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With its main brand Marmoleum,
Forbo is the world leader in
linoleum. Our floor coverings set
the trend in design, quality,
innovation and service in both the
commercial and private sector.
Close cooperation with the Italian
architect Alessandro Mendini has
produced six innovative floor
designs, each available in
multicoloured panels created with
advanced aquajet technology.
Marmoleum is manufactured solely
from natural materials. Linseed oil
from Canada – extracted from the
seeds of the flax plant – is one of
the most important ingredients.
Pine rosins come from Indonesia
and China, cork from Portugal,
wood flour and pigments from a
number of European countries,
and jute from India and Bangladesh.
3
page 4
page 10
page 16
page 22
Let the examples of the designs
Mendini has made for Forbo be
an inspiration to you.
Plato
Harlekino
Proust
Overview
5
Plato is available in a brightly coloured version
(in eight Marmoleum colours) and one based on
softer shades. The design reflects the principles of
pointillism, in which the brush-strokes are abstracted
into square shapes overlaid in a variety of ways.
With each order Mendini’s signature is delivered on
a strip of Marmoleum, ready to be incorporated in
the overall design (see an example of how this can
be done on page 9).
Platonic relationship
6
Plato forte
7
Plato sotto
9
11
Harlekino – emblematic of Mendini himself – is at the
heart of the ‘Marmoleum meets Mendini’ collection.
The bright, colourful version refers to a harlequin’s
suit, while the softer version has a more classical
appearance, which combines wonderfully with
marble. Harlekino is composed of seven colours.
The colour of the lines that define the diamond
shapes can be repeated in a simple border round the
edge of the room.
Inspired by Harlekino
12
Harlekino forte
13
Harlekino sotto
14
13
Harlekino sotto
Harlekino sotto Harlekino sotto
13
Harlekino sotto
15
16
This comes closest to designs made earlier by
Mendini such as the Poltrona di Proust. The brush-
strokes are clearly visible in this floor, powerfully
magnified to a size of about 50 cm. Proust contains
seven colours.
As with all Mendini floors, the panels can be
connected to create a wall-to-wall design. It’s also
possible to lay a panel as if it were a rug, creating
a strong accent within a larger uniform area of
Marmoleum.
Memories of Proust
18
Proust forte
19
Proust sotto
20
21
22
12
HarlekHarlekino forte
Plato forte
18002
repeat 156 x 148 cm
Plato sotto
18001
repeat 156 x 148 cm
Harlekino forte
18012
repeat 86 x 90 cm
Forte consists of eight
colours from the Real
collection:
3125
3126
3131
3221
Sotto consists of eight
colours from the Fresco
collection:
3886
3871
3252
3883
Forte consists of seven
colours from the Real
collection:
3125
3126
3131
3882
3247
3030
3257
3139
3246
3874
3218
3248
3247
3030
3858
Example of how to convert the irregular Plato panels into squares Example of how to covert the irregular
Harlekino panels into squares
23­
13
Harlekino sotto
Harlekino sotto
18011
repeat 86 x 90 cm
Proust forte
18022
repeat 165 x 183 cm
Proust sotto
18021
repeat 165 x 183 cm
Extra signature
18031
75 x 200 mm
Sotto consists of seven
colours from the Real
collection
3123
2707
3219
3232
Forte consists of seven
colours from the Real
collection:
3125
3126
3131
3244
Sotto also consists of
seven colours from the Real
collection:
3257
3136
3053
3146
The signature is made
of two colours from
the Real collection:
3257
2939
2629
3876
3858
3274
3030
3032
3137
3139
2939
Example of how to convert the irregular Proust panels into squares
Australia
Forbo Floorcoverings Pty Ltd.
23 Ormsby Place, Wetherill Park
NSW 2164
Tel: +61 2 9828 0200
info.au@forbo.com
www.forbo-flooring.com.au
Austria
Forbo Flooring Austria GmbH
Oswald-Redlich-Straße 1
A-1210 Wien
Tel: +43-(0)1- 3309204
info.austria@forbo.com	
www.forbo-flooring.at
Belgium
Forbo Flooring
‘t Hofveld 4
1702 Groot-Bijgaarden
Tel: +32 2 464 1010
info.belgium@forbo.com
www.forbo-flooring.be
Denmark
Forbo Flooring A/S
Produktionsvej 14
2600 Glostrup
Tel: 44 92 85 00
info.denmark@forbo.com
www.forbo-flooring.dk
Finland
Forbo Flooring Finland Oy
Heikkiläntie 2, 4 krs
00210 Helsinki
Tel: +358 (0)9 862 30 300
info.finland@forbo.com
www.forbo-flooring.fi
France
Forbo-Sarlino S.A.S.
63, rue Gosset- BP 2717
51055 Reims Cedex
Tel: 03 26 77 30 30
Assistance technique: 03 26 77 30 55
echantillonnage.sarlino@forbo.com
www.forbo-flooring.fr
Germany
Forbo Flooring GmbH
Steubenstraße 27
D-33100 Paderborn
Tel: +49-(0)52 51 - 1803-0
info.germany@forbo.com
www.forbo-flooring.de
Ireland
Forbo Ireland Ltd.
2 Deansgrange Business Park
Blackrock, Co Dublin
Tel: 00353 1 2898 898
info.ireland@forbo.com
www.forbo-flooring.ie
Italy
Forbo Resilienti s.r.l.
Centro commerciale S. Felice
Lotto 2, int. 5
I-20090 Segrate (Mi)
Tel: +39 02 75 31 488
info.flooring.it@forbo.com
www.forbo-flooring.it
The Netherlands
Forbo Flooring B.V.
Postbus 13
1560 AA Krommenie
Tel: (075) 647 78 80
contact@forbo.com	
www.forbo-flooring.nl
Portugal
Forbo-Revestimentos, SA
Zona Industrial da Maia I, Sector VII
Tv. Eng. Nobre da Costa, 87
Apartado 6091
4476-908 Maia
Tel: +351 229 996 900
info.revestimentos@forbo.com
www.forbo-flooring.com.pt
Norway
Forbo Flooring A/S
Hagaløkkveien 7
1383 Asker
Tel: 66 77 12 00
info.norway@forbo.com
www.forbo-flooring.no
Spain
Forbo Pavimentos S.A.
Pasaje Bofill, 13-15
08013 Barcelona
Tel: +34 93 20 90 793 – 93 20 06 732
info@forbo-linoleum.es
www.forbo-flooring.es
Sweden
Forbo Flooring AB
Box 9046, 400 91 Göteborg
Tel: 031-89 20 00
Stockholm tel: 08 - 602 34 90
info.sweden@forbo.com
www.forbo-flooring.se
Switzerland
Forbo - Giubiasco SA
Via Industrie 16
CH – 6512 Giubiasco
Tel: +41 91 850 01 11
info.flooring.ch@forbo.com
www.forbo-flooring.ch
United Kingdom
Forbo-Nairn Ltd.
P.O. Box 1, Kirkcaldy
Fife, KY1 2SB
Tel: 01592 643777
Samples: 0800 731 2369
info.uk@forbo.com
www.forbo-flooring.co.uk
Registered Office
Forbo Nairn Limited
55 Baker Street
London, W1U 7EU
Registered No: 258309 England
Other countries
Forbo Linoleum B.V.
P.O. Box 13
1560 AA Krommenie
the Netherlands
Tel: +31 75 647 74 77
contact@forbo.com	
www.forbo-flooring.com
meets
1
Marmoleum meets Mendini is like
a marriage that has created six
children. Two can be seen as
paintings, two can be seen as self-
portraits by the artist, and two are
‘normal’ floors. Such cooperation
between industry and art has a
long and interesting history. In this
booklet Frans Haks tells the story
behind the close collaboration
between Mendini and Forbo.
On the way to the art factory
features a number of remarkable examples from the
history of the industrial revolution, prefiguring the
output of Marmoleum meets Mendini.
Design pittorico
tells about Mendini’s ideology and methods.
Rammendini
is an interview in which Mendini explains why he
views the cooperation with Forbo as a marriage,
and how the results can be interpreted and applied.
page 4
page 5
page 13
4
Ever since the emergence
of industrial technologies,
manufacturers have sought to
enhance and expand the scope of
production by involving artists in
their work. One of the first and
most remarkable personalities to
take such an initiative was
Josiah Wedgwood (1730-1793).
In a catalogue published in 1779,
he wrote that it was the duty of
every manufacturer to promote
good taste. The best and most
effective way to achieve this,
he claimed, is by using new
techniques and materials to
produce existing works of art in
such large numbers that a much
broader public can enjoy them.
Wedgwood did his utmost, as the
summing up of new materials and
On the way to
the art factory
Alessandro Mendini
5
Mendini’s architecture can be seen all over the world. A brief
compendium of his work during the past decade includes several hundred
shops for the Swatch and Alessi chains in Europe, Asia and the United
States; the new underground stations in Naples; casinos in Switzerland;
a cultural centre in Omegna; and a museum at Groningen in the
Netherlands. This enormous output is the work of Atelier Mendini,
presided over by the Mendini brothers. Francesco deals with the technical
aspects, the financial administration and the day-to-day management.
The artistic direction is in the hands of Alessandro.
Trained as an architect in Milan, in 1970 Alessandro co-founded his first
company, only to leave it again almost immediately, unable to reconcile
himself to the demands and customs of the architectural world. He was
successively editor-in-chief of Casabella magazine, Modo and finally
Domus, where he published the ideas of like-minded spirits as well as his
own thoughts on art, design and architecture. For example, he noted that
houses in many far-away countries typically have lavishly decorated
facades and are filled with furniture featuring brightly painted or sculpted
surfaces. Objects, clothing and even the human body are all part of the
decorative scheme. He regarded this practice as a kind of homage to
outward form, and contrasted it to the modernist ban on decoration,
which, he felt, had led to an overemphasis on the way things were made,
and thus to their impoverishment. Such observations led Mendini to
reject the modernist idiom – or, to put it another way: to seek to move
functionalism beyond the merely technical and utilitarian.
Design pittorico
6
their advantages in his catalogue
shows. Black porcelain is acid-
resistant and can be just as easily
cleaned and polished as copper,
silver and gold. It is even possible
to put it in an oven without
damaging it.
He drew his reader’s special
attention to ‘Bisquit ware’. While
this looks like marble, it is much
cheaper and lighter, and therefore
extremely suitable not only for
copying portraits and busts from
antiquity, but also for producing
household goods such as vases
and bowls. And while Wedgwood
didn’t make this explicit, he clearly
intended his mass-produced work
to achieve more than commercial
success alone: he also aspired to
artistic success.
The introduction of Marmoleum
shows that Wedgwood’s ideology
was still very much alive in the
twentieth century. The name
Marmoleum is a contraction of
marble and linoleum – a statement
that the prestigious and expensive
looks of marble can be echoed
in a product that has the added
advantages of being cheaper,
On the way to the art factory
Here, a model considered by many
to resemble one of the
7
To achieve this, he developed his own method, whereby the principles of
one branch of art were transferred to another. One of the terms he used to
describe this process was Design pittorico – literally: pictorial design.
Design based on pictorial criteria became the hallmark of his work. He felt
that decoration should be applied not so much intuitively, but rather
systematically to a wide variety of forms in all shapes and sizes. The most
highly developed of these systems – the one that has been used most
frequently and therefore occupies an important place in Mendini’s oeuvre
– is known as Proust.
The tale begins in 1977 with Mendini’s idea of designing a fabric inspired
by the work of Marcel Proust. Just as he dreamed of an architecture as
changeable as fashion, so he wanted to create a visual product based on
literature. With this in mind, he visits the places where Proust had lived.
Finding none of the interiors intact, he decides instead to turn to the art
Proust had owned and admired. In sketches and collages he places
details from paintings by Van Gogh, Monet, Bonnard, Vuillard, Seurat and
Signac next to one another, and designs (on paper) fabrics combining
these fragments. The final result, however, is not a fabric, but rather the
so-called Poltrona di Proust: a brand-new chair that is evocative of the
18th century.
The combination raises many questions: is the Poltrona di Proust a chair
that should be used as such, or is it a chair-shaped painting? If it is not a
painting, but merely a piece of painted upholstery, is not the person who
sits on it some sort of barbarian, as the upholstery cannot be replaced?
as the ‘height of kitsch’ was painted
most radical painting styles of all time, Signac’s pointillism
8
The Poltrona di Proust was also seen as an attack on the basic laws of
functionalism formulated by the Bauhaus. One such dictum states that
furniture must be ‘honest’ – that is: the structure of a chair and its
upholstery must remain strictly separated. Here, however, the Signac
motif patterns the wooden frame and the fabric equally, blurring the
distinction between the two.
Still more fundamental is the objection that a painting is a painting and
should therefore be hanging on a wall. A painting is more than just
decoration – and certainly not something to be used to upholster a chair.
In the eyes of all those who continue to defend the distinction between
high and low art, between oil on canvas and everything else, Mendini has
robbed painting of its sacrosanct aura, reducing the highest form of art to
mere ornamentation. Mendini’s passion for decoration is therefore a
provocation on various fronts. It is no surprise, then, that the Poltrona di
Proust becomes both famous and infamous around the world.
Still, this is not enough, and Mendini begins work on a series of
variations, of which the design for Forbo is only the most recent case in
point. Casting the model in bronze, for example, he creates a three-
dimensional version that is even more obviously not something to be sat
on, but rather an object to be looked at. It is bronze sculpture in the form
of a chair.
Mendini then begins expanding the various possibilities in a systematic
fashion. He designs new basic materials such as laminate, silk, cotton,
velours, tiles and paper, all featuring the pointillist motif in various colour
combinations, dot sizes and forms. For example, thirteen different colours
are worked into the silk and velours – primarily shades of red, brown and
beige. The fabrics themselves lead to yet another set of applications.
Under Mendini’s direction, the silk is turned into blouses, skirts and
softer and warmer to the touch,
and at least as easy to clean.
Forbo is proud to continue
Wedgwood’s ideal of producing
precious materials in a way that
brings them within the reach of
ordinary households – not to
mention hospitals, restaurants and
offices. Not that Mr Wedgwood’s
own contemporaries were always
as ambitious or quality-conscious
as he was: the market of his time
was flooded with mediocre
products. This confirmed the critics
in their view that clear distinctions
had to be made between unique,
autonomous art on the one hand
and practical or useful art made in
series on the other. Naturally, the
latter was always considered to be
inferior...
Such prejudices were precisely
what led Karl Ernst Osthaus,
an early 20th-century banker and
patron of the arts, to devote his
energies to improving the
relationship between artists,
manufacturers and the consumer.
Among many other activities,
he founded the Deutsches Museum
für Kunst in Handel und Gewerbe
On the way to the art factory
men’s ties, while the velours is used for upholstery, teddy bears and a
jacket for Philippe Starck. In addition to these basic materials, which
anyone can use at their discretion, Mendini also designs a number of
ready-made, industrially produced pointillist objects for large-scale
distribution. The best known of these is the Lots-of-dots watch for Swatch.
Unique objects are also painted with the dot motif, for example an
antique chest of drawers belonging to Mendini’s family. Two decorated
lamps are probably the most striking, as the pointillist effect is achieved
here by using glass-mosaic. This will have far-reaching consequences for
the future, as we will see.
9
Interno di un Interno is an installation
in which the walls, floor, ceiling,
furniture and accessories
are all executed according to the Proust concept
10
From the beginning, it was Mendini’s aim not simply to decorate a number
of arbitrary objects with dots, but rather to create an entire space in which
every component would sport the pointillist stipple.
Interno di un Interno – literally: ‘Interior of an interior’ – an installation in
which the walls, floor, ceiling, furniture and accessories are all executed
according to the Proust concept. The piece was acquired by the Groninger
Museum, itself a demonstration of how the motif can be applied in
architectural proportions. It begins with the entrance, framed on the
(‘The German Museum for Art in
Commerce and Industry’) and
began collecting such ephemera
as letterheads, advertisements,
invoices, packaging and posters.
Together, such items comprised
the face – or ‘house style’ –
of a company or industry, a new
category of art born of advances
in reproduction technology.
Osthaus also acquired industrially
manufactured materials, which had
been used for temporary interiors
and exhibitions – things intended
from the beginning to be
destroyed, and otherwise destined
to be lost. In addition to linoleum,
he collected carpets, tiles and wall
coverings such as wallpaper and
fabric. Items he could not obtain
as originals were registered and
photographed – such as the
furnishings of cruise ships and
trains, shop-window displays and
exhibition installations. He also
documented theatre facades,
stores, offices and factories.
Osthaus organised an exhibition of
his collection that travelled
throughout Germany, to Austria
and the United States. While his
On the way to the art factory
The mosaic-clad winding
11
outside by a mosaic border that illustrates how the pointillist painting
technique can be integrated into architecture. The interior wall is also
decorated, this time with tiles that should be seen as a rectangular
enlargement of the Proust dot. The mosaic-clad winding staircase, which
leads to the exhibition spaces, is intended to evoke the atmosphere of an
Oriental palace.
The largest and most spectacular application, however, can be seen on the
exterior of the art pavilion. It is made of a laminate specially designed and
developed for the Groninger Museum. Here the motif is so magnified that
its pointillist character is visible from a distance. Its function is to signal to
the passer-by that this part of the museum houses modern art.
staircase is intended to evoke
the atmosphere of an Oriental palace
12
Since its introduction, more than
100 different products with the
Poltrona di Proust motif have been
put on the market, varying in size
from a wristwatch to the wing of a
museum – and the end is nowhere
in sight, as we learn from the
following conversation between
Frans Haks and Mendini on the
latter’s design for Forbo
Marmoleum.
death in 1921 meant that a
permanent museum was never
built, there is another reason only a
small portion of his holdings has
survived (now in the Kaiser
Wilhelm Museum in Krefeld). Of far
more disastrous consequence was
the art theory of the 20th century,
which declared the supremacy of
the autonomous work of art over
that which is serially produced. As
a result, such supposedly ‘lower’
forms of art were almost entirely
neglected.
Andy Warhol understood this
situation perfectly, and moved to
remedy it on two fronts. First, like
Osthaus, he put together a large
collection of applied-art objects in
which no one else was apparently
(yet) interested; unfortunately,
these were all auctioned following
his death.
Far more important, however,
was Warhol’s ambition to produce
independent works of art
mechanically. He was driven by a
desire to equal Picasso’s oeuvre in
both scope and significance –
something that eventually led him
to the notion of serial painting.
On the way to the art factory
13
Mendini
A product is never mine alone. When I have a good idea, I try to realise it
and then choose a company. If it’s a bad company, then the result is a
bad product, or no product at all. A strong company, on the other hand,
has all the necessary technology and productive capacity at its disposal,
as well as internal and external communication, a marketing strategy,
publicity and many outlets. So every product has a father and a mother.
If firms such as Forbo, Alessi, Swatch, Flos or Artemide can be seen as the
mothers, then I regard myself as the father. More often than not, what
we’re talking about is not a 50-50 ratio, but rather 20-80 or 70-30. In the
case of Forbo, I had access not only to all their technical facilities but also
to their many employees, who were extremely capable, always available,
dedicated and understanding. Everything went so smoothly that we only
needed to meet four or five times.
M
As a rule, restrictions are quite useful: there are fewer problems to solve.
In this case, we never needed to think about a new colour palette, as the
assignment was to use existing material, which of course means existing
colours... There were lots of these, but none of them bright. Apparently
it’s technically so difficult to produce white that nobody has ever done it.
M
To achieve the greatest possible variety. To accentuate this we sought out
the most appropriate forms. The result is a combination of very strong
colours and one of more subdued, greyish tones, both in the same
geometric pattern. Soft and contrasting pastel colours are worked into
Rammendini
Frans Haks
You’ve often said that when
collaborating with a company,
50% of the input comes from you
and your studio, and 50% from the
client. Can you explain how that
worked in this case?
FH
Was the request for a new design
in the Proust tradition using
existing Marmoleum too restrictive?
FH
What were your criteria when
choosing the colours?
14
He began referring to his studio as
the ‘Factory’, and it was here that
he invented a new kind of art: the
silk-screened painting on canvas.
Using this method, he could make
(or have made) as many copies of a
work as he wanted – each of the
same quality and value, as they
were all exactly alike. Whereas
Osthaus collected and championed
the industrial artworks he found in
the world around him, Warhol took
things one step further by
mechanically producing his own art
in series.
Mendini’s philosophy and work are
perfectly in keeping with both
Osthaus and Warhol, partly
because of the way he cooperates
with industry as an advisor and
artistic director. The huge array of
products offered by Alessi today
would be unthinkable without the
collaboration between Mendini and
Alberto Alessi, the duo that
transformed this manufacturer of
kitchen utensils into one of the
world’s leading design companies.
Their approach is to bring in artists
and allow them to design the
things they dream of, convinced
that it is better to create a clientele
On the way to the art factory
I leave the further development of
so they have the freedom
that my original dots can now be found
in all kinds of
15
diamond shapes, and finally there are the more painterly forms – alluding
to brushstrokes – in bright, contrasting colours and in shades of grey
tending towards black.
M
Yes. Absolutely. Pointillism was originally contrived as a new way of
representing the world in painting. Instead of tonal planes, primary
coloured dots were used. These were applied so close to one another that
from a distance they could evoke light, air, water, whatever. The original
aim of pointillism was to create a new method of reproducing the visible
world... In the 20th century, this innovative style was regarded as so
important that it came to be thought of as marking the dawn of
contemporary painting.
That was reason enough for me to use this quintessential avant-garde art
form to decorate a piece of furniture. I wanted to show that the art of
painting could be beneficial to the decorative arts. In other words, that
autonomous painting and the applied arts could be treated and used as
equals. Over the years I’ve modified my ideas considerably, for example,
by using the stipple technique as a sort of veil to obscure the difference
between frame and upholstery in the Poltrona di Proust.
This was how the rectangular gold and black variants came about,
and from the moment we realised the stipple could be reproduced in
mosaic, there was a prospect of integrating painting and architecture.
FH
Do these solutions fit in with the
Proust tradition?
ideas and designs to my team,
to create variations on my initial concept, with the result
colours and shapes
16
by producing highly desirable serial
art objects than to simply meet
consumers’ demands. Both men
believe strongly in this way of
working, and are proud of the
opportunities they have created for
the development of mechanically
produced art. This is why since
1998 Alessi’s annual catalogue has
been known as the Fabbrica dei
sogni, or Dream Factory.
On the threshold of the third
millennium, Mendini took La
fabbrica dell Arte – the ‘Art factory’
– as the title for an overview of
Italian design he organised in 1996
for the Louisiana Museum of
Contemporary Art in Humlebaeck
near Copenhagen. With this title,
he boldly proclaimed that there
was no difference between
autonomous and applied art –
the belief that also informed his
Marmoleum designs for Forbo.
Rammendini was the name given
to the craftsmen who specialised
in making new clothes
from old scraps of cloth
On the way to the art factory
17
I once asked the artist Tarshito to have a carpet made for me in India
using the Proust motif. For one reason or another, he came up with these
particular forms. For me, this was a totally unexpected solution.
M.
Yes, that’s how the diamonds in pink, blue and lilac were born. All this
has something to do with my name, by the way, which was originally
Rammendini. That was the name given to the craftsmen who specialised
in making new clothes from old scraps of cloth. I like the etymology
because it’s an allusion to my way of working. I also start with existing
colours, forms and motifs, and combine them in such a way that the final
result entirely fulfils my wishes. I once visualised this idea in a self-
portrait; in it I’m dressed in clothes made from light-coloured pieces of
fabric.
At the moment, I’m participating in a project in which architects have to
design a costume for themselves. I like doing this, because I consider
clothing the smallest form of architecture. Mine will be a harlequin
costume.
FH
Were you happy with this solution
and did you then use it as the
basis for new variations?
Because it looks something like a Pierrot,
I decided to call it
Self-portrait as a harlequin
18
The effect is much stronger when they
it then becomes
19
M
Absolutely. The idea of using existing Marmoleum is perfectly in keeping
with the family tradition of taking old pieces of fabric to make new
textiles. This was the inspiration for translating the forms from my self-
portrait into diamond shapes. In this way, the Marmoleum pattern has
become more geometric than the decoration I used for my clothes and
shoes in the past.
M
No – they were chosen in order to offer the greatest possible contrast:
very light colours in the diamonds, very strong colours in the brushstroke
forms, and in between two different solutions for the rectangles.
M
The commission from Forbo gave me the opportunity to design a Proust
floor in Marmoleum. The variations are keyed in such a way that they are
easily recognisable and can be used one after the other – for the floor of
a store, for example. But the effect is much stronger when they are
combined in a single space – simultaneously on the floor, the walls and
the ceiling. The advantage here is that the walls then function as a
Marmoleum showcase and a sort of three-dimensional Marmoleum
catalogue.
FH
Is the linoleum design for Forbo
also something of a self-portrait?
FH
Do the light colours help to
strengthen the character of the
portrait?
FH
Is the result meant only to be used
on the floor?
are combined in a single space:
a sort of three-dimensional Marmoleum catalogue
20
Frans Haks
Frans Haks, former director of the Groninger Museum in the
Netherlands, has a close professional and personal relationship
with Alessandro Mendini. Because of his admiration for Mendini
and strong affinity with his work, Forbo asked him to write about
the architect’s designs.
Alessandro Mendini
pages 9, 10, 11 Collection Groninger Museum, photo John Stoel
text
drawings
photos

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Folleto Marmoleum Meets Mendini

  • 1.
  • 2. 1
  • 3. 2 With its main brand Marmoleum, Forbo is the world leader in linoleum. Our floor coverings set the trend in design, quality, innovation and service in both the commercial and private sector. Close cooperation with the Italian architect Alessandro Mendini has produced six innovative floor designs, each available in multicoloured panels created with advanced aquajet technology. Marmoleum is manufactured solely from natural materials. Linseed oil from Canada – extracted from the seeds of the flax plant – is one of the most important ingredients. Pine rosins come from Indonesia and China, cork from Portugal, wood flour and pigments from a number of European countries, and jute from India and Bangladesh.
  • 4. 3 page 4 page 10 page 16 page 22 Let the examples of the designs Mendini has made for Forbo be an inspiration to you. Plato Harlekino Proust Overview
  • 5.
  • 6. 5 Plato is available in a brightly coloured version (in eight Marmoleum colours) and one based on softer shades. The design reflects the principles of pointillism, in which the brush-strokes are abstracted into square shapes overlaid in a variety of ways. With each order Mendini’s signature is delivered on a strip of Marmoleum, ready to be incorporated in the overall design (see an example of how this can be done on page 9). Platonic relationship
  • 9.
  • 10. 9
  • 11.
  • 12. 11 Harlekino – emblematic of Mendini himself – is at the heart of the ‘Marmoleum meets Mendini’ collection. The bright, colourful version refers to a harlequin’s suit, while the softer version has a more classical appearance, which combines wonderfully with marble. Harlekino is composed of seven colours. The colour of the lines that define the diamond shapes can be repeated in a simple border round the edge of the room. Inspired by Harlekino
  • 15. 14 13 Harlekino sotto Harlekino sotto Harlekino sotto 13 Harlekino sotto
  • 16. 15
  • 17. 16 This comes closest to designs made earlier by Mendini such as the Poltrona di Proust. The brush- strokes are clearly visible in this floor, powerfully magnified to a size of about 50 cm. Proust contains seven colours. As with all Mendini floors, the panels can be connected to create a wall-to-wall design. It’s also possible to lay a panel as if it were a rug, creating a strong accent within a larger uniform area of Marmoleum. Memories of Proust
  • 18.
  • 21. 20
  • 22. 21
  • 23. 22 12 HarlekHarlekino forte Plato forte 18002 repeat 156 x 148 cm Plato sotto 18001 repeat 156 x 148 cm Harlekino forte 18012 repeat 86 x 90 cm Forte consists of eight colours from the Real collection: 3125 3126 3131 3221 Sotto consists of eight colours from the Fresco collection: 3886 3871 3252 3883 Forte consists of seven colours from the Real collection: 3125 3126 3131 3882 3247 3030 3257 3139 3246 3874 3218 3248 3247 3030 3858 Example of how to convert the irregular Plato panels into squares Example of how to covert the irregular Harlekino panels into squares
  • 24. 23­ 13 Harlekino sotto Harlekino sotto 18011 repeat 86 x 90 cm Proust forte 18022 repeat 165 x 183 cm Proust sotto 18021 repeat 165 x 183 cm Extra signature 18031 75 x 200 mm Sotto consists of seven colours from the Real collection 3123 2707 3219 3232 Forte consists of seven colours from the Real collection: 3125 3126 3131 3244 Sotto also consists of seven colours from the Real collection: 3257 3136 3053 3146 The signature is made of two colours from the Real collection: 3257 2939 2629 3876 3858 3274 3030 3032 3137 3139 2939 Example of how to convert the irregular Proust panels into squares
  • 25. Australia Forbo Floorcoverings Pty Ltd. 23 Ormsby Place, Wetherill Park NSW 2164 Tel: +61 2 9828 0200 info.au@forbo.com www.forbo-flooring.com.au Austria Forbo Flooring Austria GmbH Oswald-Redlich-Straße 1 A-1210 Wien Tel: +43-(0)1- 3309204 info.austria@forbo.com www.forbo-flooring.at Belgium Forbo Flooring ‘t Hofveld 4 1702 Groot-Bijgaarden Tel: +32 2 464 1010 info.belgium@forbo.com www.forbo-flooring.be Denmark Forbo Flooring A/S Produktionsvej 14 2600 Glostrup Tel: 44 92 85 00 info.denmark@forbo.com www.forbo-flooring.dk Finland Forbo Flooring Finland Oy Heikkiläntie 2, 4 krs 00210 Helsinki Tel: +358 (0)9 862 30 300 info.finland@forbo.com www.forbo-flooring.fi France Forbo-Sarlino S.A.S. 63, rue Gosset- BP 2717 51055 Reims Cedex Tel: 03 26 77 30 30 Assistance technique: 03 26 77 30 55 echantillonnage.sarlino@forbo.com www.forbo-flooring.fr Germany Forbo Flooring GmbH Steubenstraße 27 D-33100 Paderborn Tel: +49-(0)52 51 - 1803-0 info.germany@forbo.com www.forbo-flooring.de Ireland Forbo Ireland Ltd. 2 Deansgrange Business Park Blackrock, Co Dublin Tel: 00353 1 2898 898 info.ireland@forbo.com www.forbo-flooring.ie Italy Forbo Resilienti s.r.l. Centro commerciale S. Felice Lotto 2, int. 5 I-20090 Segrate (Mi) Tel: +39 02 75 31 488 info.flooring.it@forbo.com www.forbo-flooring.it The Netherlands Forbo Flooring B.V. Postbus 13 1560 AA Krommenie Tel: (075) 647 78 80 contact@forbo.com www.forbo-flooring.nl Portugal Forbo-Revestimentos, SA Zona Industrial da Maia I, Sector VII Tv. Eng. Nobre da Costa, 87 Apartado 6091 4476-908 Maia Tel: +351 229 996 900 info.revestimentos@forbo.com www.forbo-flooring.com.pt Norway Forbo Flooring A/S Hagaløkkveien 7 1383 Asker Tel: 66 77 12 00 info.norway@forbo.com www.forbo-flooring.no Spain Forbo Pavimentos S.A. Pasaje Bofill, 13-15 08013 Barcelona Tel: +34 93 20 90 793 – 93 20 06 732 info@forbo-linoleum.es www.forbo-flooring.es Sweden Forbo Flooring AB Box 9046, 400 91 Göteborg Tel: 031-89 20 00 Stockholm tel: 08 - 602 34 90 info.sweden@forbo.com www.forbo-flooring.se Switzerland Forbo - Giubiasco SA Via Industrie 16 CH – 6512 Giubiasco Tel: +41 91 850 01 11 info.flooring.ch@forbo.com www.forbo-flooring.ch United Kingdom Forbo-Nairn Ltd. P.O. Box 1, Kirkcaldy Fife, KY1 2SB Tel: 01592 643777 Samples: 0800 731 2369 info.uk@forbo.com www.forbo-flooring.co.uk Registered Office Forbo Nairn Limited 55 Baker Street London, W1U 7EU Registered No: 258309 England Other countries Forbo Linoleum B.V. P.O. Box 13 1560 AA Krommenie the Netherlands Tel: +31 75 647 74 77 contact@forbo.com www.forbo-flooring.com
  • 26. meets
  • 27. 1
  • 28. Marmoleum meets Mendini is like a marriage that has created six children. Two can be seen as paintings, two can be seen as self- portraits by the artist, and two are ‘normal’ floors. Such cooperation between industry and art has a long and interesting history. In this booklet Frans Haks tells the story behind the close collaboration between Mendini and Forbo.
  • 29. On the way to the art factory features a number of remarkable examples from the history of the industrial revolution, prefiguring the output of Marmoleum meets Mendini. Design pittorico tells about Mendini’s ideology and methods. Rammendini is an interview in which Mendini explains why he views the cooperation with Forbo as a marriage, and how the results can be interpreted and applied. page 4 page 5 page 13
  • 30. 4 Ever since the emergence of industrial technologies, manufacturers have sought to enhance and expand the scope of production by involving artists in their work. One of the first and most remarkable personalities to take such an initiative was Josiah Wedgwood (1730-1793). In a catalogue published in 1779, he wrote that it was the duty of every manufacturer to promote good taste. The best and most effective way to achieve this, he claimed, is by using new techniques and materials to produce existing works of art in such large numbers that a much broader public can enjoy them. Wedgwood did his utmost, as the summing up of new materials and On the way to the art factory Alessandro Mendini
  • 31. 5 Mendini’s architecture can be seen all over the world. A brief compendium of his work during the past decade includes several hundred shops for the Swatch and Alessi chains in Europe, Asia and the United States; the new underground stations in Naples; casinos in Switzerland; a cultural centre in Omegna; and a museum at Groningen in the Netherlands. This enormous output is the work of Atelier Mendini, presided over by the Mendini brothers. Francesco deals with the technical aspects, the financial administration and the day-to-day management. The artistic direction is in the hands of Alessandro. Trained as an architect in Milan, in 1970 Alessandro co-founded his first company, only to leave it again almost immediately, unable to reconcile himself to the demands and customs of the architectural world. He was successively editor-in-chief of Casabella magazine, Modo and finally Domus, where he published the ideas of like-minded spirits as well as his own thoughts on art, design and architecture. For example, he noted that houses in many far-away countries typically have lavishly decorated facades and are filled with furniture featuring brightly painted or sculpted surfaces. Objects, clothing and even the human body are all part of the decorative scheme. He regarded this practice as a kind of homage to outward form, and contrasted it to the modernist ban on decoration, which, he felt, had led to an overemphasis on the way things were made, and thus to their impoverishment. Such observations led Mendini to reject the modernist idiom – or, to put it another way: to seek to move functionalism beyond the merely technical and utilitarian. Design pittorico
  • 32. 6 their advantages in his catalogue shows. Black porcelain is acid- resistant and can be just as easily cleaned and polished as copper, silver and gold. It is even possible to put it in an oven without damaging it. He drew his reader’s special attention to ‘Bisquit ware’. While this looks like marble, it is much cheaper and lighter, and therefore extremely suitable not only for copying portraits and busts from antiquity, but also for producing household goods such as vases and bowls. And while Wedgwood didn’t make this explicit, he clearly intended his mass-produced work to achieve more than commercial success alone: he also aspired to artistic success. The introduction of Marmoleum shows that Wedgwood’s ideology was still very much alive in the twentieth century. The name Marmoleum is a contraction of marble and linoleum – a statement that the prestigious and expensive looks of marble can be echoed in a product that has the added advantages of being cheaper, On the way to the art factory Here, a model considered by many to resemble one of the
  • 33. 7 To achieve this, he developed his own method, whereby the principles of one branch of art were transferred to another. One of the terms he used to describe this process was Design pittorico – literally: pictorial design. Design based on pictorial criteria became the hallmark of his work. He felt that decoration should be applied not so much intuitively, but rather systematically to a wide variety of forms in all shapes and sizes. The most highly developed of these systems – the one that has been used most frequently and therefore occupies an important place in Mendini’s oeuvre – is known as Proust. The tale begins in 1977 with Mendini’s idea of designing a fabric inspired by the work of Marcel Proust. Just as he dreamed of an architecture as changeable as fashion, so he wanted to create a visual product based on literature. With this in mind, he visits the places where Proust had lived. Finding none of the interiors intact, he decides instead to turn to the art Proust had owned and admired. In sketches and collages he places details from paintings by Van Gogh, Monet, Bonnard, Vuillard, Seurat and Signac next to one another, and designs (on paper) fabrics combining these fragments. The final result, however, is not a fabric, but rather the so-called Poltrona di Proust: a brand-new chair that is evocative of the 18th century. The combination raises many questions: is the Poltrona di Proust a chair that should be used as such, or is it a chair-shaped painting? If it is not a painting, but merely a piece of painted upholstery, is not the person who sits on it some sort of barbarian, as the upholstery cannot be replaced? as the ‘height of kitsch’ was painted most radical painting styles of all time, Signac’s pointillism
  • 34. 8 The Poltrona di Proust was also seen as an attack on the basic laws of functionalism formulated by the Bauhaus. One such dictum states that furniture must be ‘honest’ – that is: the structure of a chair and its upholstery must remain strictly separated. Here, however, the Signac motif patterns the wooden frame and the fabric equally, blurring the distinction between the two. Still more fundamental is the objection that a painting is a painting and should therefore be hanging on a wall. A painting is more than just decoration – and certainly not something to be used to upholster a chair. In the eyes of all those who continue to defend the distinction between high and low art, between oil on canvas and everything else, Mendini has robbed painting of its sacrosanct aura, reducing the highest form of art to mere ornamentation. Mendini’s passion for decoration is therefore a provocation on various fronts. It is no surprise, then, that the Poltrona di Proust becomes both famous and infamous around the world. Still, this is not enough, and Mendini begins work on a series of variations, of which the design for Forbo is only the most recent case in point. Casting the model in bronze, for example, he creates a three- dimensional version that is even more obviously not something to be sat on, but rather an object to be looked at. It is bronze sculpture in the form of a chair. Mendini then begins expanding the various possibilities in a systematic fashion. He designs new basic materials such as laminate, silk, cotton, velours, tiles and paper, all featuring the pointillist motif in various colour combinations, dot sizes and forms. For example, thirteen different colours are worked into the silk and velours – primarily shades of red, brown and beige. The fabrics themselves lead to yet another set of applications. Under Mendini’s direction, the silk is turned into blouses, skirts and softer and warmer to the touch, and at least as easy to clean. Forbo is proud to continue Wedgwood’s ideal of producing precious materials in a way that brings them within the reach of ordinary households – not to mention hospitals, restaurants and offices. Not that Mr Wedgwood’s own contemporaries were always as ambitious or quality-conscious as he was: the market of his time was flooded with mediocre products. This confirmed the critics in their view that clear distinctions had to be made between unique, autonomous art on the one hand and practical or useful art made in series on the other. Naturally, the latter was always considered to be inferior... Such prejudices were precisely what led Karl Ernst Osthaus, an early 20th-century banker and patron of the arts, to devote his energies to improving the relationship between artists, manufacturers and the consumer. Among many other activities, he founded the Deutsches Museum für Kunst in Handel und Gewerbe On the way to the art factory
  • 35. men’s ties, while the velours is used for upholstery, teddy bears and a jacket for Philippe Starck. In addition to these basic materials, which anyone can use at their discretion, Mendini also designs a number of ready-made, industrially produced pointillist objects for large-scale distribution. The best known of these is the Lots-of-dots watch for Swatch. Unique objects are also painted with the dot motif, for example an antique chest of drawers belonging to Mendini’s family. Two decorated lamps are probably the most striking, as the pointillist effect is achieved here by using glass-mosaic. This will have far-reaching consequences for the future, as we will see. 9 Interno di un Interno is an installation in which the walls, floor, ceiling, furniture and accessories are all executed according to the Proust concept
  • 36. 10 From the beginning, it was Mendini’s aim not simply to decorate a number of arbitrary objects with dots, but rather to create an entire space in which every component would sport the pointillist stipple. Interno di un Interno – literally: ‘Interior of an interior’ – an installation in which the walls, floor, ceiling, furniture and accessories are all executed according to the Proust concept. The piece was acquired by the Groninger Museum, itself a demonstration of how the motif can be applied in architectural proportions. It begins with the entrance, framed on the (‘The German Museum for Art in Commerce and Industry’) and began collecting such ephemera as letterheads, advertisements, invoices, packaging and posters. Together, such items comprised the face – or ‘house style’ – of a company or industry, a new category of art born of advances in reproduction technology. Osthaus also acquired industrially manufactured materials, which had been used for temporary interiors and exhibitions – things intended from the beginning to be destroyed, and otherwise destined to be lost. In addition to linoleum, he collected carpets, tiles and wall coverings such as wallpaper and fabric. Items he could not obtain as originals were registered and photographed – such as the furnishings of cruise ships and trains, shop-window displays and exhibition installations. He also documented theatre facades, stores, offices and factories. Osthaus organised an exhibition of his collection that travelled throughout Germany, to Austria and the United States. While his On the way to the art factory The mosaic-clad winding
  • 37. 11 outside by a mosaic border that illustrates how the pointillist painting technique can be integrated into architecture. The interior wall is also decorated, this time with tiles that should be seen as a rectangular enlargement of the Proust dot. The mosaic-clad winding staircase, which leads to the exhibition spaces, is intended to evoke the atmosphere of an Oriental palace. The largest and most spectacular application, however, can be seen on the exterior of the art pavilion. It is made of a laminate specially designed and developed for the Groninger Museum. Here the motif is so magnified that its pointillist character is visible from a distance. Its function is to signal to the passer-by that this part of the museum houses modern art. staircase is intended to evoke the atmosphere of an Oriental palace
  • 38. 12 Since its introduction, more than 100 different products with the Poltrona di Proust motif have been put on the market, varying in size from a wristwatch to the wing of a museum – and the end is nowhere in sight, as we learn from the following conversation between Frans Haks and Mendini on the latter’s design for Forbo Marmoleum. death in 1921 meant that a permanent museum was never built, there is another reason only a small portion of his holdings has survived (now in the Kaiser Wilhelm Museum in Krefeld). Of far more disastrous consequence was the art theory of the 20th century, which declared the supremacy of the autonomous work of art over that which is serially produced. As a result, such supposedly ‘lower’ forms of art were almost entirely neglected. Andy Warhol understood this situation perfectly, and moved to remedy it on two fronts. First, like Osthaus, he put together a large collection of applied-art objects in which no one else was apparently (yet) interested; unfortunately, these were all auctioned following his death. Far more important, however, was Warhol’s ambition to produce independent works of art mechanically. He was driven by a desire to equal Picasso’s oeuvre in both scope and significance – something that eventually led him to the notion of serial painting. On the way to the art factory
  • 39. 13 Mendini A product is never mine alone. When I have a good idea, I try to realise it and then choose a company. If it’s a bad company, then the result is a bad product, or no product at all. A strong company, on the other hand, has all the necessary technology and productive capacity at its disposal, as well as internal and external communication, a marketing strategy, publicity and many outlets. So every product has a father and a mother. If firms such as Forbo, Alessi, Swatch, Flos or Artemide can be seen as the mothers, then I regard myself as the father. More often than not, what we’re talking about is not a 50-50 ratio, but rather 20-80 or 70-30. In the case of Forbo, I had access not only to all their technical facilities but also to their many employees, who were extremely capable, always available, dedicated and understanding. Everything went so smoothly that we only needed to meet four or five times. M As a rule, restrictions are quite useful: there are fewer problems to solve. In this case, we never needed to think about a new colour palette, as the assignment was to use existing material, which of course means existing colours... There were lots of these, but none of them bright. Apparently it’s technically so difficult to produce white that nobody has ever done it. M To achieve the greatest possible variety. To accentuate this we sought out the most appropriate forms. The result is a combination of very strong colours and one of more subdued, greyish tones, both in the same geometric pattern. Soft and contrasting pastel colours are worked into Rammendini Frans Haks You’ve often said that when collaborating with a company, 50% of the input comes from you and your studio, and 50% from the client. Can you explain how that worked in this case? FH Was the request for a new design in the Proust tradition using existing Marmoleum too restrictive? FH What were your criteria when choosing the colours?
  • 40. 14 He began referring to his studio as the ‘Factory’, and it was here that he invented a new kind of art: the silk-screened painting on canvas. Using this method, he could make (or have made) as many copies of a work as he wanted – each of the same quality and value, as they were all exactly alike. Whereas Osthaus collected and championed the industrial artworks he found in the world around him, Warhol took things one step further by mechanically producing his own art in series. Mendini’s philosophy and work are perfectly in keeping with both Osthaus and Warhol, partly because of the way he cooperates with industry as an advisor and artistic director. The huge array of products offered by Alessi today would be unthinkable without the collaboration between Mendini and Alberto Alessi, the duo that transformed this manufacturer of kitchen utensils into one of the world’s leading design companies. Their approach is to bring in artists and allow them to design the things they dream of, convinced that it is better to create a clientele On the way to the art factory I leave the further development of so they have the freedom that my original dots can now be found in all kinds of
  • 41. 15 diamond shapes, and finally there are the more painterly forms – alluding to brushstrokes – in bright, contrasting colours and in shades of grey tending towards black. M Yes. Absolutely. Pointillism was originally contrived as a new way of representing the world in painting. Instead of tonal planes, primary coloured dots were used. These were applied so close to one another that from a distance they could evoke light, air, water, whatever. The original aim of pointillism was to create a new method of reproducing the visible world... In the 20th century, this innovative style was regarded as so important that it came to be thought of as marking the dawn of contemporary painting. That was reason enough for me to use this quintessential avant-garde art form to decorate a piece of furniture. I wanted to show that the art of painting could be beneficial to the decorative arts. In other words, that autonomous painting and the applied arts could be treated and used as equals. Over the years I’ve modified my ideas considerably, for example, by using the stipple technique as a sort of veil to obscure the difference between frame and upholstery in the Poltrona di Proust. This was how the rectangular gold and black variants came about, and from the moment we realised the stipple could be reproduced in mosaic, there was a prospect of integrating painting and architecture. FH Do these solutions fit in with the Proust tradition? ideas and designs to my team, to create variations on my initial concept, with the result colours and shapes
  • 42. 16 by producing highly desirable serial art objects than to simply meet consumers’ demands. Both men believe strongly in this way of working, and are proud of the opportunities they have created for the development of mechanically produced art. This is why since 1998 Alessi’s annual catalogue has been known as the Fabbrica dei sogni, or Dream Factory. On the threshold of the third millennium, Mendini took La fabbrica dell Arte – the ‘Art factory’ – as the title for an overview of Italian design he organised in 1996 for the Louisiana Museum of Contemporary Art in Humlebaeck near Copenhagen. With this title, he boldly proclaimed that there was no difference between autonomous and applied art – the belief that also informed his Marmoleum designs for Forbo. Rammendini was the name given to the craftsmen who specialised in making new clothes from old scraps of cloth On the way to the art factory
  • 43. 17 I once asked the artist Tarshito to have a carpet made for me in India using the Proust motif. For one reason or another, he came up with these particular forms. For me, this was a totally unexpected solution. M. Yes, that’s how the diamonds in pink, blue and lilac were born. All this has something to do with my name, by the way, which was originally Rammendini. That was the name given to the craftsmen who specialised in making new clothes from old scraps of cloth. I like the etymology because it’s an allusion to my way of working. I also start with existing colours, forms and motifs, and combine them in such a way that the final result entirely fulfils my wishes. I once visualised this idea in a self- portrait; in it I’m dressed in clothes made from light-coloured pieces of fabric. At the moment, I’m participating in a project in which architects have to design a costume for themselves. I like doing this, because I consider clothing the smallest form of architecture. Mine will be a harlequin costume. FH Were you happy with this solution and did you then use it as the basis for new variations? Because it looks something like a Pierrot, I decided to call it Self-portrait as a harlequin
  • 44. 18 The effect is much stronger when they it then becomes
  • 45. 19 M Absolutely. The idea of using existing Marmoleum is perfectly in keeping with the family tradition of taking old pieces of fabric to make new textiles. This was the inspiration for translating the forms from my self- portrait into diamond shapes. In this way, the Marmoleum pattern has become more geometric than the decoration I used for my clothes and shoes in the past. M No – they were chosen in order to offer the greatest possible contrast: very light colours in the diamonds, very strong colours in the brushstroke forms, and in between two different solutions for the rectangles. M The commission from Forbo gave me the opportunity to design a Proust floor in Marmoleum. The variations are keyed in such a way that they are easily recognisable and can be used one after the other – for the floor of a store, for example. But the effect is much stronger when they are combined in a single space – simultaneously on the floor, the walls and the ceiling. The advantage here is that the walls then function as a Marmoleum showcase and a sort of three-dimensional Marmoleum catalogue. FH Is the linoleum design for Forbo also something of a self-portrait? FH Do the light colours help to strengthen the character of the portrait? FH Is the result meant only to be used on the floor? are combined in a single space: a sort of three-dimensional Marmoleum catalogue
  • 46. 20 Frans Haks Frans Haks, former director of the Groninger Museum in the Netherlands, has a close professional and personal relationship with Alessandro Mendini. Because of his admiration for Mendini and strong affinity with his work, Forbo asked him to write about the architect’s designs. Alessandro Mendini pages 9, 10, 11 Collection Groninger Museum, photo John Stoel text drawings photos