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FOREST PRESENTATION 1.pptx
- 2. CONTENTS DEFINITION 01 HISTORY 02 DIFFERENT TYPES 03 USE 04 05 THEFOREST ISSUES 07 06 SOLUTIONS THE FOREST IN FRANCE/TUNISIA/CAMEROUN
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- 4. DEFINITION Land spanning morethan 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 meters and a canopy cover of more than 10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ. Parameter UNFCCC CBD FRA Binary parameters Young stands 1 1 1 Temporarily unstocked areas 1 0 1 Non-forest land uses 0 1 1 Agroforestry 0 ? 1 Threshold parameters Min. area (ha) 0.05-1.0 0.5 0.5 Min. height (m) 2-5 5 5 Crown cover (%) 10-30 10 10 Temporary (years) n/a n/a ~10 Strip width (m) n/a n/a 20 UNFCCC: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change CBD: Convention on Biological Diversity FRA: Global Forest Ressources Assesment (Food and agriculture organisation FAO)
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- 6. Boreal forest Boreal forest Borealforest Deciduous forest Tropical rainforest Tropical rainforest Tropical rainforest Deciduous forest Deciduous forest Where in the world?
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- 8. HISTORY The first trees Throughouthistory, plants developed time and time again the tree form. The first "tree" appears during the Devonian period, between 350 and 420 million years ago. This Progymnosperm is called Archaeopteris. Its wood resembles that of conifers, its trunk is thick, and it can reach up to 50 m. But it reproduces with spores, much like ferns. During the Carboniferous era, the Lycopsids division reinvents secondary thickening and foliage. Some also reach 50 m. Those strange trees have a predetermined growth in height and ramification, and grow very fast but die after sporulation. The remains of those ancient forests transformed in today's coal. Today, there is about a thousand Lycopsid species, all herbaceous plants. From the Jurassic (the dinosaur era), we find two venerable ancestors: the Wollemi pine (Wollemia nobilis), a conifer species older than 150 million years, and from which only 40 individuals survived to this day; and the Ginkgo biloba, a Gymnosperm so ancient that it precedes the evolution of seeds (its "fruits" are really naked ovules).
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- 10. HISTORY The first trees Researchersanalyzing one of the radial Archaeopteris tree root systems at the Cairo, New York, site by CHARLES VER STRAETEN
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- 13. Different types of forests Deciduousforest Boreal forest
- 14. Let’s explore our tropicalrainforests
- 15. Variety of life Greathornbill Grizzly bear Orangutan Poison dart frog Ring-tailed lemur Siberian tiger
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- 17. Forests What they dofor us and the planet Medicine Paper Rainfall Timber Oxygen Food
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- 19. What’s the problem? Forestsare being cleared for agriculture, often to grow food for animals. Wood is used by more than a quarter of the world’s popula tion for cooking and heating. Fragmented forests cannot support animals such as grizzly bears or Siberian tigers, as they need large areas of continuous forest to survive. In many parts of the world, illegal logging is leading to loss of forests.
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- 21. Forests are resilient. Forestsare naturally resilient and areas cleared of tree cover can spring back to life if given a chance, even after huge forest fires. Natural fires started by lightning may seem to be a terrible thing for forests, but they often allow them to grow back stronger and to support a wider variety of animals and plants. Some pine trees are adapted to frequent forest fires and have cones that only open to release seeds in the heat of a fierce fire. The ash after a fire is filled with nutrients and perfect for new plants and trees to grow.
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- 23. Individual actions • Thinkcarefully about how we use products made from wood • Buy reused or recycled materi als when possible • Buy products that come from a well managed forest (with an FSC label) • Hold businesses to account • Ask politicians to protect forests What can we do? Global change • Allow areas that have lost tree cover to regrow • Carefully manage existing and newly planted forests
- 24. 07 THE FOREST IN 1.France 2. Tunisia 3. Iameroun
- 25. THE FOREST MANAGEMENT INFRANCE Metropolitan France contains a total of 16,900,000 hectares (65,000 sq mi) of tree coverage, with 13,800,000 hectares (53,000 sq mi) considered to be forestry by the National Forest Inventory (IFN). Of those 13,800,000 hectares (53,000 sq mi), 8,700,000 hectares (34,000 sq mi) consist of leafy forests while the remaining 5,100,000 hectares (20,000 sq mi) consist of evergreen forests. The majority of forestry in French overseas departments is found in French Guiana, which contains 7,500,000 hectares (29,000 sq mi) of forests. 3,700,000 hectares (14,000 sq mi) of forests in France are publicly owned, with the remaining 10,100,000 hectares (39,000 sq mi) being privately owned. Two-thirds of privately owned forests are larger than 10 hectares (25 acres), and 48% are larger than 25 hectares (62 acres). The ONF is a governmental agency based in Paris that manages the state forests, city forests and biological reserves. At the end of the 20th century, the extension of the wooded area was mainly due to agricultural abandonment (approximately 80,000 ha per year).
- 26. THE FOREST MANAGEMENT INFRANCE Forest is mostly private in France. Three quarters of the metropolitan French forest area belongs to private owners, which makes up 12.8 millions of hectares. State-owned forests represent 9 % of metropolitan forested area, the rest being represented by other public forests, mainly communal forests. In Europe, France is one of the countries with the highest proportion of privately-owned forest, behind Portugal, Austria and Sweden (cf. Global forest resources assessment - 2015). The share of public forest has slightly decreased since the last century, which means that the expansion of the forested area is essentially due to privately-owned forests (cf. State of Europe’s Forests 2020). In metropolitan France, the forests have nearly 190 different species.
- 27. THE FOREST MANAGEMENT INFRANCE Proportion of privately-owned forests by administrative region
- 28. THE FOREST MANAGEMENT INTUNISIA In Tunisia all forest areas are public: in order to use forest products, producers and firms should go through a tendering system subject to Article 18 of the Tunisian forestry code, organized each year by the Tunisian Forestry authority. Small firms and the local populations are facing many difficulties to use available resources legally. Forests and woody vegetation cover a total area of 1.3 million hectares in 2015, or 8% of the country's area, or 1 million hectares of forests and 0.3 million hectares of shrubs and other wooded land. Tunisian natural forests have nearly 40 different species. The DGF is promoting a new form of sustainable management for forest resources: Concluding contracts between the organized local community and the administration to improve their livelihood and to protect forestal areas.
- 29. THE FOREST MANAGEMENT INTUNISIA
- 30. THE FOREST MANAGEMENT INCAMEROUN
- 31. THE FOREST MANAGEMENT INCAMEROUN The forest of Cameroon is the second largest forest massif in Africa after the Congo basin. With an es timated area of 22 million hectares of forests, that is to say nearly 45% of the total area of the co untry. The management of the forests is organized by the state of Cameroon, as it defines the general policy of the forestry sector and the laws, and grants my exploitation rights. The decentralization of forest management is part of these new management mechanisms and new f orms of forest governance driven by external pressure actors (the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and environmental NGO). However, the analysis of the implementation of decentralized management methods focuses first on forest management and the annual forest fee, then on the communal forest and the community forest.
- 32. The interaction betweenthe different actors for the communal forest
- 33. The interaction betweenthe different actors for the forest community
- 34. The most exploitedspecies by the formal sector in Cameroon
- 35. IROKO : durableexotic wood species for outdoor use
- 36. Sapelli : Exoticwood used in fine carpentry and interior design
Editor's Notes
- #6 Forests cover almost one third of our planet’s land surface and are home to over half of the species found on land. About 300 million people live in forests and over one billion people depend on them for their livelihood.
- #7 There are different types of forests on our planet, but they all contain a delicate balance of plants, animals, fungi and bacteria. These include boreal forests in the far north, deciduous forests further south (Western and Central Europe, East Asia and the Eastern United States) and rainforests along the equator.
- #12 Let’s have a look at the world’s forests. Click to watch illustrative biome tour of our forests: https://www.ourplanet.com/en/video/biome-tour-of-our-forests/
- #14 Forests located far from the equator experience changes in temperature and daylight throughout the year due to the tilting of the earth. The plant and animal species they harbour are well adapted to these changes. These include deciduous and coniferous forests. In deciduous forests, the trees shed their leaves every year in the autumn, so that they avoid damage caused by cold and snow. Coniferous forests are made up mostly of evergreen trees. Conifers have leaves all year round. Their needle-shaped leaves have a waxy coating that helps them cope with extremely cold or dry conditions.
- #15 The forests with the most plentiful and diverse wildlife are tropical rainforests. These forests grow near the equator, where it is hot and humid all year round. Let’s have a look. Click to watch illustrative biome tour of our tropical rainforests: https://www.ourplanet.com/en/video/biome-tour-of-our-jungles
- #16 Many of these animals play an essential part of the forest ecology. Birds and other animals spread seeds across the forest through their droppings, helping new plants and trees to grow. Predators such as the Siberian tiger keep deer populations under control, which stops overgrazing from damaging the forest.
- #18 Forests provide us with many resources, including food, paper, timber, medicines, and even the air we breathe. Forests also play an important role filtering, storing and distributing freshwater. Over three quarters of the freshwater humans can access comes from forests. Forests are the lungs of our planet and soak up carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases that cause climate change.
- #20 Forests are under threat. Every year, 8.8 million hectares of natural forest are cut down – that’s an area the size of a football pitch every second. In the Amazon basin, an area of rainforest around the size of 3 football pitches is being cut down every minute Forests are being cleared for timber and agriculture (often to grow food for animals). Wood is still used by more than a quarter of the world’s people for cooking and heating. Building roads, railways, electric pylons and pipelines lead to fragmentation of forests, having an impact on wildlife.
- #21 Forests are naturally resilient and areas cleared of tree cover can spring back to life if given a chance, even after huge forest fires. Natural fires started by lightning may seem to be a terrible thing for forests, but they often allow them to grow back stronger and to support a wider variety of animals and plants. Some pine trees are adapted to frequent forest fires and have cones that only open to release seeds in the heat of a fierce fire. The ash after a fire is filled with nutrients and perfect for new plants and trees to grow.
- #22 Forests are naturally resilient and areas cleared of tree cover can spring back to life if given a chance, even after huge forest fires. Natural fires started by lightning may seem to be a terrible thing for forests, but they often allow them to grow back stronger and to support a wider variety of animals and plants. Some pine trees are adapted to frequent forest fires and have cones that only open to release seeds in the heat of a fierce fire. The ash after a fire is filled with nutrients and perfect for new plants and trees to grow.
- #24 We can all play a role in creating a more sustainable future through our own actions.