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Food Insecurity and Food Safety Networks

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Ben Thompson
Ben Thompson
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Benjamin Thompson May 12th, 2016 Food Security and Food Safety Networks: Analysis from a Social Capital Perspective
• Is household food security dependent on a community’s social functioning for food? • Is collective social functioning for food is dependent on the available resources in the food network? Research Questions:
• Public health ▫ Health analysis and outcomes framework (Cook et al, 2006, 2008; Howard, 2011; Rose, 1999; Sallis et al, 2008) ▫ Community food Security (Kaiser, 2011; Chen et al, 2015) • Social Economics ▫ Capabilities Approach (Dreze & Sen, 1989) and Entitlements Approach (Sen, 1981) ▫ Transition from the Welfare State to charitable assistance (Hoynes & Schanzenbach; Osborne Daponte & Bade, 2006; Poppendieck, 1994; 1999) • Empirical Economics ▫ Economic and demographic determinants (Gundersen et al 2011; Leete & Bania 2010; Nord & Wilde 2005; Ribar & Hamrick 2005) Literature Review
• 2010-2014 Current Population Survey – Food Security Supplement • Nationally representative survey, covers approximately 42,000 households annually • 18-questions measuring food security: ▫ Food access ▫ Material deprivation ▫ Coping Strategies • Classifications: ▫ food secure ▫ having low food security ▫ having very low food security Measuring Food Security
List of Data Sources Variable(s) Source Measure Year Household demographics Current Population Survey households 2010-2014 Food security characteristics CPS Food Security Supplement households 2010-2014 CBSA Median Income American Community Survey CBSA 2010-2014 Emergency food organizations (EFOs) WhyHunger.org Emergency Food Network organizations 2016 National Food Banks Feeding America.org Network of Food Banks organizations 2016 Retail food and grocery stores County Business Patterns organizations 2009-2013 Neighborhood and Social Indicators Raj Chetty et al 2014 county averages 2012 Additional Data & Measurements
FI = α + β income + β famsize + β child + β femhead + β age + β marst + β forborn + β race + β hisp + β educ + β bizowner + β farmer + β unemployed + β disc_worker + β nilf + β year + β state + ϵ kEFO= α + β income + β famsize + β child + β femhead + β age + β marst + β forborn + β race + β hisp + β educ + β bizowner + β farmer + β unemployed + β disc_worker + β nilf + β year + β state + ϵ Household Models
0%10%20%30%40% FoodInsecurity CPS-FSS Data 2010-2014 Food Insecurity by Family Income Food Insecurity Very Low Food Security
0 .1.2.3.4 FoodInsecurity Not Married Married No Children Children No Children Children CPS-FSS Data 2010-2014 Food Insecurity by Household Composition Food Insecurity Very Low Food Security
0 .1.2.3.4 FoodInsecurity Not Married Married No Children Children No Children Children CPS-FSS Data 2010-2014 Food Insecurity by Household Composition Food Insecurity Very Low Food Security 0.12 0.25 0.27 0.30 0 .1.2.3 FoodInsecurity White Black Non-Hispanic Hispanic Non-Hispanic Hispanic Means included December Supplement Weights CPS-FSS Data 2010-2014 Food Insecurity by Racial and Hispanic Background
Odds Ratios for Logistic Regression Analysis Food Security Knowledge of EFOs Black 1.247*** 7.40 Black 0.725*** -9.13 Hispanic 1.052 1.47 Hispanic 0.731*** -8.01 Female Head 1.140*** 5.86 Female Head 1.131*** -3.83 Foreign Born 0.915 -1.91 Foreign Born 0.494*** -14.46 Unemployed 1.830*** 16.28 Unemployed 1.118* -2.36 Discouraged worker 1.375* 2.31 Discouraged worker 0.744 -1.75 NILF - Other 1.240*** 8.28 NILF - Other 0.887*** -3.81 Exponentiated coefficients; t statistics in parentheses * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001
McAllen, TX Fresno Lafayette, LA Eugene Durham, NC Toledo, OH Fort CollinsBillings Davenport Springfield, MA El Paso, TX Provo, UT Akron, OH Bangor, ME BoulderAlbany Fayetteville, AR Oxnard, CA Dayton, OH Baton Rouge Greensboro Jackson, MS Charleston, WV Lexingon, KYRochester, NY Tucson Reno Allentown Dover Anderson, SC Grand RapidsBuffalo Ogden, UT MadisonCharleston, SC Columbia, SC Colorado Springs Raleigh Jacksonville Birmingham, AL Memphis Tulsa New Orleans Little Rock Wichita Des Moines New Haven Richmond Fargo Austin Nashville Virginia BeachAlbuquerque San Jose Louisville, KY Columbus, OH Orlando Oklahoma City Burlington Salt Lake City Charlotte, NC Sioux Falls San Antonio Bridgeport Portland, MEBoise Anderson, IN Cleveland Sacramento Milwaukee Cinncinnati Tampa Hartford San Diego Omaha St. Louis San Bernardino Kansas City Phoenix Portland, OR Honolulu Detroit Seattle Philadelphia San Francisco Baltimore Las Vegas Denver Miami AtlantaHouston Dallas Minneapolis Pittsburgh Boston Providence Chicago Los Angeles D.C. NYC 10%20%15%25%30% FoodInsecurityRate 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 Median Income CPS Data 2010-2014 CBSA Median Income and Food Insecurity Rates
Top and Bottom 15 CBSAs by Food Insecurity Top 15 Bottom 15 El Paso, TX 29.50% Boulder, CO 8.20% Tucson, AZ 28.00% Fargo, ND-MN 8.50% Wichita, KS 21.70% Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY 8.50% Eugene-Springfield, OR 21.40% Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD 9.00% Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC 21.40% Richmond, VA 9.70% Reno-Sparks, NV 20.70% Provo-Orem, UT 9.90% Baton Rouge, LA 20.30% Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk, CT 10.20% Columbus, OH 20.20% Columbia, SC 10.70% San Antonio, TX 20.00% Raleigh-Cary, NC 10.80% Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA 19.90% San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA 10.80% Louisville, KY-IN 19.00% San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA 11.00% Bangor, ME 18.70% Austin-Round Rock, TX 11.10% Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX 18.70% Dover, DE 11.40% Tulsa, OK 18.60% Akron, OH 11.40% Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN 18.30% Minneapolis-St Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI 11.70%
• At-risk populations of African-Americans, Hispanics, and immigrants are less likely to know where to find emergency food, and are more likely to be food insecure. • Female headed households are more likely to know where to find emergency food and are more likely to be food insecure. • Communities with higher social capital are more likely to be food secure • Knowledge of EFOs is not a good proxy for social capital, with the way the survey was conducted. • Policies to decrease food insecurity and increase access to resources include EFO education and outreach programs, and targeted intervention for increased program use by at-risk populations. Summary
Questions?
McAllen, TX Fresno Lafayette, LA Eugene Durham, NC Toledo, OH Fort CollinsBillings Davenport Springfield, MA El Paso, TX Provo, UT Akron, OH Bangor, ME BoulderAlbany Fayetteville, AR Oxnard, CA Dayton, OH Baton Rouge Greensboro Jackson, MS Charleston, WV Lexingon, KYRochester, NY Tucson Reno Allentown Dover Anderson, SC Grand RapidsBuffalo Ogden, UT MadisonCharleston, SC Columbia, SC Colorado Springs Raleigh Jacksonville Birmingham, AL Memphis Tulsa New Orleans Little Rock Wichita Des Moines New Haven Richmond Fargo Austin Nashville Virginia BeachAlbuquerque San Jose Louisville, KY Columbus, OH Orlando Oklahoma City Burlington Salt Lake City Charlotte, NC Sioux Falls San Antonio Bridgeport Portland, MEBoise Anderson, IN Cleveland Sacramento Milwaukee Cinncinnati Tampa Hartford San Diego Omaha St. Louis San Bernardino Kansas City Phoenix Portland, OR Honolulu Detroit Seattle Philadelphia San Francisco Baltimore Las Vegas Denver Miami AtlantaHouston Dallas Minneapolis Pittsburgh Boston Providence Chicago Los Angeles D.C. NYC 10%20%15%25%30% FoodInsecurityRate 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 Median Income CPS Data 2010-2014 CBSA Median Income and Food Insecurity Rates McAllen, TX Fresno Lafayette, LA Eugene Durham, NC Toledo, OH Fort CollinsBillings Davenport Springfield, MA El Paso, TX Provo, UT Akron, OH Bangor, ME Boulder Albany Fayetteville, AR Oxnard, CA Dayton, OH Baton Rouge Greensboro Jackson, MS Charleston, WV Lexingon, KYRochester, NY Tucson Reno Allentown Dover Anderson, SC Grand RapidsBuffaloOgden, UT Madison Charleston, SC Columbia, SC Colorado Springs Raleigh Jacksonville Birmingham, AL Memphis Tulsa New Orleans Little Rock Wichita Des Moines New Haven Richmond Fargo Austin Nashville Virginia Beach Albuquerque San Jose Louisville, KY Columbus, OH Orlando Oklahoma City Burlington Salt Lake City Charlotte, NC Sioux Falls San Antonio Bridgeport Portland, ME Boise Anderson, IN ClevelandSacramento Milwaukee Cinncinnati Tampa Hartford San Diego Omaha St. Louis San Bernardino Kansas City Phoenix Portland, OR Honolulu Detroit Seattle Philadelphia San Francisco Baltimore Las Vegas Denver Miami AtlantaHouston Dallas Minneapolis Pittsburgh Boston Providence Chicago Los Angeles D.C. NYC 10%15%20%25%30% FoodInsecurityRate 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% Unemployment Rate CPS Data 2010-2014 CBSA Unemployment and Food Insecurity Rates
McAllen, TX Fresno Lafayette, LA Eugene Durham, NC Toledo, OH Fort CollinsBillings Davenport Springfield, MA El Paso, TX Provo, UT Akron, OH Bangor, ME BoulderAlbany Fayetteville, AR Oxnard, CA Dayton, OH Baton Rouge Greensboro Jackson, MS Charleston, WV Lexingon, KYRochester, NY Tucson Reno Allentown Dover Anderson, SC Grand RapidsBuffalo Ogden, UT MadisonCharleston, SC Columbia, SC Colorado Springs Raleigh Jacksonville Birmingham, AL Memphis Tulsa New Orleans Little Rock Wichita Des Moines New Haven Richmond Fargo Austin Nashville Virginia BeachAlbuquerque San Jose Louisville, KY Columbus, OH Orlando Oklahoma City Burlington Salt Lake City Charlotte, NC Sioux Falls San Antonio Bridgeport Portland, MEBoise Anderson, IN Cleveland Sacramento Milwaukee Cinncinnati Tampa Hartford San Diego Omaha St. Louis San Bernardino Kansas City Phoenix Portland, OR Honolulu Detroit Seattle Philadelphia San Francisco Baltimore Las Vegas Denver Miami AtlantaHouston Dallas Minneapolis Pittsburgh Boston Providence Chicago Los Angeles D.C. NYC 10%20%15%25%30% FoodInsecurityRate 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 Median Income CPS Data 2010-2014 CBSA Median Income and Food Insecurity Rates McAllen, TX Fresno Lafayette, LA Eugene Durham, NC Toledo, OH Fort CollinsBillings Davenport Springfield, MA El Paso, TX Provo, UT Akron, OH Bangor, ME Boulder Albany Fayetteville, AR Oxnard, CA Dayton, OH Baton Rouge Greensboro Jackson, MS Charleston, WV Lexingon, KYRochester, NY Tucson Reno Allentown Dover Anderson, SC Grand RapidsBuffaloOgden, UT Madison Charleston, SC Columbia, SC Colorado Springs Raleigh Jacksonville Birmingham, AL Memphis Tulsa New Orleans Little Rock Wichita Des Moines New Haven Richmond Fargo Austin Nashville Virginia Beach Albuquerque San Jose Louisville, KY Columbus, OH Orlando Oklahoma City Burlington Salt Lake City Charlotte, NC Sioux Falls San Antonio Bridgeport Portland, ME Boise Anderson, IN ClevelandSacramento Milwaukee Cinncinnati Tampa Hartford San Diego Omaha St. Louis San Bernardino Kansas City Phoenix Portland, OR Honolulu Detroit Seattle Philadelphia San Francisco Baltimore Las Vegas Denver Miami AtlantaHouston Dallas Minneapolis Pittsburgh Boston Providence Chicago Los Angeles D.C. NYC 10%15%20%25%30% FoodInsecurityRate 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% Unemployment Rate CPS Data 2010-2014 CBSA Unemployment and Food Insecurity Rates McAllen, TX Fresno Lafayette, LA Eugene Durham, NC Toledo, OH Fort CollinsBillings Davenport Springfield, MA El Paso, TX Provo, UT Akron, OH Bangor, ME BoulderAlbany Fayetteville, AR Oxnard, CA Dayton, OH Baton Rouge Greensboro Jackson, MS Charleston, WV Lexingon, KYRochester, NY Tucson Reno Allentown Dover Anderson, SC Grand RapidsBuffaloOgden, UT MadisonCharleston, SC Columbia, SC Colorado Springs Raleigh Jacksonville Birmingham, AL Memphis Tulsa New Orleans Little Rock Wichita Des Moines New Haven Richmond Fargo Austin Nashville Virginia Beach Albuquerque San Jose Louisville, KY Columbus, OH Orlando Oklahoma City Burlington Salt Lake City Charlotte, NC Sioux Falls San Antonio Bridgeport Portland, MEBoise Anderson, IN Cleveland Sacramento Milwaukee Cinncinnati Tampa Hartford San Diego Omaha St. Louis San Bernardino Kansas City Phoenix Portland, OR Honolulu Detroit Seattle Philadelphia San Francisco Baltimore Las Vegas Denver Miami Atlanta Houston Dallas Minneapolis Pittsburgh Boston Providence Chicago Los Angeles D.C. NYC 10%15%20%25%30% FoodInsecurityRate 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%0% Fraction Hispanic Background Top 100 CBSAs by population CPS Data 2010-2014 CBSA Fraction Hispanic Background and Food Insecurity Rates
McAllen, TX Fresno Lafayette, LA Eugene Durham, NC Toledo, OH Fort CollinsBillings Davenport Springfield, MA El Paso, TX Provo, UT Akron, OH Bangor, ME BoulderAlbany Fayetteville, AR Oxnard, CA Dayton, OH Baton Rouge Greensboro Jackson, MS Charleston, WV Lexingon, KYRochester, NY Tucson Reno Allentown Dover Anderson, SC Grand RapidsBuffalo Ogden, UT MadisonCharleston, SC Columbia, SC Colorado Springs Raleigh Jacksonville Birmingham, AL Memphis Tulsa New Orleans Little Rock Wichita Des Moines New Haven Richmond Fargo Austin Nashville Virginia BeachAlbuquerque San Jose Louisville, KY Columbus, OH Orlando Oklahoma City Burlington Salt Lake City Charlotte, NC Sioux Falls San Antonio Bridgeport Portland, MEBoise Anderson, IN Cleveland Sacramento Milwaukee Cinncinnati Tampa Hartford San Diego Omaha St. Louis San Bernardino Kansas City Phoenix Portland, OR Honolulu Detroit Seattle Philadelphia San Francisco Baltimore Las Vegas Denver Miami AtlantaHouston Dallas Minneapolis Pittsburgh Boston Providence Chicago Los Angeles D.C. NYC 10%20%15%25%30% FoodInsecurityRate 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 Median Income CPS Data 2010-2014 CBSA Median Income and Food Insecurity Rates McAllen, TX Fresno Lafayette, LA Eugene Durham, NC Toledo, OH Fort CollinsBillings Davenport Springfield, MA El Paso, TX Provo, UT Akron, OH Bangor, ME Boulder Albany Fayetteville, AR Oxnard, CA Dayton, OH Baton Rouge Greensboro Jackson, MS Charleston, WV Lexingon, KYRochester, NY Tucson Reno Allentown Dover Anderson, SC Grand RapidsBuffaloOgden, UT Madison Charleston, SC Columbia, SC Colorado Springs Raleigh Jacksonville Birmingham, AL Memphis Tulsa New Orleans Little Rock Wichita Des Moines New Haven Richmond Fargo Austin Nashville Virginia Beach Albuquerque San Jose Louisville, KY Columbus, OH Orlando Oklahoma City Burlington Salt Lake City Charlotte, NC Sioux Falls San Antonio Bridgeport Portland, ME Boise Anderson, IN ClevelandSacramento Milwaukee Cinncinnati Tampa Hartford San Diego Omaha St. Louis San Bernardino Kansas City Phoenix Portland, OR Honolulu Detroit Seattle Philadelphia San Francisco Baltimore Las Vegas Denver Miami AtlantaHouston Dallas Minneapolis Pittsburgh Boston Providence Chicago Los Angeles D.C. NYC 10%15%20%25%30% FoodInsecurityRate 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% Unemployment Rate CPS Data 2010-2014 CBSA Unemployment and Food Insecurity Rates McAllen, TX Fresno Lafayette, LA Eugene Durham, NC Toledo, OH Fort CollinsBillings Davenport Springfield, MA El Paso, TX Provo, UT Akron, OH Bangor, ME BoulderAlbany Fayetteville, AR Oxnard, CA Dayton, OH Baton Rouge Greensboro Jackson, MS Charleston, WV Lexingon, KYRochester, NY Tucson Reno Allentown Dover Anderson, SC Grand RapidsBuffaloOgden, UT MadisonCharleston, SC Columbia, SC Colorado Springs Raleigh Jacksonville Birmingham, AL Memphis Tulsa New Orleans Little Rock Wichita Des Moines New Haven Richmond Fargo Austin Nashville Virginia Beach Albuquerque San Jose Louisville, KY Columbus, OH Orlando Oklahoma City Burlington Salt Lake City Charlotte, NC Sioux Falls San Antonio Bridgeport Portland, MEBoise Anderson, IN Cleveland Sacramento Milwaukee Cinncinnati Tampa Hartford San Diego Omaha St. Louis San Bernardino Kansas City Phoenix Portland, OR Honolulu Detroit Seattle Philadelphia San Francisco Baltimore Las Vegas Denver Miami Atlanta Houston Dallas Minneapolis Pittsburgh Boston Providence Chicago Los Angeles D.C. NYC 10%15%20%25%30% FoodInsecurityRate 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%0% Fraction Hispanic Background Top 100 CBSAs by population CPS Data 2010-2014 CBSA Rates of Hispanic Background and Food Insecurity Rates McAllen, TX Fresno Lafayette, LA Eugene Durham, NC Toledo, OHFort Collins Billings Davenport Springfield, MA El Paso, TX Provo, UT Akron, OH Bangor, ME Boulder Albany Fayetteville, AR Oxnard, CA Dayton, OH Baton Rouge Greensboro Jackson, MS Charleston, WV Lexingon, KY Rochester, NY Tucson Reno Allentown Dover Anderson, SCGrand Rapids Buffalo Ogden, UT Madison Charleston, SC Columbia, SC Colorado Springs Raleigh Jacksonville Birmingham, ALMemphis Tulsa New Orleans Little Rock Wichita Des MoinesNew Haven Richmond Fargo Austin Nashville Virginia Beach Albuquerque San JoseLouisville, KY Columbus, OH Orlando Oklahoma City Burlington Salt Lake City Charlotte, NC Sioux Falls San Antonio Bridgeport Portland, ME Boise Anderson, IN Cleveland Sacramento Milwaukee Cinncinnati Tampa Hartford San Diego Omaha St. Louis San Bernardino Kansas CityPhoenix Portland, OR Honolulu Detroit Seattle Philadelphia San Francisco Baltimore Las Vegas Denver Miami Atlanta Houston Dallas Minneapolis Pittsburgh Boston Providence Chicago Los Angeles D.C. NYC 05 10152025 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Knowledge of EFOs CPS Data 2010-2014 EFOs vs Knowledge of EFOs McAllen, TX Fresno Lafayette, LA Eugene Durham, NC Toledo, OH Fort CollinsBillings Davenport Springfield, MA El Paso, TX Provo, UT Akron, OH Bangor, ME Boulder Albany Fayetteville, AR Oxnard, CA Dayton, OH Baton Rouge Greensboro Jackson, MS Charleston, WV Lexingon, KYRochester, NY Tucson Reno Allentown Dover Anderson, SC Grand RapidsBuffaloOgden, UT MadisonCharleston, SC Columbia, SC Colorado Springs Raleigh Jacksonville Birmingham, AL Memphis Tulsa New Orleans Little Rock Wichita Des Moines New Haven Richmond Fargo Austin Nashville Virginia Beach Albuquerque San Jose Louisville, KY Columbus, OH Orlando Oklahoma City Burlington Salt Lake City Charlotte, NC Sioux Falls San Antonio Bridgeport Portland, MEBoise Anderson, IN ClevelandSacramento Milwaukee Cinncinnati Tampa Hartford San Diego Omaha St. Louis San Bernardino Kansas City Phoenix Portland, OR Honolulu Detroit Seattle Philadelphia San Francisco Baltimore Las Vegas Denver Miami AtlantaHouston Dallas Minneapolis Pittsburgh Boston Providence Chicago Los Angeles D.C. NYC 10%20%15%25%30% FoodInsecurityRate 0 5 10 15 20 25 EFOs per 100,000 population CPS Data 2010-2014 EFOs and Food Insecurity Rates
McAllen, TX Fresno Lafayette, LA Eugene Durham, NC Toledo, OH Fort CollinsBillings Davenport Springfield, MA El Paso, TX Provo, UT Akron, OH Bangor, ME BoulderAlbany Fayetteville, AR Oxnard, CA Dayton, OH Baton Rouge Greensboro Jackson, MS Charleston, WV Lexingon, KYRochester, NY Tucson Reno Allentown Dover Anderson, SC Grand RapidsBuffalo Ogden, UT MadisonCharleston, SC Columbia, SC Colorado Springs Raleigh Jacksonville Birmingham, AL Memphis Tulsa New Orleans Little Rock Wichita Des Moines New Haven Richmond Fargo Austin Nashville Virginia BeachAlbuquerque San Jose Louisville, KY Columbus, OH Orlando Oklahoma City Burlington Salt Lake City Charlotte, NC Sioux Falls San Antonio Bridgeport Portland, MEBoise Anderson, IN Cleveland Sacramento Milwaukee Cinncinnati Tampa Hartford San Diego Omaha St. Louis San Bernardino Kansas City Phoenix Portland, OR Honolulu Detroit Seattle Philadelphia San Francisco Baltimore Las Vegas Denver Miami AtlantaHouston Dallas Minneapolis Pittsburgh Boston Providence Chicago Los Angeles D.C. NYC 10%20%15%25%30% FoodInsecurityRate 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 Median Income CPS Data 2010-2014 CBSA Median Income and Food Insecurity Rates McAllen, TX Fresno Lafayette, LA Eugene Durham, NC Toledo, OH Fort CollinsBillings Davenport Springfield, MA El Paso, TX Provo, UT Akron, OH Bangor, ME Boulder Albany Fayetteville, AR Oxnard, CA Dayton, OH Baton Rouge Greensboro Jackson, MS Charleston, WV Lexingon, KYRochester, NY Tucson Reno Allentown Dover Anderson, SC Grand RapidsBuffaloOgden, UT Madison Charleston, SC Columbia, SC Colorado Springs Raleigh Jacksonville Birmingham, AL Memphis Tulsa New Orleans Little Rock Wichita Des Moines New Haven Richmond Fargo Austin Nashville Virginia Beach Albuquerque San Jose Louisville, KY Columbus, OH Orlando Oklahoma City Burlington Salt Lake City Charlotte, NC Sioux Falls San Antonio Bridgeport Portland, ME Boise Anderson, IN ClevelandSacramento Milwaukee Cinncinnati Tampa Hartford San Diego Omaha St. Louis San Bernardino Kansas City Phoenix Portland, OR Honolulu Detroit Seattle Philadelphia San Francisco Baltimore Las Vegas Denver Miami AtlantaHouston Dallas Minneapolis Pittsburgh Boston Providence Chicago Los Angeles D.C. NYC 10%15%20%25%30% FoodInsecurityRate 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% Unemployment Rate CPS Data 2010-2014 CBSA Unemployment and Food Insecurity Rates McAllen, TX Fresno Lafayette, LA Eugene Durham, NC Toledo, OH Fort CollinsBillings Davenport Springfield, MA El Paso, TX Provo, UT Akron, OH Bangor, ME BoulderAlbany Fayetteville, AR Oxnard, CA Dayton, OH Baton Rouge Greensboro Jackson, MS Charleston, WV Lexingon, KYRochester, NY Tucson Reno Allentown Dover Anderson, SC Grand RapidsBuffaloOgden, UT MadisonCharleston, SC Columbia, SC Colorado Springs Raleigh Jacksonville Birmingham, AL Memphis Tulsa New Orleans Little Rock Wichita Des Moines New Haven Richmond Fargo Austin Nashville Virginia Beach Albuquerque San Jose Louisville, KY Columbus, OH Orlando Oklahoma City Burlington Salt Lake City Charlotte, NC Sioux Falls San Antonio Bridgeport Portland, MEBoise Anderson, IN Cleveland Sacramento Milwaukee Cinncinnati Tampa Hartford San Diego Omaha St. Louis San Bernardino Kansas City Phoenix Portland, OR Honolulu Detroit Seattle Philadelphia San Francisco Baltimore Las Vegas Denver Miami Atlanta Houston Dallas Minneapolis Pittsburgh Boston Providence Chicago Los Angeles D.C. NYC 10%15%20%25%30% FoodInsecurityRate 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%0% Fraction Hispanic Background Top 100 CBSAs by population CPS Data 2010-2014 CBSA Rates of Hispanic Background and Food Insecurity Rates McAllen, TX Fresno Lafayette, LA Eugene Durham, NC Toledo, OHFort Collins Billings Davenport Springfield, MA El Paso, TX Provo, UT Akron, OH Bangor, ME Boulder Albany Fayetteville, AR Oxnard, CA Dayton, OH Baton Rouge Greensboro Jackson, MS Charleston, WV Lexingon, KY Rochester, NY Tucson Reno Allentown Dover Anderson, SCGrand Rapids Buffalo Ogden, UT Madison Charleston, SC Columbia, SC Colorado Springs Raleigh Jacksonville Birmingham, ALMemphis Tulsa New Orleans Little Rock Wichita Des MoinesNew Haven Richmond Fargo Austin Nashville Virginia Beach Albuquerque San JoseLouisville, KY Columbus, OH Orlando Oklahoma City Burlington Salt Lake City Charlotte, NC Sioux Falls San Antonio Bridgeport Portland, ME Boise Anderson, IN Cleveland Sacramento Milwaukee Cinncinnati Tampa Hartford San Diego Omaha St. Louis San Bernardino Kansas CityPhoenix Portland, OR Honolulu Detroit Seattle Philadelphia San Francisco Baltimore Las Vegas Denver Miami Atlanta Houston Dallas Minneapolis Pittsburgh Boston Providence Chicago Los Angeles D.C. NYC 05 10152025 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Knowledge of EFOs CPS Data 2010-2014 EFOs vs Knowledge of EFOs
McAllen, TX Fresno Lafayette, LA Eugene Durham, NC Toledo, OH Fort CollinsBillings Davenport Springfield, MA El Paso, TX Provo, UT Akron, OH Bangor, ME BoulderAlbany Fayetteville, AR Oxnard, CA Dayton, OH Baton Rouge Greensboro Jackson, MS Charleston, WV Lexingon, KYRochester, NY Tucson Reno Allentown Dover Anderson, SC Grand RapidsBuffalo Ogden, UT MadisonCharleston, SC Columbia, SC Colorado Springs Raleigh Jacksonville Birmingham, AL Memphis Tulsa New Orleans Little Rock Wichita Des Moines New Haven Richmond Fargo Austin Nashville Virginia BeachAlbuquerque San Jose Louisville, KY Columbus, OH Orlando Oklahoma City Burlington Salt Lake City Charlotte, NC Sioux Falls San Antonio Bridgeport Portland, MEBoise Anderson, IN Cleveland Sacramento Milwaukee Cinncinnati Tampa Hartford San Diego Omaha St. Louis San Bernardino Kansas City Phoenix Portland, OR Honolulu Detroit Seattle Philadelphia San Francisco Baltimore Las Vegas Denver Miami AtlantaHouston Dallas Minneapolis Pittsburgh Boston Providence Chicago Los Angeles D.C. NYC 10%20%15%25%30% FoodInsecurityRate 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 Median Income CPS Data 2010-2014 CBSA Median Income and Food Insecurity Rates McAllen, TX Fresno Lafayette, LA Eugene Durham, NC Toledo, OH Fort CollinsBillings Davenport Springfield, MA El Paso, TX Provo, UT Akron, OH Bangor, ME Boulder Albany Fayetteville, AR Oxnard, CA Dayton, OH Baton Rouge Greensboro Jackson, MS Charleston, WV Lexingon, KYRochester, NY Tucson Reno Allentown Dover Anderson, SC Grand RapidsBuffaloOgden, UT Madison Charleston, SC Columbia, SC Colorado Springs Raleigh Jacksonville Birmingham, AL Memphis Tulsa New Orleans Little Rock Wichita Des Moines New Haven Richmond Fargo Austin Nashville Virginia Beach Albuquerque San Jose Louisville, KY Columbus, OH Orlando Oklahoma City Burlington Salt Lake City Charlotte, NC Sioux Falls San Antonio Bridgeport Portland, ME Boise Anderson, IN ClevelandSacramento Milwaukee Cinncinnati Tampa Hartford San Diego Omaha St. Louis San Bernardino Kansas City Phoenix Portland, OR Honolulu Detroit Seattle Philadelphia San Francisco Baltimore Las Vegas Denver Miami AtlantaHouston Dallas Minneapolis Pittsburgh Boston Providence Chicago Los Angeles D.C. NYC 10%15%20%25%30% FoodInsecurityRate 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% Unemployment Rate CPS Data 2010-2014 CBSA Unemployment and Food Insecurity Rates McAllen, TX Fresno Lafayette, LA Eugene Durham, NC Toledo, OH Fort CollinsBillings Davenport Springfield, MA El Paso, TX Provo, UT Akron, OH Bangor, ME BoulderAlbany Fayetteville, AR Oxnard, CA Dayton, OH Baton Rouge Greensboro Jackson, MS Charleston, WV Lexingon, KYRochester, NY Tucson Reno Allentown Dover Anderson, SC Grand RapidsBuffaloOgden, UT MadisonCharleston, SC Columbia, SC Colorado Springs Raleigh Jacksonville Birmingham, AL Memphis Tulsa New Orleans Little Rock Wichita Des Moines New Haven Richmond Fargo Austin Nashville Virginia Beach Albuquerque San Jose Louisville, KY Columbus, OH Orlando Oklahoma City Burlington Salt Lake City Charlotte, NC Sioux Falls San Antonio Bridgeport Portland, MEBoise Anderson, IN Cleveland Sacramento Milwaukee Cinncinnati Tampa Hartford San Diego Omaha St. Louis San Bernardino Kansas City Phoenix Portland, OR Honolulu Detroit Seattle Philadelphia San Francisco Baltimore Las Vegas Denver Miami Atlanta Houston Dallas Minneapolis Pittsburgh Boston Providence Chicago Los Angeles D.C. NYC 10%15%20%25%30% FoodInsecurityRate 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%0% Fraction Hispanic Background Top 100 CBSAs by population CPS Data 2010-2014 CBSA Rates of Hispanic Background and Food Insecurity Rates McAllen, TX Fresno Lafayette, LA Eugene Durham, NC Toledo, OHFort Collins Billings Davenport Springfield, MA El Paso, TX Provo, UT Akron, OH Bangor, ME Boulder Albany Fayetteville, AR Oxnard, CA Dayton, OH Baton Rouge Greensboro Jackson, MS Charleston, WV Lexingon, KY Rochester, NY Tucson Reno Allentown Dover Anderson, SCGrand Rapids Buffalo Ogden, UT Madison Charleston, SC Columbia, SC Colorado Springs Raleigh Jacksonville Birmingham, ALMemphis Tulsa New Orleans Little Rock Wichita Des MoinesNew Haven Richmond Fargo Austin Nashville Virginia Beach Albuquerque San JoseLouisville, KY Columbus, OH Orlando Oklahoma City Burlington Salt Lake City Charlotte, NC Sioux Falls San Antonio Bridgeport Portland, ME Boise Anderson, IN Cleveland Sacramento Milwaukee Cinncinnati Tampa Hartford San Diego Omaha St. Louis San Bernardino Kansas CityPhoenix Portland, OR Honolulu Detroit Seattle Philadelphia San Francisco Baltimore Las Vegas Denver Miami Atlanta Houston Dallas Minneapolis Pittsburgh Boston Providence Chicago Los Angeles D.C. NYC 05 10152025 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Knowledge of EFOs CPS Data 2010-2014 EFOs vs Knowledge of EFOs McAllen, TX Fresno Lafayette, LA Eugene Durham, NC Toledo, OH Fort CollinsBillings Davenport Springfield, MA El Paso, TX Provo, UT Akron, OH Bangor, ME BoulderAlbany Fayetteville, AR Oxnard, CA Dayton, OH Baton Rouge Greensboro Jackson, MS Charleston, WV Lexingon, KYRochester, NY Tucson Reno Allentown Dover Anderson, SC Grand RapidsBuffaloOgden, UT MadisonCharleston, SC Columbia, SC Colorado Springs Raleigh Jacksonville Birmingham, AL Memphis Tulsa New Orleans Little Rock Wichita Des Moines New Haven Richmond Fargo Austin Nashville Virginia BeachAlbuquerque San Jose Louisville, KY Columbus, OH Orlando Oklahoma City Burlington Salt Lake City Charlotte, NC Sioux Falls San Antonio Bridgeport Portland, ME Boise Anderson, IN Cleveland Sacramento Milwaukee Cinncinnati Tampa Hartford San Diego Omaha St. Louis San Bernardino Kansas City Phoenix Portland, OR Honolulu Detroit Seattle Philadelphia San Francisco Baltimore Las Vegas Denver Miami Atlanta Houston Dallas Minneapolis Pittsburgh Boston Providence Chicago Los Angeles D.C. NYC 10%15%20%25%30% FoodInsecurityRate 0 2 4 6 8 Number of Food Banks CPS Data 2010-2014 Food Banks and Food Insecurity Rates

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Food Insecurity and Food Safety Networks

  • 1. Benjamin Thompson May 12th, 2016 Food Security and Food Safety Networks: Analysis from a Social Capital Perspective
  • 2.
  • 3. • Is household food security dependent on a community’s social functioning for food? • Is collective social functioning for food is dependent on the available resources in the food network? Research Questions:
  • 4. • Public health ▫ Health analysis and outcomes framework (Cook et al, 2006, 2008; Howard, 2011; Rose, 1999; Sallis et al, 2008) ▫ Community food Security (Kaiser, 2011; Chen et al, 2015) • Social Economics ▫ Capabilities Approach (Dreze & Sen, 1989) and Entitlements Approach (Sen, 1981) ▫ Transition from the Welfare State to charitable assistance (Hoynes & Schanzenbach; Osborne Daponte & Bade, 2006; Poppendieck, 1994; 1999) • Empirical Economics ▫ Economic and demographic determinants (Gundersen et al 2011; Leete & Bania 2010; Nord & Wilde 2005; Ribar & Hamrick 2005) Literature Review
  • 5. • 2010-2014 Current Population Survey – Food Security Supplement • Nationally representative survey, covers approximately 42,000 households annually • 18-questions measuring food security: ▫ Food access ▫ Material deprivation ▫ Coping Strategies • Classifications: ▫ food secure ▫ having low food security ▫ having very low food security Measuring Food Security
  • 6. List of Data Sources Variable(s) Source Measure Year Household demographics Current Population Survey households 2010-2014 Food security characteristics CPS Food Security Supplement households 2010-2014 CBSA Median Income American Community Survey CBSA 2010-2014 Emergency food organizations (EFOs) WhyHunger.org Emergency Food Network organizations 2016 National Food Banks Feeding America.org Network of Food Banks organizations 2016 Retail food and grocery stores County Business Patterns organizations 2009-2013 Neighborhood and Social Indicators Raj Chetty et al 2014 county averages 2012 Additional Data & Measurements
  • 7. FI = α + β income + β famsize + β child + β femhead + β age + β marst + β forborn + β race + β hisp + β educ + β bizowner + β farmer + β unemployed + β disc_worker + β nilf + β year + β state + ϵ kEFO= α + β income + β famsize + β child + β femhead + β age + β marst + β forborn + β race + β hisp + β educ + β bizowner + β farmer + β unemployed + β disc_worker + β nilf + β year + β state + ϵ Household Models
  • 8. 0%10%20%30%40% FoodInsecurity CPS-FSS Data 2010-2014 Food Insecurity by Family Income Food Insecurity Very Low Food Security
  • 9. 0 .1.2.3.4 FoodInsecurity Not Married Married No Children Children No Children Children CPS-FSS Data 2010-2014 Food Insecurity by Household Composition Food Insecurity Very Low Food Security
  • 10. 0 .1.2.3.4 FoodInsecurity Not Married Married No Children Children No Children Children CPS-FSS Data 2010-2014 Food Insecurity by Household Composition Food Insecurity Very Low Food Security 0.12 0.25 0.27 0.30 0 .1.2.3 FoodInsecurity White Black Non-Hispanic Hispanic Non-Hispanic Hispanic Means included December Supplement Weights CPS-FSS Data 2010-2014 Food Insecurity by Racial and Hispanic Background
  • 11. Odds Ratios for Logistic Regression Analysis Food Security Knowledge of EFOs Black 1.247*** 7.40 Black 0.725*** -9.13 Hispanic 1.052 1.47 Hispanic 0.731*** -8.01 Female Head 1.140*** 5.86 Female Head 1.131*** -3.83 Foreign Born 0.915 -1.91 Foreign Born 0.494*** -14.46 Unemployed 1.830*** 16.28 Unemployed 1.118* -2.36 Discouraged worker 1.375* 2.31 Discouraged worker 0.744 -1.75 NILF - Other 1.240*** 8.28 NILF - Other 0.887*** -3.81 Exponentiated coefficients; t statistics in parentheses * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001
  • 12. McAllen, TX Fresno Lafayette, LA Eugene Durham, NC Toledo, OH Fort CollinsBillings Davenport Springfield, MA El Paso, TX Provo, UT Akron, OH Bangor, ME BoulderAlbany Fayetteville, AR Oxnard, CA Dayton, OH Baton Rouge Greensboro Jackson, MS Charleston, WV Lexingon, KYRochester, NY Tucson Reno Allentown Dover Anderson, SC Grand RapidsBuffalo Ogden, UT MadisonCharleston, SC Columbia, SC Colorado Springs Raleigh Jacksonville Birmingham, AL Memphis Tulsa New Orleans Little Rock Wichita Des Moines New Haven Richmond Fargo Austin Nashville Virginia BeachAlbuquerque San Jose Louisville, KY Columbus, OH Orlando Oklahoma City Burlington Salt Lake City Charlotte, NC Sioux Falls San Antonio Bridgeport Portland, MEBoise Anderson, IN Cleveland Sacramento Milwaukee Cinncinnati Tampa Hartford San Diego Omaha St. Louis San Bernardino Kansas City Phoenix Portland, OR Honolulu Detroit Seattle Philadelphia San Francisco Baltimore Las Vegas Denver Miami AtlantaHouston Dallas Minneapolis Pittsburgh Boston Providence Chicago Los Angeles D.C. NYC 10%20%15%25%30% FoodInsecurityRate 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 Median Income CPS Data 2010-2014 CBSA Median Income and Food Insecurity Rates
  • 13. Top and Bottom 15 CBSAs by Food Insecurity Top 15 Bottom 15 El Paso, TX 29.50% Boulder, CO 8.20% Tucson, AZ 28.00% Fargo, ND-MN 8.50% Wichita, KS 21.70% Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY 8.50% Eugene-Springfield, OR 21.40% Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD 9.00% Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC 21.40% Richmond, VA 9.70% Reno-Sparks, NV 20.70% Provo-Orem, UT 9.90% Baton Rouge, LA 20.30% Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk, CT 10.20% Columbus, OH 20.20% Columbia, SC 10.70% San Antonio, TX 20.00% Raleigh-Cary, NC 10.80% Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA 19.90% San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA 10.80% Louisville, KY-IN 19.00% San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA 11.00% Bangor, ME 18.70% Austin-Round Rock, TX 11.10% Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX 18.70% Dover, DE 11.40% Tulsa, OK 18.60% Akron, OH 11.40% Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN 18.30% Minneapolis-St Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI 11.70%
  • 14. • At-risk populations of African-Americans, Hispanics, and immigrants are less likely to know where to find emergency food, and are more likely to be food insecure. • Female headed households are more likely to know where to find emergency food and are more likely to be food insecure. • Communities with higher social capital are more likely to be food secure • Knowledge of EFOs is not a good proxy for social capital, with the way the survey was conducted. • Policies to decrease food insecurity and increase access to resources include EFO education and outreach programs, and targeted intervention for increased program use by at-risk populations. Summary
  • 16. McAllen, TX Fresno Lafayette, LA Eugene Durham, NC Toledo, OH Fort CollinsBillings Davenport Springfield, MA El Paso, TX Provo, UT Akron, OH Bangor, ME BoulderAlbany Fayetteville, AR Oxnard, CA Dayton, OH Baton Rouge Greensboro Jackson, MS Charleston, WV Lexingon, KYRochester, NY Tucson Reno Allentown Dover Anderson, SC Grand RapidsBuffalo Ogden, UT MadisonCharleston, SC Columbia, SC Colorado Springs Raleigh Jacksonville Birmingham, AL Memphis Tulsa New Orleans Little Rock Wichita Des Moines New Haven Richmond Fargo Austin Nashville Virginia BeachAlbuquerque San Jose Louisville, KY Columbus, OH Orlando Oklahoma City Burlington Salt Lake City Charlotte, NC Sioux Falls San Antonio Bridgeport Portland, MEBoise Anderson, IN Cleveland Sacramento Milwaukee Cinncinnati Tampa Hartford San Diego Omaha St. Louis San Bernardino Kansas City Phoenix Portland, OR Honolulu Detroit Seattle Philadelphia San Francisco Baltimore Las Vegas Denver Miami AtlantaHouston Dallas Minneapolis Pittsburgh Boston Providence Chicago Los Angeles D.C. NYC 10%20%15%25%30% FoodInsecurityRate 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 Median Income CPS Data 2010-2014 CBSA Median Income and Food Insecurity Rates McAllen, TX Fresno Lafayette, LA Eugene Durham, NC Toledo, OH Fort CollinsBillings Davenport Springfield, MA El Paso, TX Provo, UT Akron, OH Bangor, ME Boulder Albany Fayetteville, AR Oxnard, CA Dayton, OH Baton Rouge Greensboro Jackson, MS Charleston, WV Lexingon, KYRochester, NY Tucson Reno Allentown Dover Anderson, SC Grand RapidsBuffaloOgden, UT Madison Charleston, SC Columbia, SC Colorado Springs Raleigh Jacksonville Birmingham, AL Memphis Tulsa New Orleans Little Rock Wichita Des Moines New Haven Richmond Fargo Austin Nashville Virginia Beach Albuquerque San Jose Louisville, KY Columbus, OH Orlando Oklahoma City Burlington Salt Lake City Charlotte, NC Sioux Falls San Antonio Bridgeport Portland, ME Boise Anderson, IN ClevelandSacramento Milwaukee Cinncinnati Tampa Hartford San Diego Omaha St. Louis San Bernardino Kansas City Phoenix Portland, OR Honolulu Detroit Seattle Philadelphia San Francisco Baltimore Las Vegas Denver Miami AtlantaHouston Dallas Minneapolis Pittsburgh Boston Providence Chicago Los Angeles D.C. NYC 10%15%20%25%30% FoodInsecurityRate 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% Unemployment Rate CPS Data 2010-2014 CBSA Unemployment and Food Insecurity Rates
  • 17. McAllen, TX Fresno Lafayette, LA Eugene Durham, NC Toledo, OH Fort CollinsBillings Davenport Springfield, MA El Paso, TX Provo, UT Akron, OH Bangor, ME BoulderAlbany Fayetteville, AR Oxnard, CA Dayton, OH Baton Rouge Greensboro Jackson, MS Charleston, WV Lexingon, KYRochester, NY Tucson Reno Allentown Dover Anderson, SC Grand RapidsBuffalo Ogden, UT MadisonCharleston, SC Columbia, SC Colorado Springs Raleigh Jacksonville Birmingham, AL Memphis Tulsa New Orleans Little Rock Wichita Des Moines New Haven Richmond Fargo Austin Nashville Virginia BeachAlbuquerque San Jose Louisville, KY Columbus, OH Orlando Oklahoma City Burlington Salt Lake City Charlotte, NC Sioux Falls San Antonio Bridgeport Portland, MEBoise Anderson, IN Cleveland Sacramento Milwaukee Cinncinnati Tampa Hartford San Diego Omaha St. Louis San Bernardino Kansas City Phoenix Portland, OR Honolulu Detroit Seattle Philadelphia San Francisco Baltimore Las Vegas Denver Miami AtlantaHouston Dallas Minneapolis Pittsburgh Boston Providence Chicago Los Angeles D.C. NYC 10%20%15%25%30% FoodInsecurityRate 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 Median Income CPS Data 2010-2014 CBSA Median Income and Food Insecurity Rates McAllen, TX Fresno Lafayette, LA Eugene Durham, NC Toledo, OH Fort CollinsBillings Davenport Springfield, MA El Paso, TX Provo, UT Akron, OH Bangor, ME Boulder Albany Fayetteville, AR Oxnard, CA Dayton, OH Baton Rouge Greensboro Jackson, MS Charleston, WV Lexingon, KYRochester, NY Tucson Reno Allentown Dover Anderson, SC Grand RapidsBuffaloOgden, UT Madison Charleston, SC Columbia, SC Colorado Springs Raleigh Jacksonville Birmingham, AL Memphis Tulsa New Orleans Little Rock Wichita Des Moines New Haven Richmond Fargo Austin Nashville Virginia Beach Albuquerque San Jose Louisville, KY Columbus, OH Orlando Oklahoma City Burlington Salt Lake City Charlotte, NC Sioux Falls San Antonio Bridgeport Portland, ME Boise Anderson, IN ClevelandSacramento Milwaukee Cinncinnati Tampa Hartford San Diego Omaha St. Louis San Bernardino Kansas City Phoenix Portland, OR Honolulu Detroit Seattle Philadelphia San Francisco Baltimore Las Vegas Denver Miami AtlantaHouston Dallas Minneapolis Pittsburgh Boston Providence Chicago Los Angeles D.C. NYC 10%15%20%25%30% FoodInsecurityRate 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% Unemployment Rate CPS Data 2010-2014 CBSA Unemployment and Food Insecurity Rates McAllen, TX Fresno Lafayette, LA Eugene Durham, NC Toledo, OH Fort CollinsBillings Davenport Springfield, MA El Paso, TX Provo, UT Akron, OH Bangor, ME BoulderAlbany Fayetteville, AR Oxnard, CA Dayton, OH Baton Rouge Greensboro Jackson, MS Charleston, WV Lexingon, KYRochester, NY Tucson Reno Allentown Dover Anderson, SC Grand RapidsBuffaloOgden, UT MadisonCharleston, SC Columbia, SC Colorado Springs Raleigh Jacksonville Birmingham, AL Memphis Tulsa New Orleans Little Rock Wichita Des Moines New Haven Richmond Fargo Austin Nashville Virginia Beach Albuquerque San Jose Louisville, KY Columbus, OH Orlando Oklahoma City Burlington Salt Lake City Charlotte, NC Sioux Falls San Antonio Bridgeport Portland, MEBoise Anderson, IN Cleveland Sacramento Milwaukee Cinncinnati Tampa Hartford San Diego Omaha St. Louis San Bernardino Kansas City Phoenix Portland, OR Honolulu Detroit Seattle Philadelphia San Francisco Baltimore Las Vegas Denver Miami Atlanta Houston Dallas Minneapolis Pittsburgh Boston Providence Chicago Los Angeles D.C. NYC 10%15%20%25%30% FoodInsecurityRate 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%0% Fraction Hispanic Background Top 100 CBSAs by population CPS Data 2010-2014 CBSA Fraction Hispanic Background and Food Insecurity Rates
  • 18. McAllen, TX Fresno Lafayette, LA Eugene Durham, NC Toledo, OH Fort CollinsBillings Davenport Springfield, MA El Paso, TX Provo, UT Akron, OH Bangor, ME BoulderAlbany Fayetteville, AR Oxnard, CA Dayton, OH Baton Rouge Greensboro Jackson, MS Charleston, WV Lexingon, KYRochester, NY Tucson Reno Allentown Dover Anderson, SC Grand RapidsBuffalo Ogden, UT MadisonCharleston, SC Columbia, SC Colorado Springs Raleigh Jacksonville Birmingham, AL Memphis Tulsa New Orleans Little Rock Wichita Des Moines New Haven Richmond Fargo Austin Nashville Virginia BeachAlbuquerque San Jose Louisville, KY Columbus, OH Orlando Oklahoma City Burlington Salt Lake City Charlotte, NC Sioux Falls San Antonio Bridgeport Portland, MEBoise Anderson, IN Cleveland Sacramento Milwaukee Cinncinnati Tampa Hartford San Diego Omaha St. Louis San Bernardino Kansas City Phoenix Portland, OR Honolulu Detroit Seattle Philadelphia San Francisco Baltimore Las Vegas Denver Miami AtlantaHouston Dallas Minneapolis Pittsburgh Boston Providence Chicago Los Angeles D.C. NYC 10%20%15%25%30% FoodInsecurityRate 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 Median Income CPS Data 2010-2014 CBSA Median Income and Food Insecurity Rates McAllen, TX Fresno Lafayette, LA Eugene Durham, NC Toledo, OH Fort CollinsBillings Davenport Springfield, MA El Paso, TX Provo, UT Akron, OH Bangor, ME Boulder Albany Fayetteville, AR Oxnard, CA Dayton, OH Baton Rouge Greensboro Jackson, MS Charleston, WV Lexingon, KYRochester, NY Tucson Reno Allentown Dover Anderson, SC Grand RapidsBuffaloOgden, UT Madison Charleston, SC Columbia, SC Colorado Springs Raleigh Jacksonville Birmingham, AL Memphis Tulsa New Orleans Little Rock Wichita Des Moines New Haven Richmond Fargo Austin Nashville Virginia Beach Albuquerque San Jose Louisville, KY Columbus, OH Orlando Oklahoma City Burlington Salt Lake City Charlotte, NC Sioux Falls San Antonio Bridgeport Portland, ME Boise Anderson, IN ClevelandSacramento Milwaukee Cinncinnati Tampa Hartford San Diego Omaha St. Louis San Bernardino Kansas City Phoenix Portland, OR Honolulu Detroit Seattle Philadelphia San Francisco Baltimore Las Vegas Denver Miami AtlantaHouston Dallas Minneapolis Pittsburgh Boston Providence Chicago Los Angeles D.C. NYC 10%15%20%25%30% FoodInsecurityRate 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% Unemployment Rate CPS Data 2010-2014 CBSA Unemployment and Food Insecurity Rates McAllen, TX Fresno Lafayette, LA Eugene Durham, NC Toledo, OH Fort CollinsBillings Davenport Springfield, MA El Paso, TX Provo, UT Akron, OH Bangor, ME BoulderAlbany Fayetteville, AR Oxnard, CA Dayton, OH Baton Rouge Greensboro Jackson, MS Charleston, WV Lexingon, KYRochester, NY Tucson Reno Allentown Dover Anderson, SC Grand RapidsBuffaloOgden, UT MadisonCharleston, SC Columbia, SC Colorado Springs Raleigh Jacksonville Birmingham, AL Memphis Tulsa New Orleans Little Rock Wichita Des Moines New Haven Richmond Fargo Austin Nashville Virginia Beach Albuquerque San Jose Louisville, KY Columbus, OH Orlando Oklahoma City Burlington Salt Lake City Charlotte, NC Sioux Falls San Antonio Bridgeport Portland, MEBoise Anderson, IN Cleveland Sacramento Milwaukee Cinncinnati Tampa Hartford San Diego Omaha St. Louis San Bernardino Kansas City Phoenix Portland, OR Honolulu Detroit Seattle Philadelphia San Francisco Baltimore Las Vegas Denver Miami Atlanta Houston Dallas Minneapolis Pittsburgh Boston Providence Chicago Los Angeles D.C. NYC 10%15%20%25%30% FoodInsecurityRate 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%0% Fraction Hispanic Background Top 100 CBSAs by population CPS Data 2010-2014 CBSA Rates of Hispanic Background and Food Insecurity Rates McAllen, TX Fresno Lafayette, LA Eugene Durham, NC Toledo, OHFort Collins Billings Davenport Springfield, MA El Paso, TX Provo, UT Akron, OH Bangor, ME Boulder Albany Fayetteville, AR Oxnard, CA Dayton, OH Baton Rouge Greensboro Jackson, MS Charleston, WV Lexingon, KY Rochester, NY Tucson Reno Allentown Dover Anderson, SCGrand Rapids Buffalo Ogden, UT Madison Charleston, SC Columbia, SC Colorado Springs Raleigh Jacksonville Birmingham, ALMemphis Tulsa New Orleans Little Rock Wichita Des MoinesNew Haven Richmond Fargo Austin Nashville Virginia Beach Albuquerque San JoseLouisville, KY Columbus, OH Orlando Oklahoma City Burlington Salt Lake City Charlotte, NC Sioux Falls San Antonio Bridgeport Portland, ME Boise Anderson, IN Cleveland Sacramento Milwaukee Cinncinnati Tampa Hartford San Diego Omaha St. Louis San Bernardino Kansas CityPhoenix Portland, OR Honolulu Detroit Seattle Philadelphia San Francisco Baltimore Las Vegas Denver Miami Atlanta Houston Dallas Minneapolis Pittsburgh Boston Providence Chicago Los Angeles D.C. NYC 05 10152025 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Knowledge of EFOs CPS Data 2010-2014 EFOs vs Knowledge of EFOs McAllen, TX Fresno Lafayette, LA Eugene Durham, NC Toledo, OH Fort CollinsBillings Davenport Springfield, MA El Paso, TX Provo, UT Akron, OH Bangor, ME Boulder Albany Fayetteville, AR Oxnard, CA Dayton, OH Baton Rouge Greensboro Jackson, MS Charleston, WV Lexingon, KYRochester, NY Tucson Reno Allentown Dover Anderson, SC Grand RapidsBuffaloOgden, UT MadisonCharleston, SC Columbia, SC Colorado Springs Raleigh Jacksonville Birmingham, AL Memphis Tulsa New Orleans Little Rock Wichita Des Moines New Haven Richmond Fargo Austin Nashville Virginia Beach Albuquerque San Jose Louisville, KY Columbus, OH Orlando Oklahoma City Burlington Salt Lake City Charlotte, NC Sioux Falls San Antonio Bridgeport Portland, MEBoise Anderson, IN ClevelandSacramento Milwaukee Cinncinnati Tampa Hartford San Diego Omaha St. Louis San Bernardino Kansas City Phoenix Portland, OR Honolulu Detroit Seattle Philadelphia San Francisco Baltimore Las Vegas Denver Miami AtlantaHouston Dallas Minneapolis Pittsburgh Boston Providence Chicago Los Angeles D.C. NYC 10%20%15%25%30% FoodInsecurityRate 0 5 10 15 20 25 EFOs per 100,000 population CPS Data 2010-2014 EFOs and Food Insecurity Rates
  • 19. McAllen, TX Fresno Lafayette, LA Eugene Durham, NC Toledo, OH Fort CollinsBillings Davenport Springfield, MA El Paso, TX Provo, UT Akron, OH Bangor, ME BoulderAlbany Fayetteville, AR Oxnard, CA Dayton, OH Baton Rouge Greensboro Jackson, MS Charleston, WV Lexingon, KYRochester, NY Tucson Reno Allentown Dover Anderson, SC Grand RapidsBuffalo Ogden, UT MadisonCharleston, SC Columbia, SC Colorado Springs Raleigh Jacksonville Birmingham, AL Memphis Tulsa New Orleans Little Rock Wichita Des Moines New Haven Richmond Fargo Austin Nashville Virginia BeachAlbuquerque San Jose Louisville, KY Columbus, OH Orlando Oklahoma City Burlington Salt Lake City Charlotte, NC Sioux Falls San Antonio Bridgeport Portland, MEBoise Anderson, IN Cleveland Sacramento Milwaukee Cinncinnati Tampa Hartford San Diego Omaha St. Louis San Bernardino Kansas City Phoenix Portland, OR Honolulu Detroit Seattle Philadelphia San Francisco Baltimore Las Vegas Denver Miami AtlantaHouston Dallas Minneapolis Pittsburgh Boston Providence Chicago Los Angeles D.C. NYC 10%20%15%25%30% FoodInsecurityRate 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 Median Income CPS Data 2010-2014 CBSA Median Income and Food Insecurity Rates McAllen, TX Fresno Lafayette, LA Eugene Durham, NC Toledo, OH Fort CollinsBillings Davenport Springfield, MA El Paso, TX Provo, UT Akron, OH Bangor, ME Boulder Albany Fayetteville, AR Oxnard, CA Dayton, OH Baton Rouge Greensboro Jackson, MS Charleston, WV Lexingon, KYRochester, NY Tucson Reno Allentown Dover Anderson, SC Grand RapidsBuffaloOgden, UT Madison Charleston, SC Columbia, SC Colorado Springs Raleigh Jacksonville Birmingham, AL Memphis Tulsa New Orleans Little Rock Wichita Des Moines New Haven Richmond Fargo Austin Nashville Virginia Beach Albuquerque San Jose Louisville, KY Columbus, OH Orlando Oklahoma City Burlington Salt Lake City Charlotte, NC Sioux Falls San Antonio Bridgeport Portland, ME Boise Anderson, IN ClevelandSacramento Milwaukee Cinncinnati Tampa Hartford San Diego Omaha St. Louis San Bernardino Kansas City Phoenix Portland, OR Honolulu Detroit Seattle Philadelphia San Francisco Baltimore Las Vegas Denver Miami AtlantaHouston Dallas Minneapolis Pittsburgh Boston Providence Chicago Los Angeles D.C. NYC 10%15%20%25%30% FoodInsecurityRate 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% Unemployment Rate CPS Data 2010-2014 CBSA Unemployment and Food Insecurity Rates McAllen, TX Fresno Lafayette, LA Eugene Durham, NC Toledo, OH Fort CollinsBillings Davenport Springfield, MA El Paso, TX Provo, UT Akron, OH Bangor, ME BoulderAlbany Fayetteville, AR Oxnard, CA Dayton, OH Baton Rouge Greensboro Jackson, MS Charleston, WV Lexingon, KYRochester, NY Tucson Reno Allentown Dover Anderson, SC Grand RapidsBuffaloOgden, UT MadisonCharleston, SC Columbia, SC Colorado Springs Raleigh Jacksonville Birmingham, AL Memphis Tulsa New Orleans Little Rock Wichita Des Moines New Haven Richmond Fargo Austin Nashville Virginia Beach Albuquerque San Jose Louisville, KY Columbus, OH Orlando Oklahoma City Burlington Salt Lake City Charlotte, NC Sioux Falls San Antonio Bridgeport Portland, MEBoise Anderson, IN Cleveland Sacramento Milwaukee Cinncinnati Tampa Hartford San Diego Omaha St. Louis San Bernardino Kansas City Phoenix Portland, OR Honolulu Detroit Seattle Philadelphia San Francisco Baltimore Las Vegas Denver Miami Atlanta Houston Dallas Minneapolis Pittsburgh Boston Providence Chicago Los Angeles D.C. NYC 10%15%20%25%30% FoodInsecurityRate 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%0% Fraction Hispanic Background Top 100 CBSAs by population CPS Data 2010-2014 CBSA Rates of Hispanic Background and Food Insecurity Rates McAllen, TX Fresno Lafayette, LA Eugene Durham, NC Toledo, OHFort Collins Billings Davenport Springfield, MA El Paso, TX Provo, UT Akron, OH Bangor, ME Boulder Albany Fayetteville, AR Oxnard, CA Dayton, OH Baton Rouge Greensboro Jackson, MS Charleston, WV Lexingon, KY Rochester, NY Tucson Reno Allentown Dover Anderson, SCGrand Rapids Buffalo Ogden, UT Madison Charleston, SC Columbia, SC Colorado Springs Raleigh Jacksonville Birmingham, ALMemphis Tulsa New Orleans Little Rock Wichita Des MoinesNew Haven Richmond Fargo Austin Nashville Virginia Beach Albuquerque San JoseLouisville, KY Columbus, OH Orlando Oklahoma City Burlington Salt Lake City Charlotte, NC Sioux Falls San Antonio Bridgeport Portland, ME Boise Anderson, IN Cleveland Sacramento Milwaukee Cinncinnati Tampa Hartford San Diego Omaha St. Louis San Bernardino Kansas CityPhoenix Portland, OR Honolulu Detroit Seattle Philadelphia San Francisco Baltimore Las Vegas Denver Miami Atlanta Houston Dallas Minneapolis Pittsburgh Boston Providence Chicago Los Angeles D.C. NYC 05 10152025 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Knowledge of EFOs CPS Data 2010-2014 EFOs vs Knowledge of EFOs
  • 20. McAllen, TX Fresno Lafayette, LA Eugene Durham, NC Toledo, OH Fort CollinsBillings Davenport Springfield, MA El Paso, TX Provo, UT Akron, OH Bangor, ME BoulderAlbany Fayetteville, AR Oxnard, CA Dayton, OH Baton Rouge Greensboro Jackson, MS Charleston, WV Lexingon, KYRochester, NY Tucson Reno Allentown Dover Anderson, SC Grand RapidsBuffalo Ogden, UT MadisonCharleston, SC Columbia, SC Colorado Springs Raleigh Jacksonville Birmingham, AL Memphis Tulsa New Orleans Little Rock Wichita Des Moines New Haven Richmond Fargo Austin Nashville Virginia BeachAlbuquerque San Jose Louisville, KY Columbus, OH Orlando Oklahoma City Burlington Salt Lake City Charlotte, NC Sioux Falls San Antonio Bridgeport Portland, MEBoise Anderson, IN Cleveland Sacramento Milwaukee Cinncinnati Tampa Hartford San Diego Omaha St. Louis San Bernardino Kansas City Phoenix Portland, OR Honolulu Detroit Seattle Philadelphia San Francisco Baltimore Las Vegas Denver Miami AtlantaHouston Dallas Minneapolis Pittsburgh Boston Providence Chicago Los Angeles D.C. NYC 10%20%15%25%30% FoodInsecurityRate 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 Median Income CPS Data 2010-2014 CBSA Median Income and Food Insecurity Rates McAllen, TX Fresno Lafayette, LA Eugene Durham, NC Toledo, OH Fort CollinsBillings Davenport Springfield, MA El Paso, TX Provo, UT Akron, OH Bangor, ME Boulder Albany Fayetteville, AR Oxnard, CA Dayton, OH Baton Rouge Greensboro Jackson, MS Charleston, WV Lexingon, KYRochester, NY Tucson Reno Allentown Dover Anderson, SC Grand RapidsBuffaloOgden, UT Madison Charleston, SC Columbia, SC Colorado Springs Raleigh Jacksonville Birmingham, AL Memphis Tulsa New Orleans Little Rock Wichita Des Moines New Haven Richmond Fargo Austin Nashville Virginia Beach Albuquerque San Jose Louisville, KY Columbus, OH Orlando Oklahoma City Burlington Salt Lake City Charlotte, NC Sioux Falls San Antonio Bridgeport Portland, ME Boise Anderson, IN ClevelandSacramento Milwaukee Cinncinnati Tampa Hartford San Diego Omaha St. Louis San Bernardino Kansas City Phoenix Portland, OR Honolulu Detroit Seattle Philadelphia San Francisco Baltimore Las Vegas Denver Miami AtlantaHouston Dallas Minneapolis Pittsburgh Boston Providence Chicago Los Angeles D.C. NYC 10%15%20%25%30% FoodInsecurityRate 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% Unemployment Rate CPS Data 2010-2014 CBSA Unemployment and Food Insecurity Rates McAllen, TX Fresno Lafayette, LA Eugene Durham, NC Toledo, OH Fort CollinsBillings Davenport Springfield, MA El Paso, TX Provo, UT Akron, OH Bangor, ME BoulderAlbany Fayetteville, AR Oxnard, CA Dayton, OH Baton Rouge Greensboro Jackson, MS Charleston, WV Lexingon, KYRochester, NY Tucson Reno Allentown Dover Anderson, SC Grand RapidsBuffaloOgden, UT MadisonCharleston, SC Columbia, SC Colorado Springs Raleigh Jacksonville Birmingham, AL Memphis Tulsa New Orleans Little Rock Wichita Des Moines New Haven Richmond Fargo Austin Nashville Virginia Beach Albuquerque San Jose Louisville, KY Columbus, OH Orlando Oklahoma City Burlington Salt Lake City Charlotte, NC Sioux Falls San Antonio Bridgeport Portland, MEBoise Anderson, IN Cleveland Sacramento Milwaukee Cinncinnati Tampa Hartford San Diego Omaha St. Louis San Bernardino Kansas City Phoenix Portland, OR Honolulu Detroit Seattle Philadelphia San Francisco Baltimore Las Vegas Denver Miami Atlanta Houston Dallas Minneapolis Pittsburgh Boston Providence Chicago Los Angeles D.C. NYC 10%15%20%25%30% FoodInsecurityRate 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%0% Fraction Hispanic Background Top 100 CBSAs by population CPS Data 2010-2014 CBSA Rates of Hispanic Background and Food Insecurity Rates McAllen, TX Fresno Lafayette, LA Eugene Durham, NC Toledo, OHFort Collins Billings Davenport Springfield, MA El Paso, TX Provo, UT Akron, OH Bangor, ME Boulder Albany Fayetteville, AR Oxnard, CA Dayton, OH Baton Rouge Greensboro Jackson, MS Charleston, WV Lexingon, KY Rochester, NY Tucson Reno Allentown Dover Anderson, SCGrand Rapids Buffalo Ogden, UT Madison Charleston, SC Columbia, SC Colorado Springs Raleigh Jacksonville Birmingham, ALMemphis Tulsa New Orleans Little Rock Wichita Des MoinesNew Haven Richmond Fargo Austin Nashville Virginia Beach Albuquerque San JoseLouisville, KY Columbus, OH Orlando Oklahoma City Burlington Salt Lake City Charlotte, NC Sioux Falls San Antonio Bridgeport Portland, ME Boise Anderson, IN Cleveland Sacramento Milwaukee Cinncinnati Tampa Hartford San Diego Omaha St. Louis San Bernardino Kansas CityPhoenix Portland, OR Honolulu Detroit Seattle Philadelphia San Francisco Baltimore Las Vegas Denver Miami Atlanta Houston Dallas Minneapolis Pittsburgh Boston Providence Chicago Los Angeles D.C. NYC 05 10152025 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Knowledge of EFOs CPS Data 2010-2014 EFOs vs Knowledge of EFOs McAllen, TX Fresno Lafayette, LA Eugene Durham, NC Toledo, OH Fort CollinsBillings Davenport Springfield, MA El Paso, TX Provo, UT Akron, OH Bangor, ME BoulderAlbany Fayetteville, AR Oxnard, CA Dayton, OH Baton Rouge Greensboro Jackson, MS Charleston, WV Lexingon, KYRochester, NY Tucson Reno Allentown Dover Anderson, SC Grand RapidsBuffaloOgden, UT MadisonCharleston, SC Columbia, SC Colorado Springs Raleigh Jacksonville Birmingham, AL Memphis Tulsa New Orleans Little Rock Wichita Des Moines New Haven Richmond Fargo Austin Nashville Virginia BeachAlbuquerque San Jose Louisville, KY Columbus, OH Orlando Oklahoma City Burlington Salt Lake City Charlotte, NC Sioux Falls San Antonio Bridgeport Portland, ME Boise Anderson, IN Cleveland Sacramento Milwaukee Cinncinnati Tampa Hartford San Diego Omaha St. Louis San Bernardino Kansas City Phoenix Portland, OR Honolulu Detroit Seattle Philadelphia San Francisco Baltimore Las Vegas Denver Miami Atlanta Houston Dallas Minneapolis Pittsburgh Boston Providence Chicago Los Angeles D.C. NYC 10%15%20%25%30% FoodInsecurityRate 0 2 4 6 8 Number of Food Banks CPS Data 2010-2014 Food Banks and Food Insecurity Rates

Editor's Notes

  1. Why was there a shift in food insecurity? Food insecurity increased by 36 percent, about seven million households The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, to the commodification of social assistance in programs like The Emergency Food Assistance Program (TEFAP) and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF). TEFAP, and federal food banking programs did not increase funding from FY 2002 – FY 2007. However, the increase wasn’t unilateral across cities, or counties. A new report shows that food insecurity is a problem in every single county in the United States. Some are much worse off than others. In Jefferson County, Mississippi, for example, 38 percent of the population experienced food insecurity in 2014. In Loudon County, Virginia, that share is only 4 percent.
  2. 1. Poor community social functioning results in greater likelihood of households being food insecure. 2. The ability to obtain food within your community depends on the resources present for food consumption. Food Security – “access by all people at all times to enough food for an active, healthy life” (USDA, 2010). EFOs – Emergency Feeding Organizations (soup kitchens, food pantries, church groups, food rescue programs). Social Capital – “accessibility of resources to a community based on the openness and sharing of collective social functioning, or the ‘social, cultural, and historical commonalities’” (Dean & Sharkey, 2011).
  3. Health- many negative health outcomes associated with food insecurity and undernutrition such as heart disease, obesity, birth defects, asthma, and nutrient deficiencies. Sallis - multi-level intervention is the most effective way to change specific health behaviors. Multiple levels of agents to connect at intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizational, community, and public policy levels. Kaiser- Community food security models shift the system away from emphasizing production and economic efficiency toward food systems that are adaptable and resilient to ecological and socioeconomic conditions”. Sen - food, water, and shelter as basic needs, to avoid undernourishment and escape deprivations associated with hunger. Problems arise when disadvantaged individuals cannot utilize and satisfy basic needs and entitlements and are not capable of avoiding hunger and food insecurity alone. Economic Determinants- Income & income volatility, assets and wealth. Demographic Determinants- Race (Black and Hispanic, and Native American), Gender (Women) and family composition (single mothers),
  4. Supplement to the main labor force survey in the US, sponsored by the USDA
  5. WhyHunger.org, an organization that supports and advocates for grassroots leaders and emergency food providers to build program capacity and success, contains a database of organizations’ addresses for 18,630 registered food assistance sites, including food pantries, religious groups, and soup kitchens. FeedingAmerica.org, the nation’s largest food bank network, contains a database of addresses for 275 federally-funded food banks operating at metro and state levels. This information was obtained through a web scrape using Python on February 18, 2016, with permission from WhyHunger.org County Business Patterns: number of grocery stores, convenience stores, specialty food stores, and warehouse clubs or supercenters. BP collects end of first-quarter estimates of count and employment statistics and are matched to CPS data as a nine-month lag. May be endogenous due to non-random site selection issues.
  6. Ordered logit regression for Food Insecurity N=132,830 Logit regression for knowledge of EFOs N=53,635
  7. In a snapshot, there really isn’t much you can say about this relationship. We see a slight association between the two, but since we do not know about program efficiency, and length of time they have been around, it is not possible to look at effects. It is possible that Philadelphia would have much worse food security if it were not for their extensive support programs.
  8. When you look at EFOs above 5 per 100,000 population, there is a positive correlation between knowledge and density of EFOs. Perhaps this has to do with density of EFOs not being evenly distributed across space, or population.
  9. Look at El Paso and Boulder. They each have one food bank but are the opposite spectrums of food insecurity It is a political process of applying for a federally funded food bank. You need to prove need base so they fill a demand, and income/resource base to sustain the program as federal funds will not entirely cover the costs. Many food banks rely on volunteer labor, donated foods, non profit grants, and business sponsorships.