe---during---following century
Questions:
1) What were the inspiring ideals that motivated political
movements in France & rest of Europe? (1 mk)
2) How was the new Constitution?
40. ddiidd wwoommeenn hhAAvvee AA rreevvoolluuTTiioonn??
From beginning--- women--- active participants--- events--- brought
changes---- French society.
Most women--- third estate--- worked--- seamstress or laundresses,
domestic servant, sold flowers, fruits or vegetables--- for a living.
Most women--- no access--- education or job training.
Only daughters--- nobles or rich third estate--- studied at convent.
Working women---complete daily household chores---cook, fetch water,
queue up for bread and look after the children.
Their wages --- lower---men.
So to discuss & voice their interest--- started---political clubs & news
papers.
Questions:
1) Discuss the life of women of the third estate? (2 mks)
2) Why did women start political clubs & newspapers? (1 mk)
41. ddiidd wwoommeenn hhAAvvee AA rreevvoolluuTTiioonn??
Out of the 60 clubs the society of Revolutionary and Republic women---
most famous.
Main demands---enjoy equal political rights, be elected to the Assembly
& hold political office.
In the early years ---the Govt--- introduced laws---improve women's’
lives
Schooling---compulsory---girls
Marriage made---contract---entered---freely and registered under civil
Law.
Divorce---legal---applied---men & women.
Questions:
1) Which was the most famous women political club? (1 mk)
2) What laws were introduced by the govt in the early years?
(1 mk)
3) How was the life of women after the introduction of new
law?(1 mk)
42. ddiidd wwoommeenn hhAAvvee AA rreevvoolluuTTiioonn??
The women---trained for jobs,
Many prominent women---Olympe
become artists or run small
de Gouges---arrested & executed
business.
Their struggle for equal
political rights continued.
During the Reign of Terror---
closure of women political
clubs & activities---ordered
But the movements---contd---
next 200 yrs---i.e. late 19th &
20th centuries
The eg of political activities---
French women---kept alive---as
inspiring memory
Finally in 1946---women---voting
rights
Questions:
When did women finally got
their voting rights?(1 mk)
43. TThhee AAbboolliiTTiioonn ooff ssllAAvveerryy
Most revolutionary social reforms---Jacobin govt---abolition of slavery
The colonies---Caribbean---Martinique, Guadeloupe & San Domingo---
suppliers---tobacco, coffee, sugar & indigo
But Europeans---reluctant to work in far of places---leading to
shortage of labor
Thus triangular slave trade---Europe , Africa & Americas fixed this
problem---began in 17th century
French traders---sailed from ports of Bordeaux or Nantes---African
coast---buy slaves---local chieftains
Branded & shackled slaves packed tightly in ships---3 months voyage
---across Atlantic to Caribbean---sold to plantation owners
Questions: (1 mk each)
1) What did the colonies in the Caribbean supply?
2) Between whom did the slave trade begin?
3) How, why and from where were the slaves bought?
44. TThhee AAbboolliiTTiioonn ooff ssllAAvveerryy
The exploitation of slaves increased the demand for products in
markets
Thus these ports become economically prosperous
Throughout 18th century little criticism---slavery in France
National Assembly---long debates---regarding rights of man---all French
---including colonies
no law---passed---fearing opposition--businessmen
In 1794---the Convention---legislated---free all slaves
However 10 yrs later---Napoleon reintroduced slavery
Finally slavery--- abolished in French colonies in 1848
Questions:(1 mk each)
1) What led to the prosperity of the ports?
2) When did the Convention legislate to free all the slaves?
3) Who reintroduced slavery?
4) When was slavery finally abolished in French colonies?
45. The rreevvoolluuTTiioonn AAnndd eevveerryyddAAyy
lliiffee
The yrs following 1789 saw many changes in France
The revolutionary govt---passed laws---translate ideals of liberty &
equality
After storming of Bastille---one imp law came into effect---abolition of
censorship
In Old Regime---publications were approved by the censors of the king
Now the Declaration of the rights of Man & Citizen proclaimed freedom
to speech & expression as natural right
All reading materials---books, newspapers & pamphlets---described &
discussed events & changes---France
Freedom of press also meant that opposing views could be expressed
Plays, songs & festive processions---spread the ideas of liberty &
justice that political philosophers wrote at length in texts---read by
handful of educated men
46. ccoonncclluussiioonn
In 1804---Napoleon Bonaparte crowned---Emperor of France
He conquered neighboring countries---placed his family members there
He saw himself as modernizer of Europe
He introduced laws---protection of private property, uniform system of
weights & measures
Initially Napoleon---seen as liberator but soon found him to be invading
force
He was defeated at Waterloo in 1815
Many of his revolutionary ideas of liberty & modern laws had ever
lasting impact on people
These ideas were most important legacy of French Revolution---spread
to rest of Europe---19th century---abolishing feudal system
Colonized people reworked from bondage to sovereign nation state
Indians---Tipu Sultan and Raja Ram Mohan Roy responded to the ideas
of French Revolution.