First, we need to forecast exchange rates for the next three years..pdf
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First, we need to forecast exchange rates for the next three years. Future rate (€/$) = Current rate (€/$) x (1 + rate (€)) / (1 + rate ($)) For year 1, rate = 0.500 x (1 + 7%) / (1 + 5%) = 0.510 and so on... Now, convert the dollar cash flows in euro cash flows with the corresponding exchange rate. Cash Flow ($) = Cash Flow (€) / rate (€/$) NPV ($) = - CF0 + CF1 / (1 + r) + CF2 / (1 + r)^2 + CF3 / (1 + r)^3 = - 4,000,000 + 1,766,355 / (1 + 10%) + 1,733,339 / (1 + 10%)^2 + 1,700,940 / (1 + 10%)^3 = $316,230.720123€/$0.5000.5100.5190.529Cashflow (€)-€ 2,000,000€ 900,000€ 900,000€ 900,000Cashflow ($)-$ 4,000,000$ 1,766,355$ 1,733,339$ 1,700,940NPV$316,230.72 Solution First, we need to forecast exchange rates for the next three years. Future rate (€/$) = Current rate (€/$) x (1 + rate (€)) / (1 + rate ($)) For year 1, rate = 0.500 x (1 + 7%) / (1 + 5%) = 0.510 and so on... Now, convert the dollar cash flows in euro cash flows with the corresponding exchange rate. Cash Flow ($) = Cash Flow (€) / rate (€/$) NPV ($) = - CF0 + CF1 / (1 + r) + CF2 / (1 + r)^2 + CF3 / (1 + r)^3 = - 4,000,000 + 1,766,355 / (1 + 10%) + 1,733,339 / (1 + 10%)^2 + 1,700,940 / (1 + 10%)^3 = $316,230.720123€/$0.5000.5100.5190.529Cashflow (€)-€ 2,000,000€ 900,000€ 900,000€ 900,000Cashflow ($)-$ 4,000,000$ 1,766,355$ 1,733,339$ 1,700,940NPV$316,230.72.
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Time Value for Money - Business Finance 2
Present value: The current worth of a future sum of money or stream of cash flows, given a specified rate of return. Future cash flows are "discounted" at the discount rate; the higher the discount rate, the lower the present value of the future cash flows. Determining the appropriate discount rate is the key to valuing future cash flows properly, whether they be earnings or obligations.[2]
Present value of an annuity: An annuity is a series of equal payments or receipts that occur at evenly spaced intervals. Leases and rental payments are examples. The payments or receipts occur at the end of each period for an ordinary annuity while they occur at the beginning of each period for an annuity due.[3]
Present value of a perpetuity is an infinite and constant stream of identical cash flows.[4]
Compound interest (or compounding interest) is interest calculated on the initial principal and also on the accumulated interest of previous periods of a deposit or loan. Thought to have originated in 17th-century Italy, compound interest can be thought of as “interest on interest,” and will make a sum grow at a faster rate than simple interest, which is calculated only on the principal amount. The rate at which compound interest accrues depends on the frequency of compounding; the higher the number of compounding periods, the greater the compound interest. Thus, the amount of compound interest accrued on $100 compounded at 10% annually will be lower than that on $100 compounded at 5% semi-annually over the same time period.
Basic Time Value of Money Formula and Example
Depending on the exact situation in question, the TVM formula may change slightly. For example, in the case of annuity or perpetuity payments, the generalized formula has additional or less factors. But in general, the most fundamental TVM formula takes into account the following variables:
FV = Future value of money
PV = Present value of money
i = interest rate
n = number of compounding periods per year
t = number of years
Based on these variables, the formula for TVM is:
FV = PV x (1 + (i / n)) ^ (n x t)
For example, assume a sum of $10,000 is invested for one year at 10% interest. The future value of that money is:
FV = $10,000 x (1 + (10% / 1) ^ (1 x 1) = $11,000
The formula can also be rearranged to find the value of the future sum in present day dollars. For example, the value of $5,000 one year from today, compounded at 7% interest, is:
PV = $5,000 / (1 + (7% / 1) ^ (1 x 1) = $4,673
Recommended
Time Value for Money - Business Finance 2
Present value: The current worth of a future sum of money or stream of cash flows, given a specified rate of return. Future cash flows are "discounted" at the discount rate; the higher the discount rate, the lower the present value of the future cash flows. Determining the appropriate discount rate is the key to valuing future cash flows properly, whether they be earnings or obligations.[2]
Present value of an annuity: An annuity is a series of equal payments or receipts that occur at evenly spaced intervals. Leases and rental payments are examples. The payments or receipts occur at the end of each period for an ordinary annuity while they occur at the beginning of each period for an annuity due.[3]
Present value of a perpetuity is an infinite and constant stream of identical cash flows.[4]
Compound interest (or compounding interest) is interest calculated on the initial principal and also on the accumulated interest of previous periods of a deposit or loan. Thought to have originated in 17th-century Italy, compound interest can be thought of as “interest on interest,” and will make a sum grow at a faster rate than simple interest, which is calculated only on the principal amount. The rate at which compound interest accrues depends on the frequency of compounding; the higher the number of compounding periods, the greater the compound interest. Thus, the amount of compound interest accrued on $100 compounded at 10% annually will be lower than that on $100 compounded at 5% semi-annually over the same time period.
Basic Time Value of Money Formula and Example
Depending on the exact situation in question, the TVM formula may change slightly. For example, in the case of annuity or perpetuity payments, the generalized formula has additional or less factors. But in general, the most fundamental TVM formula takes into account the following variables:
FV = Future value of money
PV = Present value of money
i = interest rate
n = number of compounding periods per year
t = number of years
Based on these variables, the formula for TVM is:
FV = PV x (1 + (i / n)) ^ (n x t)
For example, assume a sum of $10,000 is invested for one year at 10% interest. The future value of that money is:
FV = $10,000 x (1 + (10% / 1) ^ (1 x 1) = $11,000
The formula can also be rearranged to find the value of the future sum in present day dollars. For example, the value of $5,000 one year from today, compounded at 7% interest, is:
PV = $5,000 / (1 + (7% / 1) ^ (1 x 1) = $4,673
The Value of Money - problems and solutions
The Value of Money - problems and solutions By HASSAN SAMOON
Time value of money
Time value of money is an important concept in Finance. It is used in the Corporate finance, Financial management and Financial markets etc.
Macaulay duration = [tC(1+y)t + nM(1+y)nP] .pdf
Macaulay duration = [tC/(1+y)t + nM/(1+y)n/P]
t = 1 to n
t = Period in which coupon is received
C = Semiannual coupon payment = (10% x $ 1000)/2 = $ 50
y = Periodic yield to maturity = 9 % /2 = 4.5 %
n = Number of periods = 5 years x 2 = 10
M = Maturity value = $ 1,000 + $ 50 = $ 1,050
P = Market price of bond = $ 1,000 (Assumed)
Period
Cash Flow
Period x Cash Flow
PV of $1 @ 4.5 %
Present Value of Cash Flow
1
$50
$50
0.956937799
$47.85
2
$50
$100
0.915729951
$91.57
3
$50
$150
0.876296604
$131.44
4
$50
$200
0.838561344
$167.71
5
$50
$250
0.802451047
$200.61
6
$50
$300
0.767895738
$230.37
7
$50
$350
0.734828458
$257.19
8
$50
$400
0.703185127
$281.27
9
$50
$450
0.672904428
$302.81
10
$1,050
$10,500
0.643927682
$6,761.24
Total
Macaulay duration = $6,761.24 / $1,000 = 6.76 years
Period
Cash Flow
Period x Cash Flow
PV of $1 @ 4.5 %
Present Value of Cash Flow
1
$50
$50
0.956937799
$47.85
2
$50
$100
0.915729951
$91.57
3
$50
$150
0.876296604
$131.44
4
$50
$200
0.838561344
$167.71
5
$50
$250
0.802451047
$200.61
6
$50
$300
0.767895738
$230.37
7
$50
$350
0.734828458
$257.19
8
$50
$400
0.703185127
$281.27
9
$50
$450
0.672904428
$302.81
10
$1,050
$10,500
0.643927682
$6,761.24
Total
Solution
Macaulay duration = [tC/(1+y)t + nM/(1+y)n/P]
t = 1 to n
t = Period in which coupon is received
C = Semiannual coupon payment = (10% x $ 1000)/2 = $ 50
y = Periodic yield to maturity = 9 % /2 = 4.5 %
n = Number of periods = 5 years x 2 = 10
M = Maturity value = $ 1,000 + $ 50 = $ 1,050
P = Market price of bond = $ 1,000 (Assumed)
Period
Cash Flow
Period x Cash Flow
PV of $1 @ 4.5 %
Present Value of Cash Flow
1
$50
$50
0.956937799
$47.85
2
$50
$100
0.915729951
$91.57
3
$50
$150
0.876296604
$131.44
4
$50
$200
0.838561344
$167.71
5
$50
$250
0.802451047
$200.61
6
$50
$300
0.767895738
$230.37
7
$50
$350
0.734828458
$257.19
8
$50
$400
0.703185127
$281.27
9
$50
$450
0.672904428
$302.81
10
$1,050
$10,500
0.643927682
$6,761.24
Total
Macaulay duration = $6,761.24 / $1,000 = 6.76 years
Period
Cash Flow
Period x Cash Flow
PV of $1 @ 4.5 %
Present Value of Cash Flow
1
$50
$50
0.956937799
$47.85
2
$50
$100
0.915729951
$91.57
3
$50
$150
0.876296604
$131.44
4
$50
$200
0.838561344
$167.71
5
$50
$250
0.802451047
$200.61
6
$50
$300
0.767895738
$230.37
7
$50
$350
0.734828458
$257.19
8
$50
$400
0.703185127
$281.27
9
$50
$450
0.672904428
$302.81
10
$1,050
$10,500
0.643927682
$6,761.24
Total.
Yes, molality = moles of solute kg of solventSolutionYes, mo.pdf
Yes, molality = moles of solute / kg of solvent
Solution
Yes, molality = moles of solute / kg of solvent.
When Laura left her job as a law firm manager to launch her own busi.pdf
When Laura left her job as a law firm manager to launch her own business, she knew from the
beginning that there were certain tasks she didn\'t want to handle. The owner of legal marketing
firm a firm that helps law firms streamline their practices through outsourcing Sparks practiced
what she preached from the start, hiring an outside bookkeeper and slowly adding to her virtual
team of contractors. Within months, her business revenues reached six figures.
\"Most entrepreneurs have great talents but many times they think they can do it all,\" laura says.
\"That can really stall the growth of the business. By outsourcing the day to day back-office
tasks, the business owner has more time to focus on generating income.\"
Entrepreneurs have long seen outsourcing as a strategy reserved for big business, but technology
has made it a more accessible tool for small businesses--and for some small firms, outsourcing
has made a powerful impact on their growth, productivity and bottom lines.
\"More small businesses are outsourcing tasks these days because technology has advanced to
the point of professionals being able to work from anywhere in the world, coupled with the
availability and accessibility of extremely qualified professionals who have decided or been
forced to leave the corporate world, [such as] virtual executive assistants, marketing directors,
graphic designers, transcriptionists, paralegals, web designers, HR consultants, bookkeepers, PR
directors, IT specialists, and the list goes on,\" Sparks says. \"These freelancers come on board as
subcontractors and save the small business owner the burden of paying overhead associated with
payroll taxes and expenses such as health insurance and worker\'s compensation, as well as the
space constrictions that growing a company in-house can present.\"
Taking the first steps toward outsourcing can be time-consuming, but figuring out how to build
your business with help from outside professionals can offer increased efficiencies and
economies of scale. \"Progressive entrepreneurs realize the unstoppable power of outsourcing to
handle aspects of their business that are essential but simply don\'t make sense for them to deal
with personally,\" says David Walsh, entrepreneur and author of Source Control, an e-book on
effective small business outsourcing. \"Small business, augmented by a global pool of human
capital, can compete directly with the biggest players in their space, and win.\"
When to Outsource
For every company, the right time to outsource is different. Some businesses have in-house staff
to handle daily activities, but may need outside help to undertake new projects that don\'t warrant
another full-time employee. When you and your current employees are unable to manage the
day-to-day business of your company and build the business satisfactorily, it may be time to
consider outsourcing. For Tonya Thomas, president of The Small Office Assistant, the right time
was when she realized that although.
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Similar to First, we need to forecast exchange rates for the next three years..pdf
The Value of Money - problems and solutions
The Value of Money - problems and solutions By HASSAN SAMOON
Time value of money
Time value of money is an important concept in Finance. It is used in the Corporate finance, Financial management and Financial markets etc.
Macaulay duration = [tC(1+y)t + nM(1+y)nP] .pdf
Macaulay duration = [tC/(1+y)t + nM/(1+y)n/P]
t = 1 to n
t = Period in which coupon is received
C = Semiannual coupon payment = (10% x $ 1000)/2 = $ 50
y = Periodic yield to maturity = 9 % /2 = 4.5 %
n = Number of periods = 5 years x 2 = 10
M = Maturity value = $ 1,000 + $ 50 = $ 1,050
P = Market price of bond = $ 1,000 (Assumed)
Period
Cash Flow
Period x Cash Flow
PV of $1 @ 4.5 %
Present Value of Cash Flow
1
$50
$50
0.956937799
$47.85
2
$50
$100
0.915729951
$91.57
3
$50
$150
0.876296604
$131.44
4
$50
$200
0.838561344
$167.71
5
$50
$250
0.802451047
$200.61
6
$50
$300
0.767895738
$230.37
7
$50
$350
0.734828458
$257.19
8
$50
$400
0.703185127
$281.27
9
$50
$450
0.672904428
$302.81
10
$1,050
$10,500
0.643927682
$6,761.24
Total
Macaulay duration = $6,761.24 / $1,000 = 6.76 years
Period
Cash Flow
Period x Cash Flow
PV of $1 @ 4.5 %
Present Value of Cash Flow
1
$50
$50
0.956937799
$47.85
2
$50
$100
0.915729951
$91.57
3
$50
$150
0.876296604
$131.44
4
$50
$200
0.838561344
$167.71
5
$50
$250
0.802451047
$200.61
6
$50
$300
0.767895738
$230.37
7
$50
$350
0.734828458
$257.19
8
$50
$400
0.703185127
$281.27
9
$50
$450
0.672904428
$302.81
10
$1,050
$10,500
0.643927682
$6,761.24
Total
Solution
Macaulay duration = [tC/(1+y)t + nM/(1+y)n/P]
t = 1 to n
t = Period in which coupon is received
C = Semiannual coupon payment = (10% x $ 1000)/2 = $ 50
y = Periodic yield to maturity = 9 % /2 = 4.5 %
n = Number of periods = 5 years x 2 = 10
M = Maturity value = $ 1,000 + $ 50 = $ 1,050
P = Market price of bond = $ 1,000 (Assumed)
Period
Cash Flow
Period x Cash Flow
PV of $1 @ 4.5 %
Present Value of Cash Flow
1
$50
$50
0.956937799
$47.85
2
$50
$100
0.915729951
$91.57
3
$50
$150
0.876296604
$131.44
4
$50
$200
0.838561344
$167.71
5
$50
$250
0.802451047
$200.61
6
$50
$300
0.767895738
$230.37
7
$50
$350
0.734828458
$257.19
8
$50
$400
0.703185127
$281.27
9
$50
$450
0.672904428
$302.81
10
$1,050
$10,500
0.643927682
$6,761.24
Total
Macaulay duration = $6,761.24 / $1,000 = 6.76 years
Period
Cash Flow
Period x Cash Flow
PV of $1 @ 4.5 %
Present Value of Cash Flow
1
$50
$50
0.956937799
$47.85
2
$50
$100
0.915729951
$91.57
3
$50
$150
0.876296604
$131.44
4
$50
$200
0.838561344
$167.71
5
$50
$250
0.802451047
$200.61
6
$50
$300
0.767895738
$230.37
7
$50
$350
0.734828458
$257.19
8
$50
$400
0.703185127
$281.27
9
$50
$450
0.672904428
$302.81
10
$1,050
$10,500
0.643927682
$6,761.24
Total.
Similar to First, we need to forecast exchange rates for the next three years..pdf (20)
Corporate Finance Case Study : Bullock Gold Mining
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Yes, molality = moles of solute kg of solventSolutionYes, mo.pdf
Yes, molality = moles of solute / kg of solvent
Solution
Yes, molality = moles of solute / kg of solvent.
When Laura left her job as a law firm manager to launch her own busi.pdf
When Laura left her job as a law firm manager to launch her own business, she knew from the
beginning that there were certain tasks she didn\'t want to handle. The owner of legal marketing
firm a firm that helps law firms streamline their practices through outsourcing Sparks practiced
what she preached from the start, hiring an outside bookkeeper and slowly adding to her virtual
team of contractors. Within months, her business revenues reached six figures.
\"Most entrepreneurs have great talents but many times they think they can do it all,\" laura says.
\"That can really stall the growth of the business. By outsourcing the day to day back-office
tasks, the business owner has more time to focus on generating income.\"
Entrepreneurs have long seen outsourcing as a strategy reserved for big business, but technology
has made it a more accessible tool for small businesses--and for some small firms, outsourcing
has made a powerful impact on their growth, productivity and bottom lines.
\"More small businesses are outsourcing tasks these days because technology has advanced to
the point of professionals being able to work from anywhere in the world, coupled with the
availability and accessibility of extremely qualified professionals who have decided or been
forced to leave the corporate world, [such as] virtual executive assistants, marketing directors,
graphic designers, transcriptionists, paralegals, web designers, HR consultants, bookkeepers, PR
directors, IT specialists, and the list goes on,\" Sparks says. \"These freelancers come on board as
subcontractors and save the small business owner the burden of paying overhead associated with
payroll taxes and expenses such as health insurance and worker\'s compensation, as well as the
space constrictions that growing a company in-house can present.\"
Taking the first steps toward outsourcing can be time-consuming, but figuring out how to build
your business with help from outside professionals can offer increased efficiencies and
economies of scale. \"Progressive entrepreneurs realize the unstoppable power of outsourcing to
handle aspects of their business that are essential but simply don\'t make sense for them to deal
with personally,\" says David Walsh, entrepreneur and author of Source Control, an e-book on
effective small business outsourcing. \"Small business, augmented by a global pool of human
capital, can compete directly with the biggest players in their space, and win.\"
When to Outsource
For every company, the right time to outsource is different. Some businesses have in-house staff
to handle daily activities, but may need outside help to undertake new projects that don\'t warrant
another full-time employee. When you and your current employees are unable to manage the
day-to-day business of your company and build the business satisfactorily, it may be time to
consider outsourcing. For Tonya Thomas, president of The Small Office Assistant, the right time
was when she realized that although.
WaterMolarity of pure water is 55.5 M. It is calculated as below..pdf
Water
Molarity of pure water is 55.5 M. It is calculated as below.
1000g of water is present in 1lit of water. ( for water 1g = 1 ml, since density of water 1 g/ml )
So molarity = weight /moleculat weight of water . volume = 1000/18.1 = 55.5 M
So Normality N1 = 55.5 M
volume V1 = 1 lit
N1V1 = 55.5 X1 = 55.5
NH2SO4
Molarity M = 0.2 M
Normality N2 = molarity x charge on salt
= 0.2 x 2
= 0.4 N
volume V2 = 10 L
N2V2 = 0.4 X 10 = 4
Since concentration of water is more than concentration of salt, concentration of the mixture is
equal to
H+ ion concentration.
Normality of the mixture N = (N1V1 - N2V2)/ (V1+V2)
= 55.5-4/(1+10)
= 51.5/11
= 4.68 N
= H+ ion concentartion
pH = - logH+
= -log (4.68)
= 0.67
pH=0.67
Solution
Water
Molarity of pure water is 55.5 M. It is calculated as below.
1000g of water is present in 1lit of water. ( for water 1g = 1 ml, since density of water 1 g/ml )
So molarity = weight /moleculat weight of water . volume = 1000/18.1 = 55.5 M
So Normality N1 = 55.5 M
volume V1 = 1 lit
N1V1 = 55.5 X1 = 55.5
NH2SO4
Molarity M = 0.2 M
Normality N2 = molarity x charge on salt
= 0.2 x 2
= 0.4 N
volume V2 = 10 L
N2V2 = 0.4 X 10 = 4
Since concentration of water is more than concentration of salt, concentration of the mixture is
equal to
H+ ion concentration.
Normality of the mixture N = (N1V1 - N2V2)/ (V1+V2)
= 55.5-4/(1+10)
= 51.5/11
= 4.68 N
= H+ ion concentartion
pH = - logH+
= -log (4.68)
= 0.67
pH=0.67.
The degree is 3 and the leading coefficient is -11.SolutionThe.pdf
The degree is 3 and the leading coefficient is -11.
Solution
The degree is 3 and the leading coefficient is -11..
moles of HCl = 500.1 = 5 moles of NaOH = 20.50..pdf
moles of HCl = 50*0.1 = 5 moles of NaOH = 20.5*0.2 = 4.1 so moles of H+ left
after titration = 5-4.1 = 0.9 so [H+] = 0.9/20.5+50 = 0.0127 so pH = -log([H+]) = - log(0.0127)
=1.896 ANSWER
Solution
moles of HCl = 50*0.1 = 5 moles of NaOH = 20.5*0.2 = 4.1 so moles of H+ left
after titration = 5-4.1 = 0.9 so [H+] = 0.9/20.5+50 = 0.0127 so pH = -log([H+]) = - log(0.0127)
=1.896 ANSWER.
Kc = [H2][I2][HI]^2 Kc = 1.84 x 10^-2 .pdf
Kc = [H2][I2]/[HI]^2 Kc = 1.84 x 10^-2
Solution
Kc = [H2][I2]/[HI]^2 Kc = 1.84 x 10^-2.
Ionic bond 1.The atoms are bound together by the.pdf
Ionic bond: 1.The atoms are bound together by the attraction between oppositely-
charged ions. 2. For example, sodium and chloride form an ionic bond, to make NaCl, or table
salt. 3.high boiling point and melting point 4.solid at room temperature and has no definite shape
covalent bond: 1.The atoms are bound by shared electrons. If the electron is shared equally
between the atoms forming a covalent bond 2.For example, the atoms in water, H2O, are held
together by polar covalent bonds. 3.low boiling and melting point 4.liquid or gas at room
temperature and has a definite shape
Solution
Ionic bond: 1.The atoms are bound together by the attraction between oppositely-
charged ions. 2. For example, sodium and chloride form an ionic bond, to make NaCl, or table
salt. 3.high boiling point and melting point 4.solid at room temperature and has no definite shape
covalent bond: 1.The atoms are bound by shared electrons. If the electron is shared equally
between the atoms forming a covalent bond 2.For example, the atoms in water, H2O, are held
together by polar covalent bonds. 3.low boiling and melting point 4.liquid or gas at room
temperature and has a definite shape.
Importance of Phosphorylated Intermediates Each o.pdf
Importance of Phosphorylated Intermediates Each of the nine glycolytic
intermediates between glucose and pyruvate is phosphorylated (Fig. 14-2). The phosphate groups
appear to have three functions. 1. The phosphate groups are ionized at pH 7, thus giving each of
the intermediates of glycolysis a net negative charge. Because the plasma membrane is
impermeable to molecules that are charged, the phosphorylated intermediates cannot diffuse out
of the cell. After the initial phosphorylation, the cell does not have to spend further energy in
retaining phosphorylated intermediates despite the large difference between the intracellular and
extracellular concentrations of these compounds. 2. Phosphate groups are essential components
in the enzymatic conservation of metabolic energy. Energy released in the breakage of
phosphoric acid anhydride bonds (such as those in ATP) is partially conserved in the formation
of phosphate esters such as glucose-6phosphate. High-energy phosphate compounds formed in
glycolysis (1,3-bisphosphoglycerate and phosphoenol pyruvate) donate phosphate groups to
ADP to form ATP. 3. Binding of phosphate groups to the active sites of enzymes provides
binding energy that contributes to lowering the activation energy and increasing the specificity of
enzyme-catalyzed reactions (Chapter 8). The phosphate groups of ADP, ATP, and the glycolytic
intermediates form complexes with Mg2+, and the substrate binding sites of many of the
glycolytic enzymes are specific for these Mg2+ complexes. Nearly all the glycolytic enzymes
require Mg2+ for activity.
Solution
Importance of Phosphorylated Intermediates Each of the nine glycolytic
intermediates between glucose and pyruvate is phosphorylated (Fig. 14-2). The phosphate groups
appear to have three functions. 1. The phosphate groups are ionized at pH 7, thus giving each of
the intermediates of glycolysis a net negative charge. Because the plasma membrane is
impermeable to molecules that are charged, the phosphorylated intermediates cannot diffuse out
of the cell. After the initial phosphorylation, the cell does not have to spend further energy in
retaining phosphorylated intermediates despite the large difference between the intracellular and
extracellular concentrations of these compounds. 2. Phosphate groups are essential components
in the enzymatic conservation of metabolic energy. Energy released in the breakage of
phosphoric acid anhydride bonds (such as those in ATP) is partially conserved in the formation
of phosphate esters such as glucose-6phosphate. High-energy phosphate compounds formed in
glycolysis (1,3-bisphosphoglycerate and phosphoenol pyruvate) donate phosphate groups to
ADP to form ATP. 3. Binding of phosphate groups to the active sites of enzymes provides
binding energy that contributes to lowering the activation energy and increasing the specificity of
enzyme-catalyzed reactions (Chapter 8). The phosphate groups of ADP, ATP, and the glycolytic
intermediates form complexes wi.
Solution of the Questions with ExplanationPart AThe Domain Name.pdf
Solution
of the Questions with Explanation
Part A:
The Domain Name System (DNS) is primarily used to: (Please select from one of the four
options)
1. Determine the MAC address of a host, given its IP address.
2. Determine the symbolic name of a host, given its IP address.
3. Determine the IP address of a host, given its MAC address.
4. Remove the need for a user to indicate a host they wish to communicate with by means of an
IP address expressed in binary form.
Answer is Remove the need for a user to indicate a host they wish to communicate with by
means of an IP address expressed in binary form (4th option).
Explanation: Domain Name System (DNS) the main job of DNS is to match domain name with
its corresponding IP name. So the user not needs to remember the IP address of every website.
Part B:
Which of the following protocols is associated with EGP? (Please select from one of the four
options)
1. BGP
2. RIPv2
3. OSPF 4.
RIPv1
Answer is BGP.
Explanation: The EGP is commonly used for routing between two or more than
two autonomous systems. Most of the service providers & large companies may interconnect
using an Exterior Gateway Protocols. The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) provides the same
feature of EGP and BGP is the only currently available EGP and is the official routing protocol
used by the Internet (1st option).
Part C:
Which of the following performs dynamic IP addressing? (Please select from one of the four
options)
1. Domain Name Service (DNS)
2. IPCONFIG
3. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
4. IPv4
Answer is DHCP.
Explanation: The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)is the mechanism, which is used
for dynamic addressing (3rd option).
Sexual selection is a type of natural selection. Sexual selection ac.pdf
Sexual selection is a type of natural selection. Sexual selection acts on the ability to obtain a
mate or for successful copulation.
Sexual selection acts on 2 ways.
Selection makes many organisms go to extreme lengths for sex: peacocks maintain elaborate
tails, elephant seals fight over territories, fruit flies perform dances, some species deliver
persuasive gifts, and to the extreme the male redback spider (bottom left) literally flings itself
into the jaws of death in order to mate successfully.
Not everytime the sexual selection is successful. Some times it may lead to disastrous effect on
individuals survival. Examples are given below,
Extravagant and colorful tail feathers or fins are likely to attract predators as well as interested
members of the opposite sex.
An Australasian native fish characterized by excessively long fin streamers. Males with greater
fin ornaments have relatively low escape abilities during predation.
Solution
Sexual selection is a type of natural selection. Sexual selection acts on the ability to obtain a
mate or for successful copulation.
Sexual selection acts on 2 ways.
Selection makes many organisms go to extreme lengths for sex: peacocks maintain elaborate
tails, elephant seals fight over territories, fruit flies perform dances, some species deliver
persuasive gifts, and to the extreme the male redback spider (bottom left) literally flings itself
into the jaws of death in order to mate successfully.
Not everytime the sexual selection is successful. Some times it may lead to disastrous effect on
individuals survival. Examples are given below,
Extravagant and colorful tail feathers or fins are likely to attract predators as well as interested
members of the opposite sex.
An Australasian native fish characterized by excessively long fin streamers. Males with greater
fin ornaments have relatively low escape abilities during predation..
PPSS x ppss is a dihybrid cross. P, p, S and s are alleles for corn .pdf
PPSS x ppss is a dihybrid cross. P, p, S and s are alleles for corn grain.
P - purple p - Yellow
S - smooth s - shrunken
Pand S are dominant while, p and s are recessive.
PPSS X ppss will have all the offsprings with PpSs genotype in F1 generation.
2. The expected phenotype for this (PpSs) is purple and smooth corn grain.
Solution
PPSS x ppss is a dihybrid cross. P, p, S and s are alleles for corn grain.
P - purple p - Yellow
S - smooth s - shrunken
Pand S are dominant while, p and s are recessive.
PPSS X ppss will have all the offsprings with PpSs genotype in F1 generation.
2. The expected phenotype for this (PpSs) is purple and smooth corn grain..
package com.tictactoe; public class Main {public void play() {.pdf
package com.tictactoe;
public class Main {
public void play() {
//two ways i posted using constructor and pass the marker values or using setters and getters
//enter marker1,marker2 values in the contstructor
// TicTacToe game = new TicTacToe(marker1,marker2);
TicTacToe game = new TicTacToe();
System.out.println(\"Welcome! Tic Tac Toe is a two player game.\");
System.out.print(\"Enter player one\'s name: \");
game.setPlayer1(game.getPrompt());
System.out.print(\"Enter player two\'s name: \");
game.setPlayer2(game.getPrompt());
boolean markerOk = false;
while (!markerOk) {
System.out.print(\"Select any letter as \" + game.getPlayer1() + \"\'s marker: \");
String marker = game.getPrompt();
if (marker.length() == 1 &&
Character.isLetter(marker.toCharArray()[0])) {
markerOk = true;
game.setMarker1(marker.toCharArray()[0]);
} else {
System.out.println(\"Invalid marker, try again\");
}
}
markerOk = false;
while (!markerOk) {
System.out.print(\"Select any letter as \" + game.getPlayer2() + \"\'s marker: \");
String marker = game.getPrompt();
if (marker.length() == 1 &&
Character.isLetter(marker.toCharArray()[0])) {
markerOk = true;
game.setMarker2(marker.toCharArray()[0]);
} else {
System.out.println(\"Invalid marker, try again\");
}
}
boolean continuePlaying = true;
while (continuePlaying) {
game.init();
System.out.println();
System.out.println(game.getRules());
System.out.println();
System.out.println(game.drawBoard());
System.out.println();
String player = null;
while (!game.winner() && game.getPlays() < 9) {
player = game.getCurrentPlayer() == 1 ? game.getPlayer1() : game.getPlayer2();
boolean validPick = false;
while (!validPick) {
System.out.print(\"It is \" + player + \"\'s turn. Pick a square: \");
String square = game.getPrompt();
if (square.length() == 1 && Character.isDigit(square.toCharArray()[0])) {
int pick = 0;
try {
pick = Integer.parseInt(square);
} catch (NumberFormatException e) {
//Do nothing here, it\'ll evaluate as an invalid pick on the next row.
}
validPick = game.placeMarker(pick);
}
if (!validPick) {
System.out.println(\"Square can not be selected. Retry\");
}
}
game.switchPlayers();
System.out.println();
System.out.println(game.drawBoard());
System.out.println();
}
if (game.winner()) {
System.out.println(\"Game Over - \" + player + \" WINS!!!\");
} else {
System.out.println(\"Game Over - Draw\");
}
System.out.println();
System.out.print(\"Play again? (Y/N): \");
String choice = game.getPrompt();
if (!choice.equalsIgnoreCase(\"Y\")) {
continuePlaying = false;
}
}
}
/**
* param args the command line arguments
*/
public static void main(String[] args) {
Main main = new Main();
main.play();
}
}
//Tic Tac toe Class
package com. tictactoe;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
public class TicTacToe {
private char[][] board = new char[3][3];
private String player1;
private String player2;
private int currentPlayer;
private char marker1;
private char marker2;
private int play.
d. tyrosine (it acts as a nucleophile) .pdf
d. tyrosine (it acts as a nucleophile)
Solution
d. tyrosine (it acts as a nucleophile).
It also leads to the loss of the privacy of the individual. If it is.pdf
It also leads to the loss of the privacy of the individual. If it is used in a wrong way you can be
wrongfully convicted. It is also difficult to take care the collected DNA analysis reports, they can
be used for different illegal activities.
Solution
It also leads to the loss of the privacy of the individual. If it is used in a wrong way you can be
wrongfully convicted. It is also difficult to take care the collected DNA analysis reports, they can
be used for different illegal activities..
In pure water acidity or basness doesnt depend on tempratureReas.pdf
In pure water acidity or basness doesn\'t depend on temprature
Reason -- As temorature increases more water dissosciates
but it provides same amount of H+ & OH- to the system thus being neutral
Hence
The two beakers will not vary in acidity/baseness (remain neutral)
Solution
In pure water acidity or basness doesn\'t depend on temprature
Reason -- As temorature increases more water dissosciates
but it provides same amount of H+ & OH- to the system thus being neutral
Hence
The two beakers will not vary in acidity/baseness (remain neutral).
Given below is the completed implementation of MyLinkedList class. O.pdf
Given below is the completed implementation of MyLinkedList class. Other classes are not
modified and remain same as in question - MyList, MyAbstractList, TestMyLinkedList.
The output of TestMyLinkedList is shown below. Please don\'t forget to rate the answer if it
helped. Thank you very much.
Since the MyList is not completely pasted in the question ... giving the complete class file below
MyList.java
public interface MyList> extends java.lang.Iterable
{
// Add a new element at the end of this list
public void add (E e);
// Add a new element at specified index in this list
public void add (int index, E e);
// Return true if this list contains the element
public boolean contains (E e);
// Return the element at the specified index
public E get (int index);
// Return the index of the first matching element
// Return -1 if no match.
public int indexOf (E e);
// Return the index of the last matching element
// Return -1 if no match.
public int lastIndexOf (E e);
E remove(int index);
void clear();
E set(int index, E e);
}
MyLinkedList.java
public class MyLinkedList> extends MyAbstractList
implements Comparable>
{
private Node head, tail; // head and tail pointers
// Create a default list
public MyLinkedList()
{
}
public int size()
{
return size;
}
// Need this for implementing Comparable
public int compareTo (MyLinkedList e)
{
return(size() - e.size());
}
// Create a list from an array of objects
public MyLinkedList (E[] objects)
{
super(objects); // Passes the array up to abstract parent
}
// Return the head element in the list
public E getFirst()
{
if (size == 0)
{
return null;
}
else
{
return head.element;
}
}
// Return the last element in the list
public E getLast()
{
if (size == 0)
{
return null;
}
else
{
return tail.element;
}
}
// Add an element to the beginning of the list
public void addFirst (E e)
{
// Create a new node for element e
Node newNode = new Node(e);
newNode.next = head; // link the new node with the head
head = newNode; // head points to the new node
size++; // Increase list size
if (tail == null) // new node is only node
{
tail = head;
}
}
// Add an element to the end of the list
public void addLast (E e)
{
// Create a new node for element e
Node newNode = new Node(e);
if (tail == null)
{
head = tail = newNode; // new node is only node
}
else
{
tail.next = newNode; // Link the new with the last node
tail = tail.next; // tail now points to the last node
}
size++; // Increase size
}
// Remove the head node and
// return the object from the removed node
public E removeFirst()
{
if (size == 0)
{
return null;
}
else
{
Node temp = head;
head = head.next;
size--;
if (head == null)
{
tail = null;
}
return temp.element;
}
}
// Remove the last node and return the object from it
public E removeLast()
{
if (size == 0)
{
return null;
}
else if (size == 1)
{
Node temp = head;
head = tail = null;
size = 0;
return temp.element;
}
else
{
Node current = head;
for (int i = 0; i < size - 2; i++)
{
current = current.next;
}
Node temp = tail;
tai.
Generally 12 cranial nerves are there. Among all these II optic cran.pdf
Generally 12 cranial nerves are there. Among all these II optic cranial nerve function as Vision.
Ttransmit signals from the retina of the eye to the brain. So iformation brings toword the CNS.
Solution
Generally 12 cranial nerves are there. Among all these II optic cranial nerve function as Vision.
Ttransmit signals from the retina of the eye to the brain. So iformation brings toword the CNS..
Family MyrtaceaeGenus EucalyptusSpecies globulusAuthority .pdf
Family : Myrtaceae
Genus: Eucalyptus
Species: globulus
Authority name: Eucalyptus globulus Labill
Solution
Family : Myrtaceae
Genus: Eucalyptus
Species: globulus
Authority name: Eucalyptus globulus Labill.
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When Laura left her job as a law firm manager to launch her own busi.pdf
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- 1. First, we need to forecast exchange rates for the next three years. Future rate (€/$) = Current rate (€/$) x (1 + rate (€)) / (1 + rate ($)) For year 1, rate = 0.500 x (1 + 7%) / (1 + 5%) = 0.510 and so on... Now, convert the dollar cash flows in euro cash flows with the corresponding exchange rate. Cash Flow ($) = Cash Flow (€) / rate (€/$) NPV ($) = - CF0 + CF1 / (1 + r) + CF2 / (1 + r)^2 + CF3 / (1 + r)^3 = - 4,000,000 + 1,766,355 / (1 + 10%) + 1,733,339 / (1 + 10%)^2 + 1,700,940 / (1 + 10%)^3 = $316,230.720123€/$0.5000.5100.5190.529Cashflow (€)-€ 2,000,000€ 900,000€ 900,000€ 900,000Cashflow ($)-$ 4,000,000$ 1,766,355$ 1,733,339$ 1,700,940NPV$316,230.72 Solution First, we need to forecast exchange rates for the next three years. Future rate (€/$) = Current rate (€/$) x (1 + rate (€)) / (1 + rate ($)) For year 1, rate = 0.500 x (1 + 7%) / (1 + 5%) = 0.510 and so on... Now, convert the dollar cash flows in euro cash flows with the corresponding exchange rate. Cash Flow ($) = Cash Flow (€) / rate (€/$) NPV ($) = - CF0 + CF1 / (1 + r) + CF2 / (1 + r)^2 + CF3 / (1 + r)^3 = - 4,000,000 + 1,766,355 / (1 + 10%) + 1,733,339 / (1 + 10%)^2 + 1,700,940 / (1 + 10%)^3 = $316,230.720123€/$0.5000.5100.5190.529Cashflow (€)-€ 2,000,000€ 900,000€ 900,000€ 900,000Cashflow ($)-$ 4,000,000$ 1,766,355$ 1,733,339$ 1,700,940NPV$316,230.72