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Subject Sample Notes (19 Subjects) - 3 Pages each
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FMGE / MCI
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Subjects Page Individual Link
Anatomy 3-5 http://bit.ly/fmgeanatomy
Anaesthesia 6-8 http://bit.ly/fmgeanesthesia
Biochemistry 9-11 http://bit.ly/fmgebiochemistry
ENT 12-14 http://bit.ly/fmgeent
FMT 15-17 http://bit.ly/fmgefmt
Gynaecology 18-20 http://bit.ly/fmgegynaecology
Medicine 21-23 http://bit.ly/fmgemedicine
Microbiology 24-26 http://bit.ly/fmgemicrobiology
Obstetrics 27-29 http://bit.ly/fmgegynaecology
Ophthalmology30-23 http://bit.ly/fmgeophthalmology
Orthopaedics 33-35 http://bit.ly/fmgeorthopaedics
Paediatrics 36-38 http://bit.ly/fmgepaediatrics
Pathology 39-41 http://bit.ly/fmgepathology
Pharmacology 42-44 http://bit.ly/fmgepharmacology
Physiology 45-47 http://bit.ly/fmgephysiology
PSM 48-50 http://bit.ly/fmgepsm
Psychiatry 51-53 http://bit.ly/fmgepsychiatry
Radiology 54-56 http://bit.ly/fmgeradiology
Surgery 57-59 http://bit.ly/fmgesurgery

Anatomy
http://bit.ly/fmgeanatomy

GENERAL ANAESTHESIA
Components
:
-
Loss
of coneiousness
-
Loss
of reflex response
-
Amnesia
-
Muscle Relaxation
-
Analgesia
Balanced Anaesthesia
Dr .
John
Lundy.
Steps :
① Induction
→
IV
-
MC adults ,
Best
→ Inhalation at -
99C Pa eds .
Con eiousners →
Unconsciousness
② Maintain ence
→
N
→ Inhalation
③ Reversal
Topics :
IIryhalationalagents } Induction & Maintain enee
IV anaesthetic
agent
- Neuromuscular blocker :
only for muscle
paralysis
-
Airway
-
Anaesthesia Circuit
-
Anaesthesia
-
Monitors
Anasthesia
http://bit.ly/fmgeanesthesia

Anasthesia
Inhalation at
Agent
Potent Inhalation ae
Agent Carrier
gas
.
New Old .
① Halothane -
Ethan
Nzo
②
Iso
fherane
-
Chloroform Xenon
③ Sevoflurane
-
Cyclopropane
④ Desflurane
-
Triune
③
Methoxy flurane I
⑥ Enflurane Removed dlt
I
nepbro toxicity
dlt
epilepsy
*
Highest fluoride
releases
methoxyfherane
V
hephrotoxicily
High
MAC -
low
potency
Low MAC -
high potency
Most
potent
:
methoxy flurane
Least
potent
! -
Nzo
Anasthesia

} a
o
.
ar
f
ro
§ e
or
r e
g
a u
So
if
of
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{ , I
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orison
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:p .
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r
EE
§ r
6
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u I
t.ES
8 u I
Itis * •
up
* * I-
s
.
&
or
g
-
e
skit
/ ooo
we
,
s s
8 u
u
r 8
i
or
U
°
u 8
N
8 I
N
f u
Tl E f
§ U
r e I 0
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I
:if.
.
÷
le I
§I U A
v
U
bi
¥
• a
g
d
,
or
figs 8 re so
§
'
& ,
is &
go
or
dog*
8 A s
go so 's
I I § .
o
Est
Sri •
8
EE
8D
so
I I
I
I § .
p
Anasthesia

Km & 1
Affinity
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
se .
µ9wFao°a→Ia¥Oo
guarded
Cell
P
Absorption
y÷÷¥e¥Dm
.
GLYCOGENES
;g
-
>
→
→
a
Glucose
Glycogen MALTOSE
Fed
Glucose +
glucose
A Sucrose
← ←
d SUCROSE -
glucose +
fructose
GLYCOGENOLYSIS LACTOSE
If glucose
+
galactose
*
The .
end
product of digestion
:
glucose, fructose,
galactose
Glucose Transporters
Name Location Features
GLUT .
I
}
-
Brain
,
RBC
,
-
Basal uptake of
GLUT -
3
placenta glucose
( ability to attract the
glucose
even during
hypoglycemia)
-
Km low
GLUT -
2 -
lives
,
B -
cell
of
-
Allows both
entry
and
pancreas ,
kidney
release
of glucose .
-
Km high
GLUT 4 Skeletal muscle
, adipocytes,
-
Insulin dependent
heart transport .
Biochemistry
http://bit.ly/fmgebiochemistry

No .
of GLUT .
4 4 dlt
insulin .
skeletal m .
=food
K¥4as> Pancreas .
g)
( )
@Adipocyces
GLUT - 5 -
Spermatozoa
-
Transports fructose
-
Testes
-
Intestine
GLUT -
7
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
- Na
dependent glucose transporter ( SGLT
)
SGLT -
1 : intestines
SGLT -
2 :
kidney
Biochemistry

OVERVIEW
author
Oz f AEROBIC
* Glee
Glee
IO y
GLYCOLYSIS 1 ANAEROBIC
±
GLYCOLYSIS
cytosol
t '
t,
zpyrwvale
( 3C ) lactate
¥57
Pyruvate ( 3C
)
pnyocnon
'DR*
"
OI 1, Pyrurate dehydrogenase complex CPDND
pnptk
'× Acetyl CoA (
2€OAA
Citrate ( 64
17 ( 44 IO t,
Y KREB 'S CYCLE d,
/
'
t
Suecinyl
CoA
- L .
ketogiutarate
( 5C
)
( 4C )
BASICS fe2+ ferrous
Oxidation t
eg : .
Fe
/
+ 02
-
Fe 3+
ferric .
-
Hz
Oxidation
- e- Fetz - Fe3t
4 Oxidation no .
I
-1
0¥83
I
Iodide Iodine
Oxidation
Substrate
# Product
Hz -
?
Biochemistry

ENT
http://bit.ly/fmgeent

1
y
Forensic Medicine and Toxicology .
FMT = It is
application of foreign medicine
for law .
IPC
-
Indian Pend
Code
-
1860
Any crime and
punishment of crime .
Total IPC -
511
CRPC → Criminal
procedure Code 1973
→
It is a
procedure for punishment of a criminal
.
Investigation
-
Judgement
Total -
484
Indian Evidence Act = 1872 Total -
167
Evidence
Witness
Types of Witness
a.
Eye witness =
Common witness = MC
2 . Hear
Say witness -
@ : Not valid in Court
Exception :
dying
declaration - Valid
*EA -
32
3 .
Expert Witness =
Qualified person
-
Opinion IEA -
45
-
Doctor
-
Finger
print
expert
-
Handwriting expert
-
Chemical examiner
Cognizable offense
: -
Police can
# st a
person who warrant
:
pc
2 (c) -
Crpc
FMT
http://bit.ly/fmgefmt

Rape
=
MURDER
Ragging
=
Griveous hurt
Robbery
=
Daeoity ,
theft
Rash -
Negligent
Not =
Death →
Dowry
-
Voyeurism a
Watching female
nude / sex .
-
Stalking
D=
Definition
P=
Punishment
COD = Cause
of death
DB -
Dead
body
DS -
Death sentence
LI -
Life imprisonment
Types of
Court
µ
President - Forgive
-
#
COMMUTE
@ Supreme Court ← Appellate( Power
of Amnesty )( Delhi ) q
0%8 " " at ⇐
%%Ted
} Dseatheenee & Unlimited
3 Session court → Death
) fine .
@ Additional session Court
Lower courts
-
PO F@
5 Asst . session Court
dogr A
@ Chief judicial magistrate court 7
yr
|u'
CJM
7 1st class
judicial magistrate court
3yr 10k
1st Jia
@ 2nd class
judicial magistrate court
Iyr 5k
2nd JM
FMT
Buy 19 Subjects PDF together at 35% discount

Pregnant lady
-
murders 5
people → Session C ⇒
D.gs
Death
.
if v
postponing
till

High court
delivery .
/
LI I ,
Relaxation ← 416 Crpc
Inquest
=
Investigation in cause
of
death
Police ( P ) Magistrate ( M
)
a 174
Crpc 176
Crpc
Typesof
death :
-
Crime scene -
Death in
police custody
H , -
Death In
police firing
DB -
Death in
police investigation
I -
Death In mental
asylumK
Inquest Report
= PANCIHNAMA -
Dowry death
14 Wife death E
E
7
yrs
DB ⇒ Dr
for Post
of marriage .
Mortem -
Exhumation (Digging out
# of
dead
body ) .
Police - DB - Done
by executive
magistrate
DM
,
SDIY,
ADM
Minimal level
of police officer
- Head Constable
MC = Police
Inquest
Coroner Inquest = 1999 ( last
)
- Mumbai
FMT

Anatomy-
Fallopian put
-
Medial to lateral .
•
Inlet stitium or otntramural
pest
•
Isthmus
.
Ampulla
•
Infundibulum :
finger
like
projections -
fimbria e
.me
site
for fertilization :
Ampulla .
.
MIC site
for ectopic pregnancy
-
Ampulla .
•
Mfc site
for
tubal abortion -
Ampulla .
•
Mle site
for
tubal rupture
-
Isthmus
•MIC vile
for teebedomy
so Isthmus
• Best
prognosis for reversibility frecenelizetion if there
is isthmus - isthmian anastomosis
•
Anatomical sphincter -
Interstitial fleet
•
Physiological sphincter
- Isthmus
.
•
TB causes block in : Corneal
greet of uterus
• Gonococcus ceases Block in -
fimbria l end .
→
Length of
tube -
10cm
→
Widest and
longest pest of
F. T
.
→
ampulla .
( 5cm )
→
Inter stitium and
fimbria
e : 1.25 am each
→ Isthmus :
2.5 em
Fallopian Tube s -
ciliated columnar
epithelium
M . C Cancer : Ademola .
Gynaecology
http://bit.ly/fmgegynaecology

Histologicalcharacteristic
of
F. T .
.
-
PEG cell
Zygote
moves towards the uterine
cavity
← →
Movement
of
cilia Peristalsis in
.
tube
Key concept
- Cilia in F. T not
only helps the
zygote
to enter
the uterine
eerily
but it also
helps the
sperm
leech the
era
.
.
'
.
in immotile cilia
syndrome
called as
Harte
genes syndrome ,
problems are : -
① Infertility [ dlt to
immobility ]
② Ectopic pregnancy
Blood supply : -
-
Medial
2g
: uterine
aeleiy
- Lateral
Yg
: ovarian
aeelety
Lymphatic drainage : -
-
Lethal
pest of
the tube
along e- ovarian
lymphatic
drains into lateral erotic LN pera
Ortis
L . N .
-
Medial pest along
E cornice drains into
superficial inguinal LN .
Gynaecology

Infection of F. T .
→
Salpingitis
X
Blockage of
tube
I
Infertility
Tubal cause
of infertility
-
Investigation
: .
tlysteiosalpingography
cannula .
( Leech Wilkinson variety )
IOC : -
HSG ( Ds -
Dh )
← Best Dio .
Leedanwimukiason
I
X
Use : water soluble
OPD
procedure
dye I
20 me
No anaesthesia
required .
* Patties -
may
here
pain
.
Absolute CII
-
Genital TB
-
PID
-
Pregnancy
-
Allergy
to
dye
Too drawbacks : -
Exterior
of
tube cannot be seen .
-
Dlt
pain , thereis
sperm
in tubes which leads
to appearance of blockage .
Gynaecology

NEUROLOGY
-
Seizure Disorder
-
Excessive Electrical activity in CNS .
" " ⇒
|, sp ;w , , con ,
Epilepsy -
32 unprovoked seizure .
Classification
Structural
Abnormality
i÷ii÷::O
O -
-
4-
SEIZURES
µ-
at
PARTIAL
I [
I earlier )
↳
FOCAL SEIZURE GENERALIZED SEIZURE
/ -
Toxins-
Neuro
gsticereosis ( Ncc
)
My
-
Drugsto
glucose -
Metabolic
Medicine
http://bit.ly/fmgemedicine

Focal
seizure
I
LOC ( Loss
of conciousness )
¥
Staying in contact E environment and
§deestandwhets
going
round
you
(cognition )
①
>
① =
D is
cognitive seizure
← Complex ←
Partial
↳-0
=
non
diseognitire seizure ←
simple ←
TODD 's PALSY
,
seizure
-
Post ice
-
al
paralysis
-
Self recoverable
#§ Distro
MAL
Jacksonian Thank .
Generalized
seizure
•
Absence seizure .
[ Pete't met
epilepsy ]
I smell
I
Loc ⑦ ,
Tone
Posture
⑨
→
abrupt consent
→ C 30 see -
duration .
w Subtle motor
signs
( minor
) •
eye Blinking
•
lip smacking.
Medicine

it No
post ictal
confusion
it Onset e 4- 8
yrs of age
.
Electroencephalogram EEIG]
-
Bilateral 2 -
4 Hz
-
Spike and Wave .
-
Precipitated by hyperventilation
' DOME
µ=
•
Myoclonic seizure
j
t
muscle
jerky
→
Hypoxia
→
Degenerative pathology (atrophy)
Hanging
.
Juvenile
Myoclonic Epilepsy ( IME )
Loe ①
- Onset 't
adolescent
-
Family history of seizure disorder
-
Unknown cause
-
hypoxia ④
IDIOPATHIC .
atrophic ④
Bilateral myoclonic jerks
↳ on
awakening
→
Ppt.
by
-
fatigue
alcohol ( GHz OH .
Subtle motor
signs -0 I Automatism -0
Medicine

BACTERIOLOGY
-
→ All cocci are
mostly
Gram tre
except
Meningococcal
Gonococci
Veilo nella
Mora xena
→ All bacilli are
mostly Gram -
ve
except
M -
Mycobacterium species
A -
Anthracis Bacillus
c -
Clostridium
species .
D -
Diphtheria e
Corynebacterium
O
N -
No Cerdic
A -
Actinomycetes
L -
Listeria
D -
Dipththenoids
Gram
staining ( Gentian violet
)
Methyl
→
Methyl violet
( Crystal
violet
) /
G →
gram 's iodine ⇒mordant
( fixer )
A → Acetone → Decolonize -
↳
s →
Safranine I
I .
ethyl alcohol
Counter stain
GP Thick
peptidoglycan leyee in cell wall .
GP ⇒
purple to violet .
Microbiology
http://bit.ly/fmgemicrobiology

GN → Thin
peptidoglycan layer .
GN -2 Pink
→ Most
imp
.
factor which
governs gram staining
is thickness
of peptidoglycan byes
.
Acid fast stain
-
Which resist the decolonization .
( Myeon
acid content )
-
MTB :
20 -
I .
-
M -
tepee -
It .
-
Noce - dia - 2 t .
Bipolar Staining
f:÷ .
eesaeorwo.ci.
-
Yersinia
pestis -7
→ stained .
plague
-
Haemophilus
ducreyi
-
chancroid
¥
Soft ,
painful
ulcer
)
soft
sore
*
Opp is
syphilitic ulcer →
painless .
herd .
-
Klebsiella
granule
melts -
Dono vanes 's
-
Burkholderia mallei -
Glander 's dz ( horse )
-
Burkholderia pseudo mallei -
Malieodosis
Microbiology

-
Vibrio
perahaemolyticus ( Holophytic
vibrio ) ⇒
Sea
food poisoning
*
Franscielle .
Species
Pascarellaspecies
Capsulated organisms
PA
→
pneumococcus ,
pseudomonas
→ Anthracis .
bacillus
K → Klebsiella species .
I -
Influenzae heemophildus
y - Yersinia
species
B- Bordeattele species .
M -
Meninga cocci
C -
Clostridium
plerfringens ( wel'the )
,
I
V -
Vibrio
yceraheemolyticus Cryptococcus
neoformans
[fungus
-
→ Made
up of polysaccharide yeast ]
* B . anthracis →
polypeptide
Metatherian's reaction
I
Bio -
terrorism
°
Pneumococcus
capsule =
Queening reaction
I
capsule -
swelling
•
Capsule →
antiphagocytic
( virulence factor)
Microbiology

Obstetrics

ObstetricsBuy 19 Subjects PDF together at 35% discount

ANIATONY
-
Volume
of
orbital
cexily = 30mL
Eyeball / Globe -
Volume :
6mL
*
-
11
7 attachments = G muscles + I
optic nerve .
Removal
of
attachments = eructation .
Eyeball f) J
##<
Lttgnfmoeauasieteraewaee .
as
-
.
Orbital Ppe× D- Brain
7 attachments a
Superior
rectus
-
9nF.
rectus
-
Med .
rectus
-
Lat . rectus
-
sup .
oblique
-
Inf .
oblique
-
Optic nerve .
Ophthalmology
http://bit.ly/fmgeophthalmology

(
Junction
I
corner
I
sclera )
Limbers
##
nerve
-
×ant
to
.de#a.5gLsclera)
(
cornet -
kinand
opaque
-
Thinnest
pert
: -
Under the
-
Pachymetry : -
measure the
insertion
,
of
reeti m .
thickness
of
cornea .
u
1st
layer .
@ -
500 -
Goo he
Avg
.
590 u .
2nd
layer
-
> Uvee ( 3
pots )
11
-
Keratometry : Corned . curvature Iris Ciliary Choroid
@ -
Sphere body
°
If cone
shaped and thin -
Keratoconus .
3rd
layer
-
Retina .
( Placido disc )
-
Refractive Index : No .
of how
much
light can bent
by
the
media .
Corner - 1.376 .
Aqueous
=
Vitreous humor a 1.33
Lens = 1.38 -
1.40
( varies
from centre and
periphery)
* Centre
of the lens
/ Nucleus
of
lens has
highest refractive index .
Ophthalmology

IRIS
= Colour
of the
eye given by iris .
Fn .
of pupil
: -
Control the entry of light
Excessive
light
→
constrict and nice - versa .
For constriction and dilation .
-
Sphincter piupillae : -
circular
muscle
for constriction .
-
Dilator
papillae
; - radial muscle
for deletion .
#⇒*a*
E-
.
-
in¥¥=#faY#horoid
( 70.1 .
of area )
eiliary body
pos ,
-
most vascular structure
Ant
/ s of eye ( 85.1 .
of
( folds
) Pars
Aliotta
Pars plane blood
)
- VORTEXVEITT
enclose
cileary
muscle .
#
l*
Function : -
Produces
aqueous
humor
drains entire uree
especially
choroid .
-
Accommodation
Looks like
grape
→
Hanging from option .
Ophthalmology

Orthopedics
http://bit.ly/fmgeorthopaedics

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
d
1
Increase In Maturity of
size functions .
Growth is abused
by anthropometric parameters
:
•
Weight
•
Height
•
Head
Circumference
•
Mid arm
circumference
: Device -
Shakir 's
tape
( Colour coded
measuring tape ).
,
" is
Etfderline
5 s_gggtff-h-fh_f-IHZ.es( µ )
Severe malnutrition .
. Skin
fold
thickness -
Device :
Harpenden 's calibre .
•
Chest
circumference :@ birth HC > Cc .
9 months to 1-
yr
-
He =
CC and
beyond
I
yr
cc > He
.CN)
•
Body mess index .( BMI ) . W ( in
kg )
Fmy
Moo
Pediatrics
http://bit.ly/fmgepaediatrics

Growth Chats -
Graphical representation of
the
anthropometricparameters .
1st
growth
chart -
NCHS Growth charts -
1977
CDC Growth chats -
2000
Preferred growth
chats
for under 5 children all over the
World = WHO
growth
ehekt = 2006
#
-
Growth Chart
of choice .
-
Based on MGRS
( Multi centred
growth
reference study )
↳ 6 countries
including
India ( New Delhi
)
→
Exclusively breast fed children
→ Excluded factor like metenel alcohol /
smoking.
WHO
growth chats available
for : -
-
WE
for age
-
Ftt for age
-
wt
for HE
→
He
for age
-
MAC
for age
- BMI
for age
-
Skin
fold thickness for age
.
2
types of
WHO
growth
cheats
-
Standard deviation or Z score based .
Pediatrics

# -
1
a -
2
e
-
Percentile based eherts
-
Goth
In#
3rd .
Beyond
5
yens of ager
-
Use
contemporary ( Indian
growth
cheek
a) PAP chest ( Indian
Aademy of Paediatrics )
b) K .
N .
Aggarwal cheek
WEIGHT OF CHILD
→
Birthwt
of
an
average Indian baby : .
2.8kg .
- Birth wt →
W
- At 5 months → 2W
[ Birth
weight doubles itself
@ 5 months
]
- At 1
yr
= 3W
→ At 2
yr
-
4W
Pediatrics

CELL INJURY
,
ADAPTATION AND CELL DEATH
0*8
Homeostasis : normal and
functional state
of
a cell .
~
thev
Mild Severe &
Stress
injury persistent
@work.
toad f,
injury .
Cell adaptation 1
1
) Hypertrophy .
Reversible
injury Irreversible
injury
2) Hyperplasia
D Necrosis
3)
Meta
plesia
2) Apoptosis
a) Atrophy
CELL ADAPTATICN
Features Hypertrophy Hyperplasia
1
Def .
9 cell
size a cell no .
2 Stimulus Stress ( 9 work load ) 9 work load
3 Mechanism 9
synthesis of
structural Cell
proliferation .
proteins
4 Tissue Cannot divide Can divide
@ Example Physiological
>
pathological Pathological
&
physic
-
•
Cardiac muscle -
at
logical .
•
Skeletal muscle : -
•
Estrogen : Endometrial
Athletes and bodybuilder hyperplasia .
1
premalignant
)Website: https://mbbshelp.com WhatsApp: https://mbbshelp.com/whatsapp
Pathology
http://bit.ly/fmgepathology

Pathology
Uterus : .
pregnancy
.
Androgen : BPH
Breast : -
puberty , preg
-
As
Hyperplasia can be
money ,
lactation .
premalignant .
Not
t,
always .
only hypertrophy . Bone marrow : -
haemolytic
anemia .
•
Uterus : .
pregnancy
.
Breast :
Puberty &
pregnancy .
3
Hletaplasia
:
change in
phenotype ( dlt
change
on stem
cell
differentiation)
Epithelial Connective tissue
Eg : -
myositis
Ossifieans
( muscles
Squamous ( Mc ) Column
replaced by
bones
)
Any
other
epithelium Any other
epithelium
replaced by squhmous is
replaced by
columnar
epithelium
.
epithelium .
Eg ; .
Resp .
system
:
Eg : -
Barret 's
esophagus .
smoking ,
Vita def,
chronic bronchitis esophagus
Twiggy
squuamous
- Pancreatic duct
fun
GERD
Bile duct : stones
,
eyeing;
moans liana.tt?g#mma:nn
.
Pathology

y
Goblet
cells
Main
n A-
Urinary
bladder : stones
,
8# MMMMsehistosomiosis .
#
o.O
-
Cervix (Endo cervix ) : squamous
} T
Columnar
B.IM
Infections .
* Goblet cell : .
Hallmark of
Barret 's
esophagus
↳indicates intestinal
metaplesia
progress to
Metaplasia -
Dispgesia
V
Malignancy
Barrets # Adeno Ca
progress
to
4
Atrophy : 4 in
size and / or number
Typed
I1
Physiological Pathological
1)
During embryogenesis : notochord .
1) Disuse atrophy .
2) Post menopause
:
Uterus & Breast
2) Denervation
3) Ischemic
4) Pressure
5) Nutritional
Pathology

ANS -
Autonomic nervous
system
.
CNS
*WS
Sensory Motor
-
Involuntary Voluntary
muscle muscle
-
Smooth muscle &
( skeletal m .
)
cardiac muscle tc
1,
Somatic nerve
Autonomic nervous
( Somatic nervous
system system )
NTS : -
Ach
/ nonadreneline
NI
→
acetycholine
/ t 1
R
→ nicotinic
Muscarinic Nn 2 B
-
muscle
type (Nm)
( nicotinic )
* Junction 6/w meme and muscle : - neuromuscular
junction
NS →
Involuntary
muscle
Sympathetic Parasympathetic
1
Stressful
Stimulus
0 Won -
stressful
( flight ,
fight , fright ) stimulus
2 Controlled
by hypothalamus 2 Antero -
medial nucleus
by poster - lateral nucleus
of hypothalamus .
( plus ) 1 CAMP )
Pharmacology
http://bit.ly/fmgepharmacology

3 Thoraco - lumbar outflow 3 Crasrio - sacral
outflow
( T
,
to Lz ) CN
3,7*9,
10
Sz -
Sg
SO @
+ ,
-
LzIstress
sFe%÷-
smooth muscle
4 NTS : .
noradrenelinefnorepine - NTS : -
Acetylcholine
phrenic cholinergic system .
(Adrenergic system )
5 R→ x
,
s R -
M say
Motor nerves
V }omaticf)
Ganglion
Ang
'
=,
0 Ach
@
T.DZ#a
N
L
NM gu
70¥
Y
U <pr→e ¥3 Nadr 0
n
,
N
÷¥µ=naar
"
u
Nm Ach Nn
A N
R Nm #@→@-Aq.
T
Y
←Actor A
Nm
R
y
* Junction b/w none and nerve -
ganglion
@ → Nw
Preganglionic nerve → Ach .
Pharmacology

•
pregayee.ae#*postgangloonicFor
post ganglionic
-0 - & ,B
→ Thoraco - lumbar - Nor adrenaline :
Sympathetic
→ Cranio -
sacral -
Acetylcholine .
'
Parasympathetic.
RIMusaeranic
Cholinergic nerve : '
somatic
,
nerve
,
pre
ganglion
nerve
,
( Nm ) ( Nn )
post ganglionic
eranio -
sacral
put
-
( M )
( para
-
sympathetic)
AU nerves are
cholinergic except post ganglion
'c
Thoraco -
lumbar nerves .
(sympathetic)
Nts →
Nadr
R →
x/B .
EXCEPTIONS .
OF ADRENERGIC NERVES
a)
Sweet
glands
: Ach → museranic
( 9
sweating)
b)
Kidney
and mesenteric blood vessels
Post
ganglions
nerves →
Dopamine
D
,
receptor
,
Vasodiletion .
e) Adrenal medulla :
-
(Sympathetic ganglia)
Adrenaline →
&/B
Pharmacology

Physiology
http://bit.ly/fmgephysiology

PSM
Physiology
http://bit.ly/fmgepsm

PSM
http://bit.ly/fmgepsm

BASICS
•
Psychiatry
: Johann Christian Neil
•
History taking
Which
of the
following
not a
component of history
taking ? - Food
preferences
.
MSE -
Mental Status Examination .
* Clinical examination in
psychiatry .
→
Affect and mood .
I
°
feeling ( short -
term
)
→
feeling I long
eetm
)
-
expressed
outwards
•
felt inwards .
Affect : -
Short term and extend
expression of
emotion
Mood : -
Long
term and internet emotional stele .
Abnormalities
of affect and mood .
→
Euphoria : mania
,
hypomania
→
Depressed mood
→ Labile mood ( emotional Ability )
-
-
Excessive
fluctuations
I/o
any neeson .
In mania .
→
Affective flattening
: -
On
schizophrenia
Inappropriate effect →
Affect not
matching E social situation .
In
schizophrenia .
Incongruent effect
→
Affect not
matching
I
'
thought content
'
.
In
schizophrenia.
Psychiatry
http://bit.ly/fmgepsychiatry

Neuro anatomical substrate
of emotions
→ Generation : limbic
system
→
Regulation / control :
Frontal lobe
→Perception
Illusion : - False
perception of
a
real
object I stimulus
Hallucination : False
perception
in the absence
of any
object I stimulus .
*
Criterion
of
hallucination
•
Occur in absence
of any object / stimulus
•
Are as vivid
( detailed / cheer
) as a reel
perception .
• Ocean in outer and
objective space .
•
Are not under
wilful control .
Pseudo hallucinations : -
Inner and
subjective space
. Rest all
criteriafulfilled .
-
Me
type of
hallucination :
Auditory hallucination .
- MC
type of
hallucination in
organic
mental disorder -
Visual hallucination
-
Olfactory and
Gustatory
hallucinations -
Temporal lobe
disorders .
Specific hallucinations :
-
Hypnagogic
hallucination i -
Occur while
going to
sleep .
In
narcolepsy .
-
tlyfrnopompic hallucinations - Occur while
getting up
from sleep .
In narcolepsy.
Psychiatry

*
Reflex
hallucination : Stimulus in one
modality produces
hallucinations in Another
modality .
-
Morbid
Variety of synesthesia .
-
Cannabis and LSD intoxication
→
Thought (cognition)
•
Stream
of thought (flow) -
Speed of thinking
→
Flight of idea : Increased Speed of thinking
and connection b/w thoughts appears
to be dlt chance
factors
such as
rhyming.
Eg : -
I live in Delhi
,
my
cat hes a
big belly ,
love
eating jelly , ally , ally , ally .
In mania .
•
Form
of thought
:
Organization of thinking
THOUGHT I :
My name is Praveen & I an a doctor
THOUGHT 2 :
I live in Delhi
Abnormalities
of form of thought →
formal thought disorder .
In
schizophrenia .
•
Derailment
: Loss
of association tho successive
thoughts
•
Loosening of association :
Loss
of connection Heo
components of same
thought .
•
Incoherence ( word salad
) -
Complete loss
of
organisation so that no
meaning gets conveyed .
Psychiatry

Radiology .
General Systemic
Radiation : -
Type of energy
that comes
from a source and
travels
through some material or
through space .
Radiations can be : -
-
Ionizing
:
Capable of removing
an e- from
-
the meter
on which it is
imported .
-
Non
ionizing
Ionizing
Won -
ionizing
•
X -
ray
• UV
ray
•
Y -
nay
-
Visible
light
• a -
ray
.
Infrared
•
B -
ray
.
Microwaves
• Radio waves
Energy spectrum / Electromagnetic spectrum
←
E =
yhVx
frequency
Energy. plank 's constant
Cosmic
,
Gamma
,
X-ray
UV
rays ,
Visible
light ,
infrared ,
microwaves
,
radio
Radiology
http://bit.ly/fmgeradiology

Electromagnetic
radiation .
-
Frequency
-
Wavelength
-
Energy
Common feature .
-
Velocity
= 3×108 m/s
-
No mess
-
No
charge
"
Packet
of energy
Electromagnetic .
y
X -
ray
o X -
rays
and
gamone rays
dont
2, y ray
O
differ except source . .
Gamma
rays
are
produced Entrance
clearly ,
and
a -
rage
are
produced extranuclear
ly
( ice .
mechanical ) .
Particulate
1)
Electron (e) P variable mess
-
Ht
& Exhibits a
Bragg peek2 ,
Proton .
(p )
charge
.
3) Neutron Cant be accelerated
by
an electrical
field .
4) Alpha particle. HEH Helium nucleus .
Radiology

•
Highest penetrating power
-
Gamma
rays
•
Highest damaging power
-
2 -
rays
I ×
clinked I ionization potential .
•
Highest ionization potential
-
L -
ray
•
Highest mass : - L -
ray
•
Highest Biological effect
- a -
ray
Linear
energy transfer is
highest E →
d -
ray.
Nuclear Scans
Radiological Investigations
Y -
rays
X -
rays
Ionizing Non -
ionizing
- PET -
Radiography
-
MRI-
SPECT -
CT Scan
-
USG -
Doppler
- Bone Scan -
Angiography
-
Thermography→
a scan -
Mammography
-
Echocardiography
-
DTP.pl
-
Barium Studies -
MRCP
-
DM SA -
NP
MRCP -
Magnetic
Resonance
Cholangiopenerealography
ERCP -
Endoscopic retrograde choking iopencreahtgraphy
↳ iodinated
dye : use
of X -
ray for imaging
¥
Ionizing
radiation
MRCP →
Only diagnostic ,
non invasive
ERCP →
Diagnostic
and
therapeutic ,
invasive .
Radiology

Surgery
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