Burns are a common childhood injury that can have prolonged effects on development. The child presented had 30% burns to the lower extremities and genitalia from scalding. Initial management involved fluid resuscitation, wound cleaning, and pain management. Ongoing care requires careful monitoring, wound treatment, nutrition support, and rehabilitation to address physical and psychological impacts. Complications can include infection, shock, and long-term issues like contractures if not properly managed.
This document provides an overview of environmental emergencies related to thermal injuries, including burns, electrical injuries, lightning injuries, hypothermia, and frostbite. It discusses the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, treatment priorities, and management strategies for each type of injury. For burns, it covers burn depth, size assessment, fluid resuscitation formulas, wound care, and referral criteria. For hypothermia, it describes the stages based on core temperature, associated signs and symptoms, diagnostic testing, and active external and internal rewarming techniques. Throughout, it emphasizes the importance of preventing further heat loss, anticipating cardiac issues, and treating hypothermia before addressing other injuries.
The document provides information on the management of burns, including definitions, epidemiology, classification, assessment, and treatment approaches. It describes the pathophysiology of burns and potential complications. Management involves initial first aid including cooling, fluid resuscitation proportional to burn size, regular monitoring of urine output and electrolytes, and treatment of complications as needed. Inhalational injury requires special attention and evaluation including possible bronchoscopy.
Burns are injuries to tissues caused by heat, friction, electricity, radiation or chemicals. They can damage the skin, airways, lungs, circulation, gut and immune system. The severity is classified by depth and size of the burned area. First degree burns only affect the outer layer of skin while fourth degree burns extend deeper to involve muscles and bones. Proper assessment of burn depth and size is important for treatment. Burns increase inflammation and alter blood vessel permeability, causing fluid shifts that can cause shock. They also impair the immune system, increasing risk of infection.
This Presentation is about burn in children it's defination ,causes , classification , methods of estimation of TBSA of burn , diagnose , medical , surgical and nursing management and complications.
This document summarizes key information about burns. It discusses that burns are most commonly caused by flames, scalds, or other sources of heat/fire. It notes the severity of burns is related to temperature and duration of exposure. It describes the different degrees of burns from first to fourth degree. It discusses pediatric considerations for burns and outlines management including wound care, fluid resuscitation, nutrition, and criteria for transfer to a burn center. Nursing care focuses on addressing issues like impaired mobility, disturbed body image, pain, infection risk and more.
1) Burns can result from direct contact with flames, hot liquids, gases, chemicals, electricity, or radiation. They cause tissue injuries by denaturing proteins.
2) Burn injuries affect the skin, which acts as a protective barrier and regulates temperature and fluid balance. Deeper burns extend beyond the epidermis into the dermis.
3) Proper evaluation and treatment of burn injuries requires assessing burn depth, size, inhalation injury, and associated complications affecting various organ systems. Early fluid resuscitation is critical.
This document discusses the classification, causes, pathophysiology, and management of burns. It classifies burns based on severity (mild, moderate, major) and depth (superficial partial-thickness, deep partial-thickness, full-thickness). Thermal burns can be caused by scalds, flames, electricity, chemicals, and radiation. Initial management involves cooling the burn, removing clothing, cleaning the area, providing pain relief and antibiotics. Definitive treatment includes fluid resuscitation, monitoring vitals and urine output, wound dressings, skin grafting, and intensive nursing care to prevent infection and organ failure.
Burns are a common childhood injury that can have prolonged effects on development. The child presented had 30% burns to the lower extremities and genitalia from scalding. Initial management involved fluid resuscitation, wound cleaning, and pain management. Ongoing care requires careful monitoring, wound treatment, nutrition support, and rehabilitation to address physical and psychological impacts. Complications can include infection, shock, and long-term issues like contractures if not properly managed.
This document provides an overview of environmental emergencies related to thermal injuries, including burns, electrical injuries, lightning injuries, hypothermia, and frostbite. It discusses the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, treatment priorities, and management strategies for each type of injury. For burns, it covers burn depth, size assessment, fluid resuscitation formulas, wound care, and referral criteria. For hypothermia, it describes the stages based on core temperature, associated signs and symptoms, diagnostic testing, and active external and internal rewarming techniques. Throughout, it emphasizes the importance of preventing further heat loss, anticipating cardiac issues, and treating hypothermia before addressing other injuries.
The document provides information on the management of burns, including definitions, epidemiology, classification, assessment, and treatment approaches. It describes the pathophysiology of burns and potential complications. Management involves initial first aid including cooling, fluid resuscitation proportional to burn size, regular monitoring of urine output and electrolytes, and treatment of complications as needed. Inhalational injury requires special attention and evaluation including possible bronchoscopy.
Burns are injuries to tissues caused by heat, friction, electricity, radiation or chemicals. They can damage the skin, airways, lungs, circulation, gut and immune system. The severity is classified by depth and size of the burned area. First degree burns only affect the outer layer of skin while fourth degree burns extend deeper to involve muscles and bones. Proper assessment of burn depth and size is important for treatment. Burns increase inflammation and alter blood vessel permeability, causing fluid shifts that can cause shock. They also impair the immune system, increasing risk of infection.
This Presentation is about burn in children it's defination ,causes , classification , methods of estimation of TBSA of burn , diagnose , medical , surgical and nursing management and complications.
This document summarizes key information about burns. It discusses that burns are most commonly caused by flames, scalds, or other sources of heat/fire. It notes the severity of burns is related to temperature and duration of exposure. It describes the different degrees of burns from first to fourth degree. It discusses pediatric considerations for burns and outlines management including wound care, fluid resuscitation, nutrition, and criteria for transfer to a burn center. Nursing care focuses on addressing issues like impaired mobility, disturbed body image, pain, infection risk and more.
1) Burns can result from direct contact with flames, hot liquids, gases, chemicals, electricity, or radiation. They cause tissue injuries by denaturing proteins.
2) Burn injuries affect the skin, which acts as a protective barrier and regulates temperature and fluid balance. Deeper burns extend beyond the epidermis into the dermis.
3) Proper evaluation and treatment of burn injuries requires assessing burn depth, size, inhalation injury, and associated complications affecting various organ systems. Early fluid resuscitation is critical.
This document discusses the classification, causes, pathophysiology, and management of burns. It classifies burns based on severity (mild, moderate, major) and depth (superficial partial-thickness, deep partial-thickness, full-thickness). Thermal burns can be caused by scalds, flames, electricity, chemicals, and radiation. Initial management involves cooling the burn, removing clothing, cleaning the area, providing pain relief and antibiotics. Definitive treatment includes fluid resuscitation, monitoring vitals and urine output, wound dressings, skin grafting, and intensive nursing care to prevent infection and organ failure.
The document provides an overview of skin anatomy and burn injuries, including:
- The skin has two layers, the epidermis and dermis, and performs several important functions.
- Burn injuries are classified by depth and extent, and can range from superficial first degree burns to full thickness third degree burns. Critical burns involve over 10% total body surface area or certain high risk areas.
- Burn management involves stopping the burning process, assessing airway and circulation, rapidly estimating burn extent, treating the wound, and providing IV fluid resuscitation based on the Parkland formula. Special considerations include pediatrics, geriatrics, inhalation injuries, and various burn depths.
1) A burn is a thermal injury caused by heat, chemicals, electricity or other sources that damages skin and tissue through local and systemic effects.
2) Thermal burns are caused by heat and can be first, second, or third degree depending on depth of tissue damage. Chemical and electrical burns damage tissues through other means.
3) Initial management of burns involves stopping the burning process, cooling the affected area, and providing fluid resuscitation for severe burns over 15% of total body surface area. Comprehensive examination determines burn size, depth and other injuries for treatment.
This document discusses the pathophysiology and immediate care of burn injuries. It covers how burns damage the skin and can also affect the airway/lungs through inhalation of hot gases. Major metabolic effects include carbon monoxide poisoning and circulatory changes like fluid shifts from blood vessels into burned tissue. Immediate care focuses on airway control, respiratory support, fluid resuscitation based on burn size, and wound assessment to determine depth. Superficial and deep partial thickness burns may heal on their own while full thickness burns require skin grafts.
This document discusses the treatment of patients with thermal injuries. It outlines the objectives of understanding burn severity and patient needs. Large burns affect multiple organ systems and common causes of burn-related death are respiratory failure and complications. The scenario describes a 35-year-old male with burns to his upper body from an accelerant fire. His injuries indicate potential inhalation trauma requiring intubation and fluids to address hypovolemic shock from his burns.
This document discusses Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS), which occurs after exposure to high doses of radiation. There are three classic syndromes - hematopoietic/bone marrow, gastrointestinal, and neurovascular - defined by the specific tissues affected and symptoms that develop. The syndromes progress through prodromal, latent, and manifest phases and can be fatal depending on the radiation dose. Diagnosis is difficult without a history of exposure, but absolute lymphocyte count and time to vomiting provide some indication. Management focuses on symptom relief, supportive care, and stimulating stem cell regeneration with growth factors or transplants for high doses.
evaluation and management of patient presenting with Burn.pptxNatnael21
This document provides an overview of burns, including:
1) Classifications based on causative agents (thermal, chemical, electrical, radiation) and depth of injury (superficial, partial thickness, full thickness).
2) Pathophysiology of local responses at burn site and systemic responses involving shock, metabolic changes, and immune/organ dysfunction.
3) Assessment methods for determining total body surface area of burns, such as the Wallace Rule of Nines and Berkow formula for children.
Burns are an injury to the skin or tissues caused by heat, electricity, chemicals, or other energy transfers. They are a global public health problem, especially in low and middle income countries. Children and women are particularly vulnerable. Common causes of burns include hot liquids, flames, and chemicals. Burns are classified based on depth, severity, and etiology. Local and systemic responses to burns involve inflammation, increased metabolism, and organ dysfunction. Accurately estimating the total body surface area burned guides management, which focuses on resuscitation, infection control, nutrition, and wound healing. Complications can include shock, renal failure, and contractures if not properly treated.
1. Burns can be classified based on the type of injury, percentage of total body surface area burned, and depth of burn into the skin.
2. Fluid resuscitation is essential to correct burn shock and hypovolemia. Formulas like Parkland and Brooke are used to calculate fluid needs.
3. Wound management includes initial silver dressings, then foams, hydrocolloids, or hydrogels depending on wound characteristics. Nutrition, infection control, and rehabilitation are also important.
This document provides an overview of environmental emergencies, including thermal injuries, burns, electrical injuries, hypothermia, frostbite, and heat-related illness. It discusses the epidemiology, presentation, assessment, treatment, and management of these conditions. Key points include that burns can be classified based on depth and size, inhalation injury increases mortality, and fluid resuscitation follows the Parkland formula. Hypothermia ranges from mild to severe based on core temperature, with cardiovascular and neurological impacts. Rewarming techniques include passive external rewarming and active external or internal rewarming depending on severity.
This document provides information about burns, including:
- Definitions and classifications of burn depth and severity. Major causes of burns include scalds, flames, electricity, chemicals and cold.
- Risk factors like age, comorbidities, and socioeconomic factors that influence burn risks.
- High burn mortality rates in Southeast Asia, with over 300,000 burn patients annually in Bangladesh.
- Guidelines for burn management including first aid, fluid resuscitation calculated using the Rule of Nines, and treatment depending on severity.
The document discusses burns, including their causes, types, symptoms, assessment, and treatment. There are three types of burns - first, second, and third-degree - which damage increasing layers of skin. Burn assessment involves evaluating severity, location, and signs of infection or other injuries. Treatment focuses on pain management, wound care, nutrition, and grafting to aid healing and prevent complications.
PRACTICAL MANAGEMENT OF BURNS for a general surgeon.pptxdramitabhmohan
Burn injuries represent a major public health issue, causing over 265,000 deaths worldwide each year. They are classified based on depth of injury and percentage of total body surface area burned. First and second degree burns involve the epidermis and superficial dermis, while third degree burns destroy all skin layers. Treatment follows the "Rs" approach - rescue, resuscitate, refer, resurface, rehabilitate and reconstruct. Early excision and grafting is important to prevent infection and promote healing. Skin grafts from the patient or donors are often needed to replace damaged skin and allow recovery.
This document provides an overview of physiotherapy for burn patients. It discusses the types, causes, and classifications of burns including superficial, partial thickness, and full thickness burns. It also covers burn wound zones, complications of burns like infection and metabolic issues, and the general management of burns including first aid, hospital referral, early hospital management, and fluid replacement. The goal of physiotherapy is to prevent contractures and aid in rehabilitation.
This document provides information on burns and sudden death. It begins by defining burns and classifying them based on depth and extent. It then discusses the pathophysiology of burns, including edema, cardiac, renal and immunologic effects. Burn management in the hospital is outlined, including fluid resuscitation, airway management, infection control, pain relief and nutrition. Complications of burns like shock, infections and scarring are also summarized. The document concludes by defining sudden death and noting it is important in forensic analysis of unexpected deaths within 24 hours of burn onset.
This document provides information on burns and sudden death. It defines burns and classifies them based on depth. It describes the pathophysiology of burns including effects on the skin, cardiovascular, renal and immune systems. Common causes of burns and initial first aid measures are outlined. Criteria for hospitalization, standard hospital management including fluid resuscitation and infection control are summarized. Complications of burns and causes of sudden death involving various body systems like cardiovascular, respiratory and gastrointestinal are also reviewed.
BURN ... by Dr. Rezuan .. JIMCH , BangladeshRezuan Rifat
This document provides information on burns, including definitions, causes, pathophysiology, assessment, and management. Some key points:
- Burns are injuries caused by dry heat, flames, scalds from hot liquids, chemicals, or electricity. They can range from superficial to full thickness burns.
- The pathophysiology involves fluid shifts from blood vessels into burned tissue, causing shock. This leads to cardiac, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, metabolic, and immune system changes.
- Burn severity is determined by depth, extent, location, and patient factors. The rule of nines and Lund & Browder charts are used to estimate burn size.
- Initial management involves stopping the burning, providing oxygen, elevating
Burns are classified by depth and extent of injury. Superficial burns only affect the epidermis while deep burns damage the dermis. Full thickness burns destroy the entire dermis. Management involves fluid resuscitation, wound care, prevention of infection and complications. Local wound care includes cleaning, silver sulfadiazine cream and dressing changes. For deep burns, debridement and skin grafting may be needed. Monitoring of vitals, urine output and blood work is important. Escarotomy may be required for circumferential full thickness limb burns to prevent limb loss.
The document provides an overview of skin anatomy and burn injuries, including:
- The skin has two layers, the epidermis and dermis, and performs several important functions.
- Burn injuries are classified by depth and extent, and can range from superficial first degree burns to full thickness third degree burns. Critical burns involve over 10% total body surface area or certain high risk areas.
- Burn management involves stopping the burning process, assessing airway and circulation, rapidly estimating burn extent, treating the wound, and providing IV fluid resuscitation based on the Parkland formula. Special considerations include pediatrics, geriatrics, inhalation injuries, and various burn depths.
1) A burn is a thermal injury caused by heat, chemicals, electricity or other sources that damages skin and tissue through local and systemic effects.
2) Thermal burns are caused by heat and can be first, second, or third degree depending on depth of tissue damage. Chemical and electrical burns damage tissues through other means.
3) Initial management of burns involves stopping the burning process, cooling the affected area, and providing fluid resuscitation for severe burns over 15% of total body surface area. Comprehensive examination determines burn size, depth and other injuries for treatment.
This document discusses the pathophysiology and immediate care of burn injuries. It covers how burns damage the skin and can also affect the airway/lungs through inhalation of hot gases. Major metabolic effects include carbon monoxide poisoning and circulatory changes like fluid shifts from blood vessels into burned tissue. Immediate care focuses on airway control, respiratory support, fluid resuscitation based on burn size, and wound assessment to determine depth. Superficial and deep partial thickness burns may heal on their own while full thickness burns require skin grafts.
This document discusses the treatment of patients with thermal injuries. It outlines the objectives of understanding burn severity and patient needs. Large burns affect multiple organ systems and common causes of burn-related death are respiratory failure and complications. The scenario describes a 35-year-old male with burns to his upper body from an accelerant fire. His injuries indicate potential inhalation trauma requiring intubation and fluids to address hypovolemic shock from his burns.
This document discusses Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS), which occurs after exposure to high doses of radiation. There are three classic syndromes - hematopoietic/bone marrow, gastrointestinal, and neurovascular - defined by the specific tissues affected and symptoms that develop. The syndromes progress through prodromal, latent, and manifest phases and can be fatal depending on the radiation dose. Diagnosis is difficult without a history of exposure, but absolute lymphocyte count and time to vomiting provide some indication. Management focuses on symptom relief, supportive care, and stimulating stem cell regeneration with growth factors or transplants for high doses.
evaluation and management of patient presenting with Burn.pptxNatnael21
This document provides an overview of burns, including:
1) Classifications based on causative agents (thermal, chemical, electrical, radiation) and depth of injury (superficial, partial thickness, full thickness).
2) Pathophysiology of local responses at burn site and systemic responses involving shock, metabolic changes, and immune/organ dysfunction.
3) Assessment methods for determining total body surface area of burns, such as the Wallace Rule of Nines and Berkow formula for children.
Burns are an injury to the skin or tissues caused by heat, electricity, chemicals, or other energy transfers. They are a global public health problem, especially in low and middle income countries. Children and women are particularly vulnerable. Common causes of burns include hot liquids, flames, and chemicals. Burns are classified based on depth, severity, and etiology. Local and systemic responses to burns involve inflammation, increased metabolism, and organ dysfunction. Accurately estimating the total body surface area burned guides management, which focuses on resuscitation, infection control, nutrition, and wound healing. Complications can include shock, renal failure, and contractures if not properly treated.
1. Burns can be classified based on the type of injury, percentage of total body surface area burned, and depth of burn into the skin.
2. Fluid resuscitation is essential to correct burn shock and hypovolemia. Formulas like Parkland and Brooke are used to calculate fluid needs.
3. Wound management includes initial silver dressings, then foams, hydrocolloids, or hydrogels depending on wound characteristics. Nutrition, infection control, and rehabilitation are also important.
This document provides an overview of environmental emergencies, including thermal injuries, burns, electrical injuries, hypothermia, frostbite, and heat-related illness. It discusses the epidemiology, presentation, assessment, treatment, and management of these conditions. Key points include that burns can be classified based on depth and size, inhalation injury increases mortality, and fluid resuscitation follows the Parkland formula. Hypothermia ranges from mild to severe based on core temperature, with cardiovascular and neurological impacts. Rewarming techniques include passive external rewarming and active external or internal rewarming depending on severity.
This document provides information about burns, including:
- Definitions and classifications of burn depth and severity. Major causes of burns include scalds, flames, electricity, chemicals and cold.
- Risk factors like age, comorbidities, and socioeconomic factors that influence burn risks.
- High burn mortality rates in Southeast Asia, with over 300,000 burn patients annually in Bangladesh.
- Guidelines for burn management including first aid, fluid resuscitation calculated using the Rule of Nines, and treatment depending on severity.
The document discusses burns, including their causes, types, symptoms, assessment, and treatment. There are three types of burns - first, second, and third-degree - which damage increasing layers of skin. Burn assessment involves evaluating severity, location, and signs of infection or other injuries. Treatment focuses on pain management, wound care, nutrition, and grafting to aid healing and prevent complications.
PRACTICAL MANAGEMENT OF BURNS for a general surgeon.pptxdramitabhmohan
Burn injuries represent a major public health issue, causing over 265,000 deaths worldwide each year. They are classified based on depth of injury and percentage of total body surface area burned. First and second degree burns involve the epidermis and superficial dermis, while third degree burns destroy all skin layers. Treatment follows the "Rs" approach - rescue, resuscitate, refer, resurface, rehabilitate and reconstruct. Early excision and grafting is important to prevent infection and promote healing. Skin grafts from the patient or donors are often needed to replace damaged skin and allow recovery.
This document provides an overview of physiotherapy for burn patients. It discusses the types, causes, and classifications of burns including superficial, partial thickness, and full thickness burns. It also covers burn wound zones, complications of burns like infection and metabolic issues, and the general management of burns including first aid, hospital referral, early hospital management, and fluid replacement. The goal of physiotherapy is to prevent contractures and aid in rehabilitation.
This document provides information on burns and sudden death. It begins by defining burns and classifying them based on depth and extent. It then discusses the pathophysiology of burns, including edema, cardiac, renal and immunologic effects. Burn management in the hospital is outlined, including fluid resuscitation, airway management, infection control, pain relief and nutrition. Complications of burns like shock, infections and scarring are also summarized. The document concludes by defining sudden death and noting it is important in forensic analysis of unexpected deaths within 24 hours of burn onset.
This document provides information on burns and sudden death. It defines burns and classifies them based on depth. It describes the pathophysiology of burns including effects on the skin, cardiovascular, renal and immune systems. Common causes of burns and initial first aid measures are outlined. Criteria for hospitalization, standard hospital management including fluid resuscitation and infection control are summarized. Complications of burns and causes of sudden death involving various body systems like cardiovascular, respiratory and gastrointestinal are also reviewed.
BURN ... by Dr. Rezuan .. JIMCH , BangladeshRezuan Rifat
This document provides information on burns, including definitions, causes, pathophysiology, assessment, and management. Some key points:
- Burns are injuries caused by dry heat, flames, scalds from hot liquids, chemicals, or electricity. They can range from superficial to full thickness burns.
- The pathophysiology involves fluid shifts from blood vessels into burned tissue, causing shock. This leads to cardiac, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, metabolic, and immune system changes.
- Burn severity is determined by depth, extent, location, and patient factors. The rule of nines and Lund & Browder charts are used to estimate burn size.
- Initial management involves stopping the burning, providing oxygen, elevating
Burns are classified by depth and extent of injury. Superficial burns only affect the epidermis while deep burns damage the dermis. Full thickness burns destroy the entire dermis. Management involves fluid resuscitation, wound care, prevention of infection and complications. Local wound care includes cleaning, silver sulfadiazine cream and dressing changes. For deep burns, debridement and skin grafting may be needed. Monitoring of vitals, urine output and blood work is important. Escarotomy may be required for circumferential full thickness limb burns to prevent limb loss.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Mercurius is named after the roman god mercurius, the god of trade and science. The planet mercurius is named after the same god. Mercurius is sometimes called hydrargyrum, means ‘watery silver’. Its shine and colour are very similar to silver, but mercury is a fluid at room temperatures. The name quick silver is a translation of hydrargyrum, where the word quick describes its tendency to scatter away in all directions.
The droplets have a tendency to conglomerate to one big mass, but on being shaken they fall apart into countless little droplets again. It is used to ignite explosives, like mercury fulminate, the explosive character is one of its general themes.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
5. History of the Presenting symptoms
Patient has a BGH of Psychosis and admitted to Medical ward #2 in 2017, was
well and improved then discharged home.
However, until 1/7 ago, he tried to hung himself and set fire on his house. He
was saved by his big brother, who ran into the house and untie the rope
around his neck and dragged him outside.
Then he was rushed to ED and admitted to surgical ward for further
management.
8. Past Medical History
Known psychosis patient, not on any treatment.
Admitted at Medical ward previously in 2017.
2nd admission now
No past surgical or allergy history
9. Social History
Married with one kid, wife took the child away to Bogia when psychosis
started.
Does chew betel nut.
Does consume alcohol
Does smoke, unable to differentiate whether he takes marijuana or not.
10. Family History
No history of psychosis in the family
Nil other illness in the family.
11. On Examination
Patient lying supine on bed, not in any
respiratory distress, had obvious
bandages around the hands, feet and
head.
Vitals:
Temperature:36.8 degree celsius
Blood pressure:152/110 mmHg
Pulse: 102bpm
Spo2:97%
Respiratory rate: 32bpm
12. Local examination
Obvious facial swelling and bandages in place.
Neck swelling
Full thickness burn to face
Face = 8-9%
Limbs partial thickness
Limbs = 5-6%
Total body surface area < 20%
Wound infected slightly.
Other systems = NAD
13. Findings
Subjective
Unable to talk
Very irritable
No SOB
No cough
Objectives
Confused
Infected wound
Psychosis
BP=152/110mmHg
Respiration = 32bpm
14. Summary
Adult M/36 from Wali in Madang, has a BGH of Psychosis and got treated in 2017.
Until 1/7 ago was presented fire burn, TBSA<20%. Was admitted to surgical ward
for further investigation and proper management.
16. Plan of Management
1. Admit to ward 3
2. Hb = 12 g %
3. Daily COD
4. Keep close watch to the patient
5. Advice on high protein diet
1. Flucloxacillin 1g QID
2. Crystapen 2ml IV QID
3. Diazepam 4ml IV prn
4. Hydrocortisone 100mg IV QID
5. Ceftriaxone 1g IV BD.
6. Flagyl 800mg TDS
7. Panadol 1g QID
8. Tetox stat.
18. Definition
A burn is a type of injury to the
flesh or skin which can be caused
by heat, electricity, chemicals, or
radiation
The destruction of tissue by dry
heat where as scald is by moist
heat such as boing water or steam.
19. Epidemiology
It is estimated that 90% of the burns occurs in low middle income countries,
regions that generally lack the infrastructure to reduce the incidence and
severity of burns.
The vast majority are children, old age group, adult in working environment
or in the kitchen at homes, and people with underlying conditions; such as
psychosis.
Rate of deaths in children is over 7 times higher in low middle income
countries compared to high middle income countries.
Deaths from burns is one of the leading cause of morbidity, including
prolonged hospitalization, disfigurement and disability.
20. Signs & Symptoms
Swelling
Pain
Blisters
White or charred (black) skin
Peeling skin
Dizziness
Loss of consciousness
Hypotension/hypertension
Scars
Shock
Airway compromise/ distress
Hoarseness/ wheezing
Death
21. Causes
Thermal burns
Burns that result from an external heat source
like; flame, liquid, solid object or gases
Radiation burns
Burns that occurs due to prolong exposure to
ultraviolet radiation (sunburn) or exposure to
sources of x-ray or other non-solar radiation
Chemical burns
Burns that results from strong acids or alkalis
like; phenol, gasoline, cresols, mustard gas,
or phosphorus.
Electrical burns
Burns that result from electrical generation of
heat. May cause extensive deep tissue damage
despite minimal apparent cutaneous injury.
Friction burns
A friction burn is a type of abrasion that
occurs when the skin rubs against another
surface. Friction burns aren't really burns, but
since friction generates heat, extreme cases
can cause the outer layers of the skin to burn.
22. Classification of burns
1. First degree (partial superficial) –
erythema, sometimes painful, absence of
blisters or if blisters present, take about 2
weeks to heal
2. Second degree (partial deep) – burns to
the bottom of sweat glands, red, very
painful, swollen, blisters. Pin prick test is
felt as a sharp pain.
3. Third degree (full thickness) - painless,
pin prick test produce no pain and is felt
as a pressure sensation, with the skin
dark, leathery or waxy white, and is
usually dry.
23. Pathophysiology
Heat immediately destroys cells or disrupts their metabolic functions so
completely cellular death occurs.
The burn wound swells rapidly secondary to release of chemical mediators
Causes an increase in capillary permeability and a fluid shift from the
intravascular space into the injured tissues
Injury to the sodium pump in the cell walls accentuates the increased
permeability
As sodium moves into injured cells it causes an increase in osmotic pressure
that increases the inflow of vascular fluid into the wound
Finally, the normal process, evaporative loss of water into the environment is
dramatically accelerated (5 to 15 times that of normal skin) through the
burned tissue
Excessive Fluid Shift Less Fluid in Blood Vessels Shock (Hypovolemic
Shock)
24. Risk factors
Modifiable
Careless smoking: Cigarettes are the leading cause of house fires.
Use of wood stoves
Exposed heating sources or electrical cords
Unsafe storage of flammable or caustic materials
Substance abuse: Use of alcohol and illegal drugs increases risk.
Non-modifiable
Age: Children who are poorly supervised are at high risk.
Gender: Males are more than twice as likely to suffer burn injuries.
Epilepsy: Burn injury is unavoidable for epileptic person.
25. Complications
Immediate Complications
Hypovolemic Shock
Hypothermia
Pulmonary complications due to Inhalation Injury
Intermediate Complications
(By Day 5 up to 2 or 3 wks)
Acute Renal Failure
Infections & Sepsis
Curling’s Ulcer in large burns > 30% usually after 9th day
Long Term Complications
• Scars
• Contractures
• Amputations
• Cancer called Marjolin’s ulcer, up to 21 years to develop
• Functional sequels
• Deformity
• Psychological Disorders
26. Burn Area Assessment
Rule of seventh for children under 3 years Rule of nines
Fluids required in:
Children with >10% BSA
Adults with burns>15% BSA both in 1st & 2nd degree.
Children <3 years of age with >5% BSA.
Body Surface Area 0-3
years
Over
3
years
Head & neck 18% 12%
Trunk & groin 32% 38%
Both arms 20% 20%
Both legs 30% 30%
Head & neck 9%
Each arm 9%
Each leg 18%
Back & buttocks 18%
Front of the chest &
abdomen
18%
Genitalia 1%
27.
28. Criteria for Hospitalization
20% or greater TBSA
10% or greater TBSA in child or
older adult
5% or greater full thickness burn
Burns to any of the 4 specific areas
(face, hands, feet, groin)
Inhalation injury.
Circumferential burns.
Burns to the eyes or ears
Burns with associated medical
condition (eg; diabetes, pregnancy,
or other trauma)
Significant chemical burns
29. Management
Initial procedures
Fluid infusion must be started immediately
NGT insertion to prevent gastric dilatation,
vomiting & aspiration
Urinary catheter to measure urine output
Weight important & has to be taken daily
Local treatment delayed until respiratory
distress & shock is controlled
Tetanus prophylaxis
Laboratory investigations
• Hemoglobin / Hematocrit
• Urea / Creatinine
• Electrolytes
• Urine microscopy
30. Management
Outpatient management
For 1st and 2nd degree burns < 10% BSA
Blisters should be left intact & dressed
with silver sulfadiazine (SSD) cream
Dressings should be changed daily &
washing with warm water to remove any
cream left.
Splint all burn areas that overlap joints
Hospital management
• General assessment & cardiopulmonary
stabilization
• Resuscitation
• Establishment of IV lines & Blood studies
• Wound care and infection control
• Pain relief & Psychological Support
• Nutritional Support
• Physiotherapy/Occupational Therapy
31. Fluid calculation
Parklands rule (for the 1st 24 hours) Fluid maintenance
100/50/20 per 24 hours; eg,pts wt
60kg.
100ml/kg 1st 10kg = 1000ml
50ml/kg 2nd 10kg = 500ml
20ml/kg the rest 40kg = 800ml
2300ml/24hours = 96ml/hr.
Adults 4ml x weight in Kg x BSA
Children 3ml/kg x weight in kg x BSA
½ volume over the first 8 hours
½ volume over next 16 hours
Lactate Ringers is the fluid of choice
32. References
1. The Global Burden of Disease: A Comprehensive Assessment of Mortality and
Disability from Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors in 1990 and Projected to 2020,
Murray CJL, Lopez AD (Eds), World Health Organization, Switzerland 1996.
2. Surgery for Primary Health Care Workers in PNG_2013_Jerzy Kuzma.pdf,MD,PhD.
Specialist General & Orthopeadic Surgeon_Modilon General Hospital, Professor of
Surgery, Faculty of Heath Sciences, Divine Word University.
3. Standard Treatment Guidelines for Adult, National Department of Health, Papua
New Guinea, 6th Edition 2012. retriever from:
https://www.google.com/search?q=standard+treatment+book+for+adults&client=fi
refox-b-d&tbm=isch&so
4. Lecture notes_Dr J. Benjamin, Burns & Its Management_HE
Department.2020_DWU.