The document provides an overview of turbomachinery, specifically focusing on pumps and turbines, and introduces hydraulic turbines, which convert hydraulic energy into mechanical energy for electricity generation. It explains classifications of hydraulic turbines based on energy types and flow directions, and emphasizes impulse turbines, particularly the Pelton wheel, detailing its components and efficiencies. Moreover, it includes examples and calculations related to the operation and efficiency of Pelton turbines.

1. Fluid Mechanics-II
Teacher/Instructor :Engr. Muhammad Sumair
B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering (UET Lahore 2014-2018)
M.Sc. Thermal Power Engineering (UET Lahore 2018-2020)

2. Introduction to Turbomachinery
• There are two broad categories of turbomachinery known as 1)pumps
and 2) turbines.
• The pump is any fluid machine that adds energy to a fluid. These are
called energy consuming (or energy absorbing) devices since energy
is supplied to them, and they transfer most of that energy to the fluid,
usually via a rotating shaft as shown in Figure 1 (a).The increase in
fluid energy is usually felt as an increase in the pressure of the fluid.
• Turbines, on the other hand, are energy producing devices—they
extract energy from the fluid and transfer most of that energy to some
form of mechanical energy output, typically in the form of a rotating
shaft (Fig. 1b). The fluid at the outlet of a turbine suffers an energy
loss, typically in the form of a loss of pressure.

3. Introduction to Turbomachinery (Cont’d)
Figure 1: (a) Energy consuming (or absorbing)
devices i.e., pumps and (b) Energy producing
devices i.e., turbines

4. Hydraulic Turbines
• Hydraulic turbines are defined as the hydraulic machines which
convert hydraulic energy (energy of water) into mechanical energy.
This mechanical energy is further used to run an electric generator
which is directly coupled to the shaft of the turbine. Thus, the
mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy through
generator. The electric power which is obtained from the hydraulic
energy is known as Hydroelectric power.
• Note: Turbine doesn't produce electrical energy, rather it produces
mechanical energy.
• At present the generation of hydroelectric power is the cheapest as
compared by the power generated by other sources such as oil, coal
etc.

5. Classification of Hydraulic Turbines
• The hydraulic turbines are classified according to the type of energy
available at the inlet of the turbine, direction of flow through the vanes
and head at the inlet of the turbine
1. According to the type of energy at inlet:
(a) Impulse turbine, and (b) Reaction turbine.
2. According to the direction of flow through runner :
(a) Tangential flow turbine,(b) Radial flow turbine, (c) Axial flow turbine,
and (d) Mixed flow turbine.
3. According to the head at the inlet of turbine :
(a) High head turbine, (b) Medium head turbine, and (c) Low head
turbine.

6. Classification of Hydraulic Turbines
(Cont’d)
• If at the inlet of the turbine, the energy available is only kinetic
energy, the turbine is known as Impulse (or velocity) Turbine. As the
water flows over the vanes, the pressure is atmospheric from inlet to
outlet of the turbine.
• If at the inlet of the turbine, the water possesses kinetic energy as well
as pressure energy, the turbine is known as Reaction (or pressure)
Turbine. As the waters flows through the runner, the water is under
pressure and the pressure energy goes on changing into kinetic energy.
The runner is completely enclosed in an air-tight casing and the runner
and casing is completely full of water.
• If the water flows along the tangent of the runner, the turbine is known
as tangential flow turbine.

7. Classification of Hydraulic Turbines
(Cont’d)
• If the water flows in the radial direction through the runner, the turbine
is called radial flow turbine.
• If the water flows from outwards to inwards, radially, the turbine is
known as inward radial flow turbine, on the other hand, if water
flows radially from inwards to outwards, the turbine is known as
outward radial flow turbine. If the water flows through the runner
along the direction parallel to the axis of rotation of the runner, the
turbine is called axial flow turbine.
• If the water flows through the runner in the radial direction but leaves
in the direction parallel to axis of rotation of the runner, the turbine is
called mixed flow turbine.

8. Impulse Turbines
• An impulse turbine is a turbine which runs by the impulse of water.
In an impulse turbine, the water from a dam is made to flow through a
pipeline, and then through guide mechanism and finally through the
nozzle. In such a process, the entire available energy of the water is
converted into kinetic energy by passing it through nozzles. The water
enters the running wheel in the form of a jet (or jets), which impinges
on the buckets, fixed to the outer periphery of the wheel.
• The jet of water impinges on the buckets with a high velocity, and
after flowing over the vanes, leaves with a low velocity; thus,
imparting its energy to the runner.
• The pressure of water, both at entering and leaving the vanes, is
atmospheric. The most common example of an impulse turbine is
Pelton wheel.

9. Impulse Turbines (Cont’d)
• The Pelton wheel or Pelton turbine is a tangential flow impulse
turbine because 1) the water strikes the bucket along the tangent of
the runner, and 2) The energy available at the inlet of the turbine is
only kinetic energy. The pressure at the inlet and outlet of the turbine
is atmospheric. This turbine is used for high heads.
• Fig. 2 shows the layout of a hydroelectric power plant in which the
turbine is Pelton wheel. The water from the reservoir flows through
the penstocks at the outlet of which a nozzle is fitted. The nozzle
increases the kinetic energy of the water before striking the buckets. At
the outlet of the nozzle, the water comes out in the form of a jet and
strikes the buckets (vanes) of the runner.

10. Pelton Wheel Turbine
• The main parts of the Pelton turbine are
1. Nozzle and flow regulating arrangement (spear),
2. Runner and buckets,
3. Casing, and
4. Breaking jet.
Figure 2: A typical hydroelectric power plant
using Pelton wheel turbine

11. Pelton Wheel Turbine (Cont’d)
1. Nozzle and Flow Regulating Arrangement. The amount of water
striking the buckets (vanes) of the runner is controlled by providing
a spear in the nozzle as shown in Fig.3 The spear is a conical
needle. When the it is pushed forward into the nozzle, the amount of
water striking the runner is reduced and vice versa.
Figure 3: Nozzle with Spear arrangement for
controlling the flow rate of water

12. Pelton Wheel Turbine (Cont’d)
2. Runner with Buckets. Fig.4 shows the runner of a Pelton wheel. It
consists of a circular disc on the periphery of which several evenly
spaced buckets are fixed.
• The shape of the buckets is of a double hemispherical cup or bowl.
As shown in Fig.5, each bucket is divided into two symmetrical parts
by a dividing wall which is known as splitter. The jet of water strikes
on the splitter. The splitter divides the jet into two equal parts and the
jet comes out at the outer edge of the bucket. The buckets are shaped
in such a way that the jet is deflected through 160° or 170°. The
buckets are made of cast iron, cast steel bronze or stainless steel
depending upon the head at the inlet of the turbine.

13. Pelton Wheel Turbine (Cont’d)
Figure 4: Runner of a
typical Pelton wheel with
buckets along its periphery

14. Pelton Wheel Turbine (Cont’d)
Figure 5: A typical double hemispherical bucket of Pelton wheel Bucket with splitter

15. Pelton Wheel Turbine (Cont’d)
Figure 6: A view from the bottom of a running Pelton wheel showing the splitting and
turning of water. Jet is entering from left and wheel is turning towards right

16. Pelton Wheel Turbine (Cont’d)
3. Casing. Fig.6 shows a Pelton turbine with a casing. The function of
the casing is to prevent the splashing of the water and to discharge
water to tail race. It also acts as safeguard against accidents. It is made
of cast iron or fabricated steel plates. The casing of the Pelton wheel
does not perform any hydraulic function.
4. Breaking Jet. When the nozzle is completely closed by moving the
spear in the forward direction, the amount of water striking the runner
reduces to zero. But the runner doesn’t stop at once rather it keeps on
revolving due to inertia for sufficient time. To stop the runner in a short
time, a small nozzle is provided which directs the jet of water on the
back of the vanes. This jet of water is called breaking jet.

17. Pelton Wheel Turbine (Cont’d)
Figure 6: A typical Pelton wheel with casing and braking jet

18. Velocity Triangles and Work Done for
Pelton Wheel
• As mentioned earlier, the jet of water coming out of the nozzle strikes
the bucket at its splitter. The splitter then splits the jet into two parts.
One part of the jet, passing through the inside surface of one portion of
the vane, leaves it at its extreme edge. Same happens on the other
portion of the jet and vane as shown in Fig. 7.
• The splitter is the inlet tip and outer edge of the bucket is the outlet
tip of the bucket. Therefore, the inlet velocity triangle is drawn at the
splitter and outlet velocity triangle is drawn at the outer edge of the
bucket.

19. Velocity Triangles and Work done for
Pelton Wheel (Cont’d)
Figure 1: Velocity triangles for Pelton wheel
turbine

20. Velocity Triangles and Work done for Pelton
Wheel (Cont’d)

21. Velocity Triangles and Work done for Pelton
Wheel (Cont’d)

22. Velocity Triangles and Work done for
Pelton Wheel (Cont’d)
• The mass of water striking the blades is ρaV1 . 'a' is the area of the jet
which is given as
• Now, the work done/s per unit weight of water striking/s

23. Velocity Triangles and Work done for
Pelton Wheel (Cont’d)

24. Velocity Triangles and Work done for
Pelton Wheel (Cont’d)

25. Velocity Triangles and Work done for
Pelton Wheel (Cont’d)
• Thus we see that hydraulic efficiency of a Pelton wheel will be
maximum when the velocity of the wheel is one half of the velocity of
the jet of water at inlet. The expression for maximum efficiency will
be obtained by substituting this value of “u” in above equation.

26. Velocity Triangles and Work done for
Pelton Wheel (Cont’d)

27. Efficiencies of Pelton Wheel
• Hydraulic Efficiency: It is the ratio of work done per second on the
wheel to the kinetic energy of the jet per second. We have just seen it as
or
• Mechanical Efficiency: It has been observed that all the energy
supplied to the wheel does not come out as useful work. But a part of it
is dissipated in overcoming friction of bearings and other moving parts.
Thus, the mechanical efficiency is the ratio of actual work available at
the turbine to the energy imparted to the wheel.
𝜂𝑚 =
𝑆. 𝑃
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐷𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑃𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙

28. Efficiencies of Pelton Wheel
• Overall Efficiency: It is a measure of the performance of a turbine,
and is the ratio of actual power produced by the turbine to the energy
actually supplied by the turbine, i.e.
𝜂𝑜 =
𝑆. 𝑃
𝜌𝑔𝑄𝐻
• Important Points to be remembered for Pelton wheel
▪ The velocity of the jet at inlet is given by
Where Cv is the coefficient of velocity=0.985 if not given
▪ The velocity of the wheel (u) is given by
Where S.R is the speed ratio, taken as 0.46 if not given
𝐮 = 𝐒. 𝐑 𝟐𝐠𝐇

29. Numerical Problems
• Problem 1: A Pelton wheel has a mean bucket speed of 10 meters per
second with a jet of water flowing at the rate of 700 liters/s under a
head of 30 meters. The buckets deflect the jet through an angle of
160°. Calculate (i) the power given by water to the runner (work done
per second by the water on the runner blades) and (ii) the hydraulic
efficiency of the turbine. Assume coefficient of velocity as 0.98. [Ans:
(i)186.97 kW (ii) 94.54%]
• Problem 2: A Pelton wheel is having a mean bucket diameter of 1 m
and is running at 1000 r.p.m. The net head on the Pelton wheel is 700
m. If the side clearance angle is 15° and discharge through nozzle is
0.1 m3/s, find: (i) Power available at the inlet of the nozzle, and (ii)
Hydraulic efficiency of the turbine. [Ans: (i) 686.7 kW, (ii) 97.18%]

30. Thanks forListening