This document discusses Newton's three laws of motion. Newton's first law states that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an external force. Newton's second law relates force, mass, and acceleration using the equation F=ma. Newton's third law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. The document also covers concepts such as inertia, momentum, impulse, and conservation of momentum.
Newton's First Law of Motion: I. Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state of motion unless an external force is applied to it. This we recognize as essentially Galileo's concept of inertia, and this is often termed simply the "Law of Inertia".
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Newton's First Law of Motion: I. Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state of motion unless an external force is applied to it. This we recognize as essentially Galileo's concept of inertia, and this is often termed simply the "Law of Inertia".
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
2. NEWTON’S FIRST LAW
An object at rest will remain at rest and
an object in motion will continue in
motion at a constant velocity unless
acted upon by a net force
3. NEWTON’S FIRST LAW
Newton’s First Law of Motion
“Law of Inertia”
Inertia
tendency of an object to resist any
change in its motion
increases as mass increases
4. INERTIA
Inertia is the tendency to resist change in
motion
Change in motion is always caused by a
force
An object will keep doing what it’s doing
until a force acts on it
5. MASS AND INERTIA
Massive objects resist change in motion
Objects with more mass need larger forces to
change their motion
6. NEWTON’S 1ST LAW
An object at rest (still) will
stay at rest until a force acts
on it.
An object in motion will stay
in motion until a force acts
on it.
7. NEWTON’S 1ST LAW
You aren’t wearing a seatbelt while driving
(NOT a good idea). You run your car into a
wall. Your car stops, but you remain in
motion, so you fly through the windshield.
If you’re wearing your seatbelt, you slow
down with the car. Airbags can reduce the
force of the impact.
8. FORCE, MASS, AND ACCELERATION
Exerting a larger
force on an
object causes a
greater change
in velocity.
A greater change in velocity means there is greater
acceleration.
9. NEWTON’S SECOND LAW
Newton’s Second Law of Motion
The acceleration of an object is
directly proportional to the net force
acting on it and inversely
proportional to its mass.
AKA-When mass goes up,
acceleration goes down, and when
force goes up, acceleration goes up
F = ma
10. FORCE, MASS, AND ACCELERATION
If the same force is exerted on a more
massive and a less massive object, the
more massive object can’t accelerate as
much.
The more massive object will have a
lower velocity.
11. NEWTON’S SECOND LAW
F = ma
F: force (N)
m: mass (kg)
a: accel (m/s2)
1 N = 1 kg ·m/s2
a
m
F
a
F
m
12. GRAVITY
Gravity
force of attraction between any two
objects in the universe
increases as...
mass increases (one or both
objects)
distance decreases
13. GRAVITY
Who experiences more gravity - the
astronaut or the politician?
less
distance
more
mass
Which exerts more gravity -
the Earth or the moon?
14. GRAVITY
Weight
the force of gravity on an object
MASS
always the same
(kg)
WEIGHT
depends on gravity
(N)
W = mg
W: weight (N)
m: mass (kg)
g: acceleration
due to gravity
(m/s2)
15. GRAVITY
Would you weigh more on Earth
or Jupiter?
greater gravity
greater weight
greater mass
Jupiter because...
16. GRAVITY
Accel. due to gravity (g)
In the absence of air
resistance, all falling objects
have the same acceleration!
On Earth: g = 9.8 m/s2
m
W
g
elephant
m
W
g
feather
Animation from “Multimedia Physics Studios.”
17. CALCULATIONS
What force would be required to
accelerate a 40 kg mass by 4 m/s2?
GIVEN:
F = ?
m = 40 kg
a = 4 m/s2
WORK:
F = ma
F = (40 kg)(4 m/s2)
F = 160 N
m
F
a
18. CALCULATIONS
A 4.0 kg shotput is thrown with 30 N of
force. What is its acceleration?
GIVEN:
m = 4.0 kg
F = 30 N
a = ?
WORK:
a = F ÷ m
a = (30 N) ÷ (4.0 kg)
a = 7.5 m/s2
m
F
a
19. CALCULATIONS
Mrs. Ellis weighs 572 N. What is her
mass?
GIVEN:
F(W) = 572 N
m = ?
a(g) = 9.8 m/s2
WORK:
m = F ÷ a
m = (572 N) ÷ (9.8 m/s2)
m = 58.4 kg
m
F
a
20. CONCEPTEST
Is the following statement true or false?
An astronaut has less mass on the moon
since the moon exerts a weaker
gravitational force.
False! Mass does not depend on
gravity, weight does. The astronaut has
less weight on the moon.
21. FREE-FALL
Free-Fall
when an object is influenced only
by the force of gravity
Weightlessness
sensation produced when an
object and its surroundings are in
free-fall
object is not weightless!
CUP DEMO
23. FREE-FALL
NASA’s KC-135 - “The Vomit Comet”
Go
to
NASA.
Go
to
CNN.com.
Go
to
Space
Settlement
Video
Library.
Space Shuttle Missions
24. CONCEPTEST 1
TRUE or FALSE:
An astronaut on the Space Shuttle
feels weightless because there is no
gravity in space.
FALSE!
There is gravity which is causing the
Shuttle to free-fall towards the Earth.
She feels weightless because she’s
free-falling at the same rate.
25. NEWTON’S THIRD LAW
Newton’s Third Law of Motion
When one object exerts a force on a second object, the
second object exerts an equal but opposite force on the
first.
26. NEWTON’S THIRD LAW
One object exerts a force on the second object
The second exerts a force back that is equal in
strength, but opposite in direction
27. NEWTON’S THIRD LAW
Problem:
How can a horse
pull a cart if the cart
is pulling back on
the horse with an equal but
opposite force?
NO!!!
Aren’t these “balanced forces”
resulting in no acceleration?
28. NEWTON’S THIRD LAW
forces are equal and opposite but
act on different objects
they are not “balanced forces”
the movement of the horse
depends on the forces acting on
the horse
Explanation:
29. NEWTON’S THIRD LAW
Action and Reaction
forces do not cancel –
they can act on different
objects or spread in
different directions
30. NEWTON’S THIRD LAW
Action-Reaction Pairs
The hammer exerts
a force on the nail
to the right.
The nail exerts an
equal but opposite
force on the
hammer to the left.
31. NEWTON’S THIRD LAW
Action-Reaction Pairs
The rocket exerts a
downward force on the
exhaust gases.
The gases exert an
equal but opposite
upward force on the
rocket.
FG
FR
32. NEWTON’S THIRD LAW
Action-Reaction Pairs
Both objects accelerate.
The amount of acceleration
depends on the mass of the object.
a F
m
Small mass more acceleration
Large mass less acceleration
34. MOMENTUM:
inertia in motion
when you’re moving,
momentum keeps you
moving
an object with lots of
momentum is hard to stop
35. MOMENTUM:
p = mv
p = momentum (in kg m/s)
m = mass (in kg)
v = velocity (in m/s)
momentum is a vector quantity, so a complete
answer will include magnitude and direction
m
p
v
36. IS IT POSSIBLE FOR A MOTORCYCLE AND
A LARGE TRUCK TO HAVE THE SAME
MOMENTUM?
m = 40,000 kg
m = 400 kg
37. MOMENTUM
Find the momentum of a bumper car if it
has a total mass of 280 kg and a velocity
of 3.2 m/s.
GIVEN:
p = ?
m = 280 kg
v = 3.2 m/s
WORK:
p = mv
p = (280 kg)(3.2 m/s)
p = 896 kg·m/s
m
p
v
38. MOMENTUM
The momentum of a second bumper car
is 675 kg·m/s. What is its velocity if its
total mass is 300 kg?
GIVEN:
p = 675 kg·m/s
m = 300 kg
v = ?
WORK:
v = p ÷ m
v = (675 kg·m/s)÷(300 kg)
v = 2.25 m/s
m
p
v
39. EXAMPLE:
WHAT IS THE MOMENTUM OF A 150 KG
DEFENSIVE TACKLE AT 5 M/S NORTH
TOWARDS THE END ZONE?
40. EXAMPLE:
WHAT IS THE MOMENTUM OF A 325
POUND DEFENSIVE TACKLE AT 5 M/S
NORTH TOWARDS THE END ZONE?
m = 150 kg)
v = 5 m/s north
p = mv
momentum
p = (150 kg) (5 m/s)
p = 750 kg m/s north
41. TO CHANGE THE MOMENTUM OF AN
OBJECT, YOU MUST CHANGE…
mass and/or velocity
usually velocity changes
change in velocity is acceleration
to make an object accelerate, a force is required
So a force causes a change in the momentum of an
object.
Size of force and the time the force acts both affect
change in momentum.
42. THE IMPORTANCE OF “FOLLOWING
THROUGH” IN SPORTS
The follow-through
increases the time of
collision and thus
increases the change in
momentum, making the
ball have a higher
velocity!
43. IMPULSE:
what changes the momentum
Depends on force and time of collision
Impulse = Ft
Impulse = change of momentum
units for impulse are same as units for momentum
Impulse = Δp
OR
Ft = m(Δv)
F
I
t
m
I
Δv
44. EXAMPLE:
A HOCKEY PLAYER APPLIES AN AVERAGE
FORCE OF 80.0 N TO A 0.25 KG HOCKEY
PUCK FOR A TIME OF 0.10 SECONDS.
DETERMINE THE IMPULSE EXPERIENCED
BY THE HOCKEY PUCK.
45. EXAMPLE:
A HOCKEY PLAYER APPLIES AN AVERAGE
FORCE OF 80.0 N TO A 0.25 KG HOCKEY
PUCK FOR A TIME OF 0.10 SECONDS.
DETERMINE THE IMPULSE EXPERIENCED
BY THE HOCKEY PUCK.
F = 80.0 N
t = 0.10 s
Impulse = Ft
impulse
Impulse = (80.0 N) (0.1 s)
Impulse = 8 N s
Impulse = 8 kg m/s
kg m/s2
N
F
I
t
46. EXAMPLE #2
What is the change in momentum (impulse) of a
950 kg car that travels from 40 m/s to 31 m/s?
GIVEN:
I = ?
m = 950 kg
Δv = 40-31 m/s
= 9 m/s
WORK:
I = m Δ v
I = (950 kg)(9m/s)
I = 8550 kg·m/s
m
I
Δv
47. EXAMPLE #3
If the from the last problem had an impulse of 8550
kg*m/s, and it took 30 seconds to change speeds,
then what force caused the change?
GIVEN:
I = 8550 kg* m/s
F = ? N
t= 30 s
WORK:
F= I÷ t
F = (8550)÷ (30)
F = 285 N
F
I
t
48. THE EFFECT OF COLLISION TIME UPON THE
FORCE
Impulse (kg m/s) Time (s) Force (N)
100 1 100
100 2 50
100 4 25
100 10 10
100 25 4
100 50 2
100 100 1
100 1000 0.1
F
I
t
49. TIME AND FORCE ARE ________
PROPORTIONAL.
For an object in a collision,
to decrease the effect of the force, the time
must be increased
To Increase the effect of the force, the time
must be decreased.
inversely
50. AIR BAGS
Air bags increase the
time allowed to stop
the momentum of the
driver and passenger,
decreasing the force
of impact.
Time increases 100
times!
Force decreases
100 times!
51. USE OF MATS IN SPORTS
Mats increase the time
allowed to stop the
momentum of the
athlete, decreasing the
force of impact.
52. “RIDING THE PUNCH”
When a boxer recognizes
that he will be hit in the head
by his opponent, the boxer
often relaxes his neck and
allows his head to move
backwards upon impact.
“Riding the punch” increases
the time the force is applied,
decreasing the force of
impact.
53. CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
Law of Conservation of Momentum
The total momentum in a group of
objects doesn’t change unless
outside forces act on the objects.
pbefore = pafter
55. CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
A 5-kg cart traveling at 1.2 m/s strikes a
stationary 2-kg cart and they connect.
Find their speed after the collision.
BEFORE
Cart 1:
m = 5 kg
v = 4.2 m/s
Cart 2 :
m = 2 kg
v = 0 m/s
AFTER
Cart 1 + 2:
m = 7 kg
v = ?
p = 21 kg·m/s
p = 0
pbefore = 21 kg·m/s pafter = 21 kg·m/s
m
p
v
v = p ÷ m
v = (21 kg·m/s) ÷ (7 kg)
v = 3 m/s
56. CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
A 50-kg clown is shot out of a 250-kg
cannon at a speed of 20 m/s. What is
the recoil speed of the cannon?
BEFORE
Clown:
m = 50 kg
v = 0 m/s
Cannon:
m = 250 kg
v = 0 m/s
AFTER
Clown:
m = 50 kg
v = 20 m/s
Cannon:
m = 250 kg
v = ? m/s
p = 0
p = 0
pbefore = 0
p = 1000 kg·m/s
pafter = 0
p = -1000 kg·m/s
57. CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
So…now we can solve for velocity.
GIVEN:
p = -1000 kg·m/s
m = 250 kg
v = ?
WORK:
v = p ÷ m
v = (-1000kg·m/s)÷(250kg)
v = - 4 m/s
(4 m/s backwards)
m
p
v