Assignment Provide a reflection of at least 500 words (or 2 pag.docxbraycarissa250
Assignment:
Provide a reflection of at least 500 words (or 2 pages double spaced) of how the knowledge, skills, or theories of this course have been applied, or could be applied, in a practical manner to your current work environment. If you are not currently working, share times when you have or could observe these theories and knowledge could be applied to an employment opportunity in your field of study.
Requirements:
Provide a 500 word (or 2 pages double spaced) minimum reflection.
Use of proper APA formatting and citations. If supporting evidence from outside resources is used those must be properly cited.
Share a personal connection that identifies specific knowledge and theories from this course.
Demonstrate a connection to your current work environment. If you are not employed, demonstrate a connection to your desired work environment.
You should NOT, provide an overview of the assignments assigned in the course. The assignment asks that you reflect how the knowledge and skills obtained through meeting course objectives were applied or could be applied in the workplace.
Points to remember in the Draft:
Upon completion of this course, the student will acquire and demonstrate the following:
1. Demonstrate knowledge of U.S. and international legal and regulatory system functions as they apply to business and its environment, and the appropriate roles of business in society (MBA ISLO 1, 2, 3, 9).
2. Analyze the constraints placed on business by the legal system and government regulations (MBA 1, 2, 3, 9).
3. Evaluate the formation, scope, meaning, and potential breach/remedies of contracts (MBA 1, 2, 4, 5).
4. Analyze the presence and potential emergence of legal problems and the need to obtain competent legal assistance (MBA ISLO 1, 2, 3).
5. Apply plausible frameworks to ethical conflicts and dilemmas in management decision-making and business (MBA ISLO 1, 2, 5).
6. Research, apply critical thinking, and communicate current legal, ethical, and social business issues (MBA ISLO 7, 9).
7. Interact and discuss in a professional manner legal, ethical and social business issues with peers (MBA ISLO 7).
Based upon these broad-based goals, School has identified the following general intended student learning outcomes (MBA ISLO) for students:
1. Students will be able to demonstrate well-developed problem-solving skills.
2. Students will be able to identify major theories and concepts in the areas of accounting, finance, management, and marketing.
3. Students will be able to apply their findings from the major theories and concepts in the areas of accounting, finance, management, and marketing to organizational decision making.
4. Students will be able to analyze the opportunities and challenges of global business issues.
5. Students will be able to apply standards of ethical behavior in business to managerial decision making.
6. Students will be able to apply appropriate technological and quantitative methods and tools to the solution of pr ...
Assignment Provide a reflection of at least 500 words (or 2 pag.docxbraycarissa250
Assignment:
Provide a reflection of at least 500 words (or 2 pages double spaced) of how the knowledge, skills, or theories of this course have been applied, or could be applied, in a practical manner to your current work environment. If you are not currently working, share times when you have or could observe these theories and knowledge could be applied to an employment opportunity in your field of study.
Requirements:
Provide a 500 word (or 2 pages double spaced) minimum reflection.
Use of proper APA formatting and citations. If supporting evidence from outside resources is used those must be properly cited.
Share a personal connection that identifies specific knowledge and theories from this course.
Demonstrate a connection to your current work environment. If you are not employed, demonstrate a connection to your desired work environment.
You should NOT, provide an overview of the assignments assigned in the course. The assignment asks that you reflect how the knowledge and skills obtained through meeting course objectives were applied or could be applied in the workplace.
Points to remember in the Draft:
Upon completion of this course, the student will acquire and demonstrate the following:
1. Demonstrate knowledge of U.S. and international legal and regulatory system functions as they apply to business and its environment, and the appropriate roles of business in society (MBA ISLO 1, 2, 3, 9).
2. Analyze the constraints placed on business by the legal system and government regulations (MBA 1, 2, 3, 9).
3. Evaluate the formation, scope, meaning, and potential breach/remedies of contracts (MBA 1, 2, 4, 5).
4. Analyze the presence and potential emergence of legal problems and the need to obtain competent legal assistance (MBA ISLO 1, 2, 3).
5. Apply plausible frameworks to ethical conflicts and dilemmas in management decision-making and business (MBA ISLO 1, 2, 5).
6. Research, apply critical thinking, and communicate current legal, ethical, and social business issues (MBA ISLO 7, 9).
7. Interact and discuss in a professional manner legal, ethical and social business issues with peers (MBA ISLO 7).
Based upon these broad-based goals, School has identified the following general intended student learning outcomes (MBA ISLO) for students:
1. Students will be able to demonstrate well-developed problem-solving skills.
2. Students will be able to identify major theories and concepts in the areas of accounting, finance, management, and marketing.
3. Students will be able to apply their findings from the major theories and concepts in the areas of accounting, finance, management, and marketing to organizational decision making.
4. Students will be able to analyze the opportunities and challenges of global business issues.
5. Students will be able to apply standards of ethical behavior in business to managerial decision making.
6. Students will be able to apply appropriate technological and quantitative methods and tools to the solution of pr ...
please read the attached file cearfully before telling me you can do.docxChereCheek752
please read the attached file cearfully before telling me you can do it.
I need a complete
power
point presentation (that incloud outlines and pictures) that pointing
3 main points
on the
topic
that is mentioned in the attached file + the speech for the slides that must be 5-7 min lon.
.
please read my post carefully.then place handshakei have the wor.docxChereCheek752
please read my post carefully.then place handshake
i have the work already but i want u do
introduction, background, and conclusion
for it.
and some changes on the paper that already written.
you just need to
add three pages on my paper
.
deadline 20-24 hours.
i attached my paper,
.
More Related Content
Similar to Financial Options and Applications in Corporate FinanceCHAPTER
please read the attached file cearfully before telling me you can do.docxChereCheek752
please read the attached file cearfully before telling me you can do it.
I need a complete
power
point presentation (that incloud outlines and pictures) that pointing
3 main points
on the
topic
that is mentioned in the attached file + the speech for the slides that must be 5-7 min lon.
.
please read my post carefully.then place handshakei have the wor.docxChereCheek752
please read my post carefully.then place handshake
i have the work already but i want u do
introduction, background, and conclusion
for it.
and some changes on the paper that already written.
you just need to
add three pages on my paper
.
deadline 20-24 hours.
i attached my paper,
.
Please read the attachment.Please write a pure Essay Paper. Plea.docxChereCheek752
Please read the attachment.
Please write a pure Essay Paper. Please read the instructions. Then follow the grade sheet. Please fully understand both attachments. Also, the essay will be scanned before student upload it for a final grade. Please make sure error is free. And references are given with cited.
.
Please read first because this Assignment is for correction.Plea.docxChereCheek752
Please read first because this Assignment is for correction.
Please, read through the corrections before sending me messages. Because, if you don’t I will not response to your messages. Also, I will attached two more articles for whoever I choose to help me with this assignment. In addition, please, remove the introduction, and also attach a sample of a “Needs Assessment”
Topic Needs Assessment
Title: HIV among Young Men Who Have Sex with Men
Section 1: Background Information
All of this is opinion and needs to come out.
Sex is seemingly as old as the world is. However, sex among men, and especially young men having sex with men has not always been in the books of history. This is arguably one of the latest practices, although some sources have claims of sex among men after the antediluvian period. While sex has positive effects such as procreation, there are some negative effects which include contraction of deadly sexually transmitted diseases.
One such disease is HIV/AIDS.
HIV/AIDS is an acronym for
Human ImmunoDefiency Virus/ Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
not capitalized
. Da
ta
from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015) sho
ws
that
while
over one million people aged above 13 years of age were living with the disease in the US by the year 2014
,
with
an average of 40,000 new infections are recorded each year (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2015)
when you use the word while...it indicates as opposite statement coming..and that is not what this sentence did
. The high number of people who are ignorant about their HIV status
and
those who purposely choose to ignore it
has
continued to increase the risk levels for other uninfected people in the world, among them being young men who have sex with men
isn’t it possible that they are one of the above?
.
In this areas and/or introduction...you should be discussing morbidity, mortality,....you need to highlight incidence is higher in this group than in others
Introduction
The issue of young men having sex with other men has continued to be a thorny issue for a number of years, dividing the society between those who support this practice and those who oppose it. Supporters of young men having sex with other men argue that people have a right to decide their sexual orientation and preferences without undue pressure from external forces. However, those who oppose this practice argue that it emanated from social decay and as such should not be supported. One common point of agreement between these two camps is that the practice of young men having sex with men is risk and has the capability to cause grave danger to these men.
opinion
Although sex even among heterosexual could turn out to be risk and a cause of contraction of dangerous sexually transmitted diseases and infections, the risk of contraction of such health complications is doubly higher among young men who have sex with other men.
There are several reasons that c.
Please read below, and write esaay.I need 3 pages.Overvi.docxChereCheek752
Please read below, and write esaay.
I need 3 pages.
Overview
Many people are unaware of just how much they use media. It is important for us to have an awareness of the various types of media that inundate our culture and the degree to which we use those media. This is a component of media literacy.
Instructions
For this assignment, you will keep 3 days of media logs and then write a reflective essay. Please keep a daily journal that records your media use for three days. Track you use of all of the following (even if you don't use something, please make a note of that). Keep track of the time periods when you use it and what you are using it for.
Computer—online
Computer--offline
TV
Newspapers/Magazines
Radio
Stereo/CD
Books
Telephone
Other
For each day, keep a detailed record of how much time you spend using each different medium, and the purpose of the media use (e.g., talking to parents, playing music while studying, recreational TV, etc.) Keep daily logs; you may turn in your "Media Logs" as a list, a table, in columns or in whatever format you choose.
In addition to the 3 days of logs, please write a reflective essay (about 2-4 pages, double spaced) that comments on what you learned about your media use by doing this assignment. For the essay, you may want to think about: what did you learn? did anything surprise you? did you notice any patterns in your media use? has your media use changed? why do you use some forms of media more or less? what role do you think media plays in most people's lives?...)
By Sunday at 11:59 pm PST, please submit:
the 3 days of media logs, AND
your essay
.
Please Read Before RespondingI need assistance with a .docxChereCheek752
***Please Read Before Responding***
I need assistance with a well thought out, well written AWP essay the Essay must use evidence (concrete details from the story) to support your answer. Five paragraphs.
http://www.ciaranhinds.eu/pdf/crucible3.pdf
.
Please provide response to the below post. Topic #1) You are an .docxChereCheek752
Please provide response to the below post.
Topic #1) You are an administrator for the Contoso Corporation and you are responsible for multiple Hyper-V hosts. Often, the developers need to create virtual machines so that they can test their applications. Describe the steps you should take so that developers can create and manage their own machines yet not have direct access to the Hyper-V hosts.
Topic #2) You are an administrator for the Contoso Corporation, which has approximately 400 servers running Windows Server 2012 R2, 50 servers running Windows Server 2012, and 200 servers running Windows Server 2008 R2. You also have several virtual machines running Windows 7 and Windows 8/8.1 and you have approximately 15 domain controllers. From time to time, you field requests in which you need to specify when a user has logged in and when a user has accessed confidential documents. Describe how to handle such requests.
.
Please provide an annotation for the two articles attached AND ide.docxChereCheek752
Please provide an annotation for the two articles attached AND identify three common themes in both articles.
Note the purpose of the article, the participants/subject of the study, the conclusions drawn by the author(s), and the validity of the conclusions. Evaluate the article: is it a credible source? Describe the credibility of the author – are there any biases? How well did the author support his or her assertions? Did they provide an adequate literature review? Were there any limitations?
Due tomorrow, 02/07/2017 at noon.
Note the purpose of the article, the participants/subject of the study, the conclusions drawn by the author(s), and the validity of the conclusions. Evaluate the article: is it a credible source? Describe the credibility of the author – are there any biases? How well did the author support his or her assertions? Did they provide an adequate literature review? Were there any limitations?
.
Please provide a statement that addresses your reasons for transferr.docxChereCheek752
Please provide a statement that addresses your reasons for transferring and the objectives you hope to achieve. You can type directly into the box, or you can paste text from another source. (250-650 words). I'm a Bachelor Student, who wants to transfer to another university, so they need this essay.
.
Please provide a brief response to the following questions1) How .docxChereCheek752
Please provide a brief response to the following questions:
1) How did Dr. Herskovits' discoveries about African people and their cultural practices support Dr. Woodson's beliefs about African history and the effect of Eurocentric thinking on distorting the culture, history, knowledge, and understanding of people of African descent?
2) According to Dr. Cheikh Anta Diop, which people are responsible for Egyptian culture and civilization; how does he support this claim and why is this Afrocentric perspective so controversial?
.
PLEASE NOTE OF SOURCESMATERIALS ALSO INCLUDED---USE THEMT.docxChereCheek752
PLEASE NOTE OF SOURCES/MATERIALS ALSO INCLUDED---USE THEM
TWO ASSIGNMENTS
TWO ASSIGNMENTS
TWO ASSIGNMENTS
TWO ASSIGNMENTS
TWO ASSIGNMENTS
TWO ASSIGNMENTS
.
Please note that the following vignettes represent samples of the ty.docxChereCheek752
Please note that the following vignettes represent samples of the types of questions you will be asked to respond to on the comprehensive exam. You will NOT receive these questions on the comprehensive exam; they are for study purposes only. Vignette Please compose a well-written and organized essay in response to each of the following questions. When writing your essays, please 1.Use APA (6th edition) Style, with 1-inch margins, double-spaced, 12 font, with a reference list at the end. 2.Write clearly and concisely. 3.Cite appropriate, and especially current, literature (empirical and/or theoretical). 4.Avoid all sexist idioms and allusions. 5.Remember to demonstrate your multicultural competence where appropriate. Vignette: Utilize this scenario for all of your responses A 42-year-old African American woman was brought to the emergency room by police officers for evaluation prior to going to jail to await disposition. She reported that she had been shopping when "something happened." She said that she had no recollection of events between the time she entered the store and an hour later, when she was arrested for shoplifting in a nearby department store with a considerable amount of stolen property on her person. She protested her innocence and became so agitated, belligerent, and profane that the arresting officers took her to the hospital for evaluation. At the hospital she reported that two years previously she had been arrested for shoplifting and had had amnesia for the act. The charges against her were then dropped because she explained that both the shoplifting and the amnesia resulted from her forgetting to eat after taking her insulin. Of note, her blood-sugar level on testing in the emergency room was elevated. The patient calmed down appearing asymptomatic after the evaluation and was transferred to jail pending a preliminary hearing. When she learned that her release was planned for the next day and that the charges against her would not be dropped, she became extremely agitated, angry, and abusive to the officers. Shortly thereafter, she complained of a headache and said she had no recollection of her abusive behavior. Later that evening she accosted an officer angrily. When the officer responded and addressed the patient by name, "Naomi," the patient said that her name was "Oprah" and that she would not allow herself to be called "Naomi," whom she described as a "wimp and a loser." "Oprah’s" voice and movement were somewhat different from those of "Naomi." She claimed that she had done the shoplifting and stepped back so that "Naomi" could be caught and humiliated, and that if she had wanted to, she could have evaded detection easily. She was returned to the ER and subsequently admitted to the inpatient psychiatric unit for observation. For the next two days, the patient had many apparent switches of personality, accompanied by conspicuous changes in dress, makeup, and demeanor. On several occasions "Oprah" was disrupti.
Please no plagiarism. I have attached an example to go by. The popul.docxChereCheek752
Please no plagiarism. I have attached an example to go by. The population I chose and currently work with are incarcerated juveniles, so at-risk youth.
Boundary Issues
It may not be possible or reasonable for counselors to always avoid dual relationships with clients. For example, counselors who live and work in small rural communities may attend the same religious institutions as their clients, or use the same libraries, doctors, or other services. In these multiple-relationship situations, counselors would not be in violation of ethical standards if they took reasonable steps to protect their objectivity and efficacy, and to avoid possibilities of exploitation or harm.
Counselors and supervisors usually consider dual relationships on a continuum of risk. As you work through the notion of dual relationships, you should consider the relationship with your client and the context of the situation. It is also important to consider the impact of dual roles on the power dynamics of the therapeutic relationship. For example, clients, students, and supervisees have less experience, knowledge, and power compared with licensed counselors and supervisors. Consequently, they are less likely to recognize inappropriate boundary crossings or to express their concerns about these crossings. It is your responsibility as an ethical practitioner to monitor and ensure appropriate boundaries across all related counseling situations.
For this Discussion, review the
Clinical Mental Health Counseling: Boundary Issues
media and consider the population that you are interested in working with as a professional counselor. Then, review the Learning Resources for this week and explore potential boundary issues you may encounter while working with this population. Reflect on potential benefit or harm related to boundary crossing. Finally, consider potential consultants who might be able to address any boundary issues.
Post by Day 3
a brief description of the population you selected. Then, explain any potential boundary issues you anticipate may be challenging in working with this population and explain why. Explain the potential benefit or harm associated with boundary crossing with this population. Finally, explain who you might consult with to address this boundary issue and why.
Be sure to use the Learning Resources and the current literature to support your response.
Respond by Day 5
and expand on your colleague’s posting by providing an alternate perspective on how you would work with your colleague’s selected population. Provide potential boundary crossing challenges that your colleague did not discuss and offer potential solutions for addressing these challenges.
Required Resources
Note:
To access this week's required library resources, please click on the link to the Course Readings List, found in the
Course Materials
section of your Syllabus.
Readings
Herlihy, B., & Corey, G. (2015).
ACA ethical standards casebook
(7th ed.). Alexandria, VA: American Cou.
PLEASE NO PLAGIARIZE!! Have 10 hours to fullfil this work. 1page or .docxChereCheek752
PLEASE NO PLAGIARIZE!! Have 10 hours to fullfil this work. 1page or few paragraphs.
-- Women have a long history of being considered inferior to men. However, during the middle to the late 20th century, the women’s rights movement began to improve the plight of women in Western society by granting them access to societal positions previously held only by men.
-- Some people claim that women have finally achieved equality with men in the 21st century; others are not convinced.
-- How will you describe the status of equality between men and women in contemporary Western culture?
-- Do you see any major areas where women are still discriminated against on a large scale? If so, give at least two examples. If not, rationalize your views.
.
Please Paraphrase the following into a more scholarly toneI f.docxChereCheek752
Please Paraphrase the following into a more scholarly tone:"
"I feel like after reading these excerpts I feel like the first answer clarified what exactly Gus Casely-Hayford was really trying to figure out about Ethiopian history. It was clear that he was trying to figure out its history, however, it was difficult to put the pieces together and pinpoint things that could lead to it's past. I don't think it was a specific sentence it was really just how they answered it that helped me put it together.
A sentence in another paragraph that clarified what the answer was at number two when it said "After this, Ethiopia switched to Christianity, which has a direct link with the history of the kingdom. The Patriarch claims that the Ark of the Covenant was brought to Ethiopia". It clarifies what the patriarch really meant when he said that they had accepted the old testament.
These excerpts can help when I am doing homework because they can be used as a structure when answering questions for my future homework. In my next homework, I will aim to have more references and actually pinpoint what the answer is because I feel like I do not fully answer the question I only answer it partially. So I can turn in something rather than nothing. It is sometimes difficult to understand the main idea or interpret what some people are saying in the documentaries. The readings, however, are easier to understand.
.
Please only respond if you are familiar with raspberry piIam loo.docxChereCheek752
Please only respond if you are familiar with raspberry pi
Iam looking to send Binary data over the GPIO pins. I need to use one of the input and output pin to send binary data on the output.
If you are very familiar with Raspberry pi please message me.
THank you
.
Please note this is 2 ASSIGNMENTS ......Please only orginial work on.docxChereCheek752
Please note this is 2 ASSIGNMENTS ......Please only orginial work only and please follow the instruction provided
Assignment 1: Week 3 COURSE PROJECT
Week 3: Create the Database
Create the database and associated tables in your database environment.
Assignment 2: Week 3 ILAB
iLab 3: Database Creation and Table Manipulation
.
PLEASE NEED TWO RESPONSES TWO HUNDRED WORDS EACHDistinguish b.docxChereCheek752
PLEASE NEED TWO RESPONSES TWO HUNDRED WORDS EACH:
Distinguish between various factions/denominations within Christianity (Catholic/Protestant/Orthodox/etc) and their impact on mainstream (dominant) expression of how Christianity is viewed by those on the "outside."
Consider the viewpoints we saw represented in
Once I Was a Beehive.
How does it differ or compare to popular or mainstream faith as you know it? Of course, it is one interpretation of faith in Jesus and how it impacts daily life (and during troubling times, as seen in the film).
For example, if I walked into one church, I might find folks picking up and handling snakes, singing rather loudly and outwardly in their expressions of worship. If I went to the congregation next door the following Sunday, I might find a church that barely whispered, used no music at all, and perhaps simply followed a monotone lecture/sermon style delivered over the course of an hour, or two, or three! Both representing the same organism/religion...
Please respond with no less than 200 words, and respond to at least one of your classmate's post.
.
Please no plagiarism and make sure you are able to access all resour.docxChereCheek752
Please no plagiarism and make sure you are able to access all resource on your own before you bid. I need this completed by 10/21/17 at 12pm.
Application:
Applying Theoretical Interventions for Clients Experiencing Life Transition and Developmental Issues, Part II
Marriage, couple, and family counselors have varying caseloads. What they all have in common is that their group of clients—whether large or small—represents the variety of human experience. Even those counselors with a specific clinical focus see variety in the ways in which specific issues manifest in different relationships. Part of the goal of your counseling program is to expose you to varying scenarios so that when you are faced with differing client situations, you will have the evidence-based research knowledge, flexibility, analytical skills, and theory-integration practice to know the best course of action to take with a particular couple or family.
To prepare for this Application Assignment, select and view one movie from the list provided in this week’s Learning Resources. Begin to conceptualize the couple's or family’s problem through your theoretical orientation and identify interventions that you might use. Finally, begin to locate articles in the Walden Library that could be used to justify the interventions you selected.
The assignment (2–3 pages)
Identify the movie you selected and the life transition/developmental issue present in the couple/family.
Conceptualize the couple's/family's problem through your chosen theoretical orientation.
Describe two interventions you would use to address these couple/family issues and how you would use them. (
Note
: The interventions may not emerge from your chosen theoretical orientation.)
Justify the intervention you selected with two evidence-based research articles.
Support your Application Assignment with specific references to all resources used in its preparation. You are asked to provide a reference list for all resources, including those in the Learning Resources for this course.
Submit your assignment by
Day 7
.
Learning Resources
Required Resources
Media
Please select, obtain, and view one of the following movies to use with this week’s Application Assignment:
Please note:
These films are
not
available through Walden Library. Contact your instructor if you are unable to obtain a copy independently.
Movie: Rydell, M. (Director). (1981).
On golden pond
[Motion picture]. [With K. Hepburn, H. Fonda, & J. Fonda]. United States: IPC Films.
Movie: Demme, J. (Director). (2008).
Rachel getting married
[Motion picture]. [With A. Hathaway, R. DeWitt, & D. Winger]. United States: Sony Pictures Classics.
Movie: Redford, R. (Director). (1980).
Ordinary people
[Motion picture]. [With A. Sutherland, M. Tyler Moore, & J. Hirsch]. United States: Paramount Pictures.
Readings
Article: Haggan, P. S. (1998). Counseling adult children of aging parents.
Educational Gerontology
,
24
(4), 333. Ret.
Please need two posts of 200 words each. Discuss the ways in whi.docxChereCheek752
Please need two posts of 200 words each.
Discuss the ways in which Confucianism can or may weave into our everyday lives, given what you've read and watched/reviewed. Consider the ways you saw Confucianism as a religion and/or as a philosophy displayed in the film
Confucius
, focusing on the themes of bravery, self-sacrifice, respect, and loyalty. As you've been reading through the text, you'll find multiple arguments suggesting that Confucianism is less religion, more philosophy. What are your thoughts? Use examples from the film and text to support your conclusions.
.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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Ethics in Research Presentation – Module 4
Purpose:
The purpose of this team presentation, like all assignments in
this course, is to help prepare you to be a successful nurse. The
assignments in this course are to challenge you, work on
collaborating as a team, empower you to research, and present
your findings to your peers.
Skills:
The purpose of this presentation is to help you practice the
following skills that are essential to your success in the course:
· Module Outcome #1: Examine the historical background that
led to the development of ethical guidelines for the use of
human subjects in research
Knowledge:
This assignment will also help you become familiar with the
following important content knowledge in this discipline:
· Communicate together as a team on ethical guidelines in the
use of human subjects in research
· Explore and research about the role ethics plays in research
Task:
1. Examine the historical background that led to the
development of ethical guidelines for the use of human subjects
in research. Analyze the assigned experiment/study to assess the
purpose of the study and methods/intervention employed on
subjects to identify ethical violations.
2. Your faculty will assign you to one of the following research
studies with another individual, you will work on this in a team.
22. a. Tudor Study aka Monster Study;
b. Little Albert;
c. NYSPI/Mount Sinai/CUNY Fen-Phen Study;
d. Tuskegee Syphilis Study
e. Stanford Prison Experiment;
f. Tearoom Trade/Sex Study;
g. Willowbrook Hepatitis Experiments/Study;
h. Sloan-Kettering Study;
i. Milgram Study;
j. Study of Response of Human Beings exposed to Significant
Beta and Gamma Radiation due to Fall-out from High-Yield
Weapons aka Project 4.1
k. Project MKULTRA, or MK-ULTRA;
l. Aversion Study
m. Unit 731;
n. Nazi Human Experimentations
o. Guatemala Syphilis Experiment
p. San Antonio Contraceptive Study
q. Henrietta Lacks
r. Gene Therapy Research: Case of Jesse Gelsinger
s. Human Plutonium Inject Experiments
t. Project Bluebird
u. Stateville Penitentiary Malaria Study
v. The Oregon and Washington Experiments: Effect of
Radiation on Testicles
3. Develop a presentation with voice overlay (create using
slideshow technology such as PowerPoint with voice overlay;
Adobe Spark, or VoiceThread, for example. Pro TIP: If you’re
interested in using Adobe Spark or VoiceThread, sign up with
your student email address and select the Free version for either
one).
4. Submit the presentation to the discussion forum by the end of
Week 7.
5. In Week 8 you will host, with your team the discussion by
reviewing other teams to your team presentation/concluding
questions and respond accordingly.
23. 6. In turn, you will respond to a minimum of two team’s
presentations. For specifics review the criteria outlines below.
Required Presentation Components
1. A 8-12 slide presentation with narration.
2. The content of the presentation should include:
a. Title Slide (name and presentation title)
b. Introduction slide with an attention-getter introduction the
focus of the presentation.
c. A description of the research study:
i. Purpose
ii. Subjects/participants
iii. Research methods employed and intervention
iv. Credentials of researchers and affiliation (institution
supporting the research)
d. Implications on study participants (how were they affected
during and after study/experiment)
e. An explanation of 2 ethical principles that were violated.
f. Conclude presentation with the following questions for your
audience/classmates to address in Week 8 discussion forum:
i. Identification of two-three takeaways. In other words, what
did you learn about the ethical concept that you can apply to
your own decision making in the future?
ii. Do you think that such a violation could occur today – why
or why not (justify response).
Criteria for Success (Rubric)
Criteria
Points
Attention-Getter
/5
Description of research study
/20
24. Implications on Study Participants
/15
Discussion of Ethical Violations
/15
Conclusion Questions
/5
Scholarly Presentation & Posting to Discussion Forum on
Sunday of Week 7
/10
Hosting of Discussion During Week 8
/20
Response to two peer presentations.
/10
Total
/100
Clinical Inquiry – NURS 3270
Ethics in Research Presentation
1. Define each of the following terms:
Call option
Put option
Strike price or exercise price
Expiration date
Exercise value
Option price
Time value
25. Writing an option
Covered option
Naked option
In-the-money call
Out-of-the-money call
LEAPS
2. The current price of a stock is $50. In 1 year, the price will
be either $65 or $35. The annual risk-free rate is 10%. Find the
price of a call option on the stock that has an exercise price of
$55 and that expires in 1 year. (Hint: Use daily compounding.)
3. The exercise price on one of Chrisardan Company’s call
options is $20, its exercise value is $27, and its time value is
$8. What are the option’s market value and the price of the
stock?
Submit your answers in a Word document.
ChapterTool KitChapter 811/20/18 Financial Options and
Applications in Corporate Finance8-1 Overview of Financial
OptionsAn option is a contract which gives its holder the right
to buy (or sell) an asset at a predetermined price within a
specified period of time. Option contracts, though often quoted
in terms of single shares, usually are contracts for a 100 shares.
A call option describes a situation in which one investor may
sell to someone the right to buy his/her shares of a stock over
26. some interval of time. In this scenario, the writer of the call
option (the party that surrenders the right to exercise) is said to
hold a short position on the option. Meanwhile, the party that
has purchased this right to buy is said to hold a long position on
the option. The predetermined price that the stock may be
purchased for is called the strike, or exercise, price. When an
investor "writes" call options against stock held in his/her
portfolio, this is called a "covered call". When the call options
are written without the stock to back them up, they are they are
called "naked calls". When the strike price is below the current
market price, the call option is said to be "in-the-money".
Likewise, when the strike price exceeds the current market
price, the call option is said to be "out-of-the-money". For
instance, if you believed that the price of stock was primed to
rise, a call option would allow you to capture a profit off of the
rise in price.A put option allows you to buy the right to sell a
stock at a specified price within some future period. If you
happened to believe that the price of a stock was ready to fall, a
put option would allow you to turn a profit out of that decline.
In the cases of both call and put options, the profit or loss
made on an options transaction is determined by the value of the
underlying asset, the strike price of the option, and the price of
the option.FOR A CALL, AT EXPIRATIONIf the value of the
underlying asset exceeds the strike price, the profit/loss from
the call transaction would be equal to the difference between
the value of the asset and the strike price less the price of the
call. In this case there could be either a net profit or loss
depending upon the exercise value and the price of the call.If
the value of the underlying asset equals the strike price, the
profit/loss from the call transaction would be equal to the price
of the call, because whether exercised or unexercised the call
value would be zero. In this case there is a loss equal to the
price of the call.If the value of the underlying asset is less than
that of the strike price, the profit/loss from the call transaction
would be equal to the price of the call, because the option
would not be exercised if the strike price was greater than the
27. market price. In this case there is a loss equal to the price of
the call.FOR A PUT, AT EXPIRATIONIf the value of the
underlying asset is less than the strike price, the profit/loss
from the put transaction would be equal to the difference
between the strike price and value of the asset less the price of
the put. In this case there could be either a profit or loss
depending upon the exercise value and the price of the put.If the
value of the underlying asset equals that of the strike price, the
profit/loss from the put transaction would be equal to the price
of the call, because whether exercised or unexercised the put
value would be zero. In this case there is a loss equal to the
price of the put.If the value of the underlying asset exceeds that
of the strike price, the profit/loss from the put transaction
would be equal to the price of the put, because the option would
not be exercised if the market price was greater than the strike
price. In this case there is a loss equal to the price of the
put.Table 8-1January 8, 2019, Listed Options
QuotationsCALLS—LAST QUOTEPUTS—LAST
QUOTEClosing PriceStrike
PriceFebruaryMarchMayFebruaryMarchMayGeneral Computer
Corporation
(GCC)53.50504.254.755.500.651.402.2053.50551.302.053.152.
65r4.5053.50600.300.701.506.65r8.00U.S.
Biotec56.65555.256.108.002.253.75rFood
World56.65553.504.10r0.70rrNote: r means not traded on this
date.Suppose you purchase GCC's May call option with a strike
price of $50 and the stock price goes to $60. What is the rate of
return on the stock? What is the rate of return on the
option?Stock ReturnIntital stock price$53.50Final stock
price$60.00Rate of return on stock12.1%Call Option
ReturnIntital cost of option$5.50Market price of
stock$60.00Strike price$50.00Profit from exercise$10.00Rate of
Return81.8%Suppose you purchase GCC's May put option with
a strike price of $50 and the stock price goes to $45. What is
the rate of return on the stock? What is the rate of return on the
option?Stock ReturnIntital stock price$53.50Final stock
28. price$45.00Rate of return on stock-15.9%Put Option
ReturnIntital cost of option$2.20Market price of
stock$45.00Strike price$50.00Profit from exercise$5.00Rate of
Return127.3%What is the exercise value of GCC's May call
option with a strike price of $50? What is the exercise value of
GCC's May call option with a strike price of $55?Exercise
ValueStock price$53.50Strike price$50.00Exercise
value$3.50Stock price$53.50Strike price$55.00Exercise
value$0.008-2 The Single-Period Binomial Option Pricing
ApproachConsider a call option on a stock. The stock's current
price, denoted by P, is $40 and the strike price, denoted by X, i s
$35. The option expires in 6 months. The nominal annual risk-
free rate is 8%.PAYOFFS IN A SINGLE-PERIOD BINOMIAL
MODELAt expiration, the stock can take on only one of two
possible values. It can either go up in price by a factor of 1.25,
or down in price by a factor of 0.80.Inputs:Key output:Current
stock price, P =$40.00VC =$7.71Nominal annual risk-free rate,
rRF =8%Strike price, X =$35.00Up factor for stock price, u
=1.25Down factor for stock price, d =0.80Years to expiration, t
=0.50Number of periods until expiration, n =1
Mike Ehrhardt: Do not change this input.Consider the value of
the stock and the payoff of the option.Figure 8-1Binomial
PayoffsStrike price: X =$35.00Current stock price: P
=$40.00Up factor for stock price: u =1.25Down factor for stock
price: d =0.80Cu,Ending up ending upstock priceoption payoffP
(u) =MAX[P(u) − X, 0] ==A146*D135 =$50.00=MAX[D141−
D133,0] =$15.00P,VC,currentcurrentstock priceoption
price$40?Cd,Ending down ending downstock priceoption
payoffP (d) =MAX[P(d) − X, 0] ==A146*D136
=$32.00=MAX[D151− D133,0] =$0.00THE HEDGE
PORTFOLIO APPROACHWe can form a portfolio by writing 1
call option and purchasing Ns shares of stock. We want to
choose Ns such that the payoff of the portfolio if the stock price
goes up is the same as if the stock price goes down. This is a
hedge portfolio because it has a riskless payoff. Step 1. Find the
29. number of shares of stock in the hedge portfolio.Ns =Cu -
Cd=0.83333P(u - d)Step 2. Find the hedge portfolio’s payoff.If
the stock price goes up:Portoflio payoff =Ns (P)(u) -
Cu=$26.6667If the stock price goes down:Portoflio payoff =Ns
(P)(d) - Cd=$26.6667Figure 8-2The Hedge Portfolio with
Riskless PayoffsStrike price: X =$35.00Current stock price: P
=$40.00Up factor for stock price: u =1.25Down factor for stock
price: d =0.80Up option payoff: Cu = MAX[0,P(u)-X]
=$15.00Down option payoff: Cd =MAX[0,P(d)-X]
=$0.00Number of shares of stock in portfolio: Ns = (Cu - Cd) /
P(u-d) =0.83333Stock price = P (u) =$50.00P,Portfolio's stock
payoff: = P(u)(Ns) =$41.67currentSubtract option's payoff: Cu
=$15.00stock pricePortfolio's net payoff = P(u)Ns - Cu
=$26.67$40Stock price = P (d) =$32.00Portfolio's stock payoff:
= P(d)(Ns) =$26.67Subtract option's payoff: Cd
=$0.00Portfolio's net payoff = P(d)Ns - Cd =$26.67Step 3. Find
the present value of the hedge portfolio's riskless payoff.The
present value of the riskless payoff disounted at the risk-free
rate (we assume daily compounding) is:Frequency compounded
in year:365Nominal risk-free rate, rRF:8%Years to end of
binomial period:0.5Payoff of hedged portfolio:$26.6667Inputs
to PV function:N =182.5 = t(Frequency)I/YR =0.02192% = Rrf
/ FrequencyPMT =0FV =-$26.6667 Negative because the PV is
the amount we want in exchange for payoff of hedged
portfolioPV of payoff =$25.6212 Use the PV function:
=PV(I/YR,N,PMT,FV)Alternatively, you can use the present
value equation and adjust for the frequency of compounding:Pv
of payoff =Payoff=$26.6667=$25.6212(1 +
rRF/365)365*(t/n)1.04081Step 4. Find the option's current
value.The current value of the hedge portolio is the the stock
value (Ns x P) less the call value (VC). But the hedge portfolio
has a riskless payoff, so the hedge portfolio's value must also be
equal to the present value of the riskless payoff disounted at the
risk-free rate (we assume daily compounding). With a little
algebra, we get: VC =Ns (P) - Present value of riskless
payoffVC =$7.71THE REPLICATING PORTFOLIOIf a
30. portfolio can be formed such that is has the same cash flows as
an option, the the option value must equal the value of this
replicating portfolio. It is possible to replicate an option's cash
flows with a portfolio of stock and risk-free bonds, as we show
in the next section.Suppose we form a portfolio with Ns shares
of stock (as determined by the formula for the number of shares
of stock in the hedge portfolio). How much could we borrow so
that the net payoff from the stock and the repayment of the loan
(and its interest) has the same payoff as the
option?Inputs:Current stock price, P =$40.00Risk-free rate, rRF
=8%Strike price, X =$35.00Up factor for stock price, u
=1.25Down factor for stock price, d =0.80Years to expiration, t
=0.50Number of periods until expiration, n =1
Mike Ehrhardt: Do not change this input.Intermediate
calculations:Up payoff for stock, Pu =$50.00Down payoff for
stock, Pd =$32.00Cu =$15.00Cd =$0.00Ns =Cu - Cd=0.8333P(u
- d)If we form a portfolio with Ns shares of stock, how much
can we afford to borrow so that the portfolio's net payoff is
equal to the option's payoff?Value of stock in portfolio if up
=Ns P u=$41.67Cu =$15.00Amount of borrowing (plus interest)
that can be repaid =$26.6667Value of stock in portfolio if down
=Ns P d=$26.67Cd =$0.00Amount of borrowing (plus interest)
that can be repaid =$26.6667Notice that the amount of
borrowing (plus interest) that we can afford to repay is the same
whether the stock goes up or down. To find the amount we can
borrow, we find the present value fo the amount we can repay.
Option pricing assumes that interest rates are compounded very
frequently. We will assume daily compounding (which is a good
approximation for continuous compounding).Amount borrowed
=Amount repaid=25.6212(1 + rRF/365)365*(t/n)A summary of
the replicating portfolio value and payoff's is shown
below:Replicating Portfolio PayoffsNumber of shares of stock:
Ns =0.8333Current stock price: P =$40.00Up factor for stock
price: u =1.2500Up stock price: P(u) =$50.00Down factor for
stock price: d =0.8000Down stock price: P(d) =$32.00Risk-free
31. rate: rRF =8.00%Years to expiration: t =0.50Number of periods
until expiration: n =1Amount of principal and interest repaid
=$26.67Amount borrowed =$25.62(Ns) x (Pu) =$41.67Loan
repayment =$26.67Net portfolio payoff =$15.00Current value of
portfolio:(Ns) x (P) =$33.33Amount borrowed =$25.62Total
portfolio net cost =$7.71(Ns) x (Pd) =$26.67Loan repayment
=$26.67Net portfolio payoff =$0.00The call option has the same
cash flows as the replicating portfolio, so the call's price must
be equal to the value of the replicating portfolio:VC = Total
portfolio value =$7.718.3 The Single-Period Binomial Option
Pricing FormulaThe step-by-step hedge portfolio approach
works fine, but for problems in which you want to change the
inputs, it is easier to use the binomial option pricing formula
shown below. Inputs:P =$40.00X =$35.00u =1.25d =0.80Cu
=$15.00Cd =$0.00Risk-free rate, rRF =8%Years to expiration, t
=0.50Number of periods until expiration, n =1
Mike Ehrhardt: Do not change this input.VC =$7.7123The
Simplified Binomial Option Pricing FormulaP =$40.00X
=$35.00u =1.25d =0.80Cu =$15.00Cd =$0.00Risk-free rate, rRF
=8%Years to expiration, t =0.50Number of periods until
expiration, n =1
Mike Ehrhardt: Do not change this input.We can simplify the
model by defining pu and pd as:The binomial option pricing
model then simplifies to:VC = Cu pu + Cd pd For Western's 6-
month options, we have: pu =0.5142 pd =0.4466We can find the
value of Western's 6-month call with a $35 strike price:VC =Cu
x pu +Cd x pd VC =$15.00x0.5142+$0.00x0.4466VC
=$7.71Find the value of a 6-month call option with a $30 strike
price:x =$30.00Cu =MAX[0,Pu-X] =$20.00Cd =MAX[0,Pd-X]
=$2.00VC =Cu x pu +Cd x pd VC
=$20.00x0.5142+$2.00x0.4466VC =$11.18In fact, we can use
the p's to find the value of any security with payoffs that depend
on Western's 6-month stock price. 8-4 The Multi-Period
Binomial Option Pricing ModelSuppose we divide the year into
32. two 6-month periods. We will allow the stock to only go up or
down each period, but because there are more periods there will
be more possible stock prices. The key is to keep the standard
deviation of the stock's return the same as we divide the year
into smaller periods. If we know the standard deviation of the
stock's return and the number of periods, there is a formula that
will show us what u and d must be.s is the standard deviation of
stock return. Here are the formulas relating s to to u and d:The
standard deviation of Western's stock return is shown below.
Notice that this provides the values for u and d that we used in
the single-period model.Multi-periodSingle-periodAnnual
standard deviation of stock return, σ =0.3155730.315573Years
to expiration, t =0.50.5Number of periods prior to expiration, n
=2
Mike Ehrhardt: The number of periods per year may not be
changed by the user.
Mike Ehrhardt: Do not change this input.1
Mike Ehrhardt: The number of periods per year may not be
changed by the user.
Mike Ehrhardt: Do not change this input.u =1.17091.250d
=0.85400.8000Here are the other data for Western, taken from
the original problem:Current stock price, P =$40.00Risk-free
rate, rRF =8%Strike price, X =$35.00Because we are going to
solve a binomial problem repeatedly, it will be easier if we go
ahead and calculate the p's now. pu =0.51400 pd
=0.46620Applying these values of u and d to the intital stock
price gives the possible stock prices after 3 months. We can
then apply u and d to these 3-month values to get the stock
values at the end of 6 months, as shown below. Notice that
because d = 1/u, the "middle" stock value at the end of the year
is the same whether the stock initially went up and then went
down, or whether it went down and then went up.Notice that the
33. range of final outcomes at 6 months is wider than the previous
problem. However, the standard deviation of stock returns is
the same as before, because most of the time the stock price will
end up at the middle outcome rather than at the top or bottom
outcomes.Figure 8-3The 2-Period Binomial Lattice and Option
ValuationStandard deviation of stock return: σ
=0.315573Current stock price: P =$40.00Up factor for stock
price: u =1.1709Down factor for stock price: d =0.8540Strike
price: X =$35.00Risk-free rate: rRF =8.00%Years to expiration:
t =0.50Number of periods until expiration: n =2Price of $1
payoff if stock goes up: πu =0.51400Price of $1 payoff if stock
goes down: πd =0.46620Now3 months6 monthsStock = P (u) (u)
=$54.84Cuu = Max[P(u)(u) − X, 0]Cuu = $19.84Stock = P (u)
=$46.84Cu = Cuuπu + CudπdCu = $12.53Stock = P (u) (d) = P
(d) (u) P =$40.00Stock =$40.00VC = Cuπu + CdπdCud = Cdu =
Max[P(u)(d) − X, 0]VC =$7.64Cud = $5.00Stock = P (d)
=$34.16Cd = Cduπu + CddπdCd = $2.57Stock = P (d) (d)
=$29.17Cdd = Max[P(d)(d) − X, 0]Cdd = $0.00To find the
current value of the option, we can break the binomial lattice
into three problems. Problem #1 is to find the option value at
the end of six months, given that the stock moved upward from
its initial value. Problem #2 is to find the option value at the
end of six months, given that the stock moved downward from
its intitial value. Finally, problem #3 is to find the current
value of the option, given its two possible values at the end of
six months.In this example, we divided time into two periods.
If we were to divide time into more periods, we would get a
distribution of stock prices in the last period that would be very
realistic, which would give a very accurate option price. It is
true that dividing time into more periods would create more
binominal problems to solve, but each problem is very easy and
computers can solve them very quickly.8-5 The Black-Scholes
Option Pricing Model (OPM) In deriving this option pricing
model, Black and Scholes made the following assumptions:1.
The stock underlying the call option provides no dividends or
other distributions during the life of the option.2. There
34. are no transaction costs for buying or selling either the stock or
the option.3. The short-term, risk-free interest rate is known
and is constant during the life of the option.4. Any purchaser
of a security may borrow any fraction of the purchase price at
the short-term, risk-free interest rate.5. Short selling is
permitted, and the short seller will receive immediately the full
cash proceeds of today's price for a security sold short.6.
The call option can be exercised only on its expiration date.7.
Trading in all securities takes place continuously, and the stock
price moves randomly.The derivation of the Black-Scholes
model rests on the concept of a riskless hedge. By buying
shares of a stock and simultaneously selling call options on that
stock, an investor can create a risk-free investment position,
where gains on the stock are exactly offset by losses on the
option. Ultimately, the Black-Scholes model utilizes these
three formulas:VC =P[ N (d1) ] - X e-r t [ N (d2) ]Note: r is
the risk free rate, rRF.d1 ={ ln (P/X) + [rRF + σ2 /2) ] t } / (σ
t1/2)d2 =d1 - σ (t 1 / 2)In these equations, V is the value of
the option. P is the current price of the stock. N(d1) is the area
beneath the standard normal distribution corresponding to the
value of d1. X is the strike price. rRF is the risk-free rate. t is
the time to maturity. N(d2) is the area beneath the standard
normal distribution corresponding to the value of d2. σ is the
volatility of the stock price, as measured by the standard
deviation. Looking at these equations we see that you must first
solve d1 and d2 before you can proceed to value the
option.First, we will lay out the input data given earlier for
Western Cellular's call option.Inputs:Key Output:P =$40VC
=$7.39X =$35rRF =8.00%t =0.5s =0.31557Now, we will use
the formula from above to solve for
d1.d1=0.8892=(LN(B527/B528)+(B529+((B531^2)/2))*B530)/((
B531)*(B530^0.5))Having solved for d1, we will now use this
value to find d2.d2=0.6661=D535-(B531*(B530^0.5))At this
point, we have all of the necessary inputs for solving for the
value of the call option. We will use the formula for V from
above to find the value. The only complication arises when
35. entering N(d1) and N(d2). Remember, these are the areas under
the normal distribution. Luckily, Excel is equipped with a
function that can determine cumulative probabilities of the
standard normal distribution. This function is located in the list
of statistical functions, as "NORMSDIST". For both N(d1) and
N(d2), we will follow the same procedure of using this function
in the value formula. The data entries for N(d1) are shown
below.N(d1)=0.8131N(d2)=0.7473=NORMSDIST(D539)By
applying this method for cumulative distributions, we can solve
for the option value using the formula
above.VC=$7.39=(B527*D563)-(B528*EXP(-
B529*B530))*D566EFFECTS OF OPM FACTORS ON THE
VALUE OF A CALL OPTIONThe figure below shows 3 of
Westerns's call options, each with a $35 strike price. One option
has 1 year until expiration, 1 has 6 months (0.5 years), and 1
has 3 months (0.25 years).Figure 5-5Data for the figure.Time
until expirationWestern Cellular’s Call Options with a Strike
Price of $3510.50.25Stock
Price$5$9.37$7.39$6.20$0.00$0.00$0.00$0.00$0.00$2.50$0.00$
0.00$0.00$0.00$5.00$0.00$0.00$0.00$0.00$7.50$0.00$0.00$0.0
0$0.00$10.00$0.00$0.00$0.00$0.00$12.50$0.00$0.00$0.00$0.0
0$15.00$0.00$0.02$0.00$0.00$17.50$0.00$0.07$0.00$0.00$20.
00$0.00$0.22$0.02$0.00$22.50$0.00$0.53$0.09$0.01$25.00$0.
00$1.05$0.28$0.04$27.50$0.00$1.82$0.68$0.18$30.00$0.00$2.
86$1.37$0.56$32.50$0.00$4.16$2.41$1.32$35.00$0.00$5.70$3.
78$2.54$37.50$2.50$7.45$5.46$4.20$40.00$5.00$9.37$7.39$6.
20$42.50$7.50$11.42$9.51$8.44$45.00$10.00$13.59$11.76$10.
80$47.50$12.50$15.85$14.11$13.24$50.00$15.00$18.17$16.51$
15.71$52.50$17.50$20.54$18.95$18.20$55.00$20.00$22.94$21.
42$20.70$57.50$22.50$25.37$23.90$23.19The figure shows
that:1.Option prices increase as the stock price increases
relative to the strike price.2.Option prices increase as time to
expiration increases.3.Obviousy, an increase in the strike price
will cause the option price to fall.The impact of changes in
σ.We keep all inputs constant except the standard
deviation:Standard deviationCall option
36. price0.00001$6.370.10000$6.380.31557$7.390.40000$8.070.60
000$9.870.90000$12.70The impact of changes in the risk-free
rate.We keep all inputs constant except the risk-free rate:Risk-
free rate (rRF)Call option
price0%$6.414%$6.898%$7.3912%$7.9020%$8.938-6 The
Valuation of Put OptionsConsider two portfolios. The first has
a put option and a share of stock. The second has a call option
and cash equal to the present value of the strike price
(discounted with continuous compounding; see Chapter 04 Web
Extension 04C). What are the payoffs at expiration date T of
the two portfolios if the stock price is less than the strike price
at expiration? If it is above the strike price at
expiration?PT<XPT>=XPutX-PT0StockPTPTPortfolio
1:XPTCall0PT - XCashXXPortfolio 2:XPTAs the table shows,
the two porfolios have the same payoffs. Therefore, they must
have the same value today. This is called put-call parity.Put +
Stock = Call + PV of strike priceVP = VC - P + X exp(-rRF
t)Suppose you have the following information. What is the
value of the put?P =$40X =$35rRF =8%t =0.50V (call price)
=$7.39Put =VC-P+X exp(-rRF t)=$7.39-$40+33.63=$1.02If you
do not already have the value of the call option, you can use the
following formula to directly calculate the value fo the put.Put
=P[ N (d1) - 1 ] - X e-r t [ N (d2) -1 ]Note: r is the risk free
rate, rRF.The formulas for d1 and d2 are the same as for the
Black-Scholes call option model. In fact, the only differences
between the two models is that the formula for puts subtracts 1
from N(d1) and N(d2).Put =$1.02
4.8999999999999998E-3 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 15 17.5 20
22.5 25 27.5 30 32.5 35 37.5 40 42.5 45 47.5 50
52.5 55 57.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 15
17.5 20 22.5 4.8999999999999998E-3 2.5 5 7.5 10
12.5 15 17.5 20 22.5 25 27.5 30 32.5 35 37.5 40
42.5 45 47.5 50 52.5 55 57.5
1.5150622246796405E-173 8.551037223004708E-17
1.0707391850392869E-9 1.7888330135090295E-6
38. 15.711472657439714 18.200209025287549
20.695740198428446 23.194031602069494
Stock Price ($)
$
Exercise Value
VC if t = 1
VC if t = 0.5
VC if t = 0.25
8-1SECTION 8-1SOLUTIONS TO SELF-TEST Brighton
Memory's stock is currently trading at $50 a share. A call option
on the stock with a $35 strike price currently sells for $21.
What is the exercise value of the call option? What is the time
value?Stock price$50Strike price$35Market price of
option$21Exercise value of option$15.00Time value of
option$6.00
8-2SECTION 8-2SOLUTIONS TO SELF-TEST Lett
Incorporated's stock price is now $50 but it is expected to either
go up by a factor of 1.5 or down by a factor of 0.7 by the end of
the year. There is a call option on Lett's stock with a strike
price of $55 and an expiration date one year from now. What
are the stock's possible prices at the end of the year? What are
the call option's payoffs if the stock price goes up? If the stock
price goes down? If we sell one call option, how many shares of
Lett's stock must we buy to create a riskless hedged portfolio
consisting of the option position and the stock? What is the
payoff of this portfolio? If the annual risk free rate is 6
percent, how much is the riskless portfolio worth today
(assuming daily compounding)? What is the current value of
the call option?Inputs:Current stock price$50Strike
price$55u1.50d0.70Risk-free rate6%Time to exercise1.00Stock
price if u$75.00Stock price if d$35.00Option payoff if
u$20.00Option payoff if d$0.00N0.50Hedge portfolio payoff if
u$17.50Hedge portfolio payoff if d$17.50Portfolio value today
39. (PV of payoff)$16.48Current option value$8.52
8-3SECTION 8-3SOLUTIONS TO SELF-TEST Yegi's Fine
Phones has a current stock price of $30. You need to find the
value of a call option with a strike price of $32 that expires in 3
months. The annual risk-free rate is 6%. Use the binomial model
with 1 period until expiration. The factor for an increase in
stock price is u = 1.15; the factor for a downward movement is
d = 0.85. What are the possible stock prices at expiration? What
are the option's possible payoffs at expiration? What are pu and
pd? What is the current value of the option (assume each month
is 1/12 of a year)? Inputs for ProblemCurrent stock
price$30.00Strike price$32.00u =1.15d =0.85Time in years to
expiration0.25Number of periods until expiration1
Mike Ehrhardt: The number of periods per year may not be
changed by the user.Risk-free rate, rRF =6%Binomial lattice of
stock prices:P(u) =$34.50P =$30.00P(d) =$25.50Cu =$2.50Cd
=$0.00 pu =0.5422 pd =0.4429Current value of option:VC
=$1.36
8-4SECTION 8-4SOLUTIONS TO SELF-TEST Ringling
Cycle’s stock price is now $20. You need to find the value of a
call option with an strike price of $22 that expires in 2 months.
You want to use the binomial model with 2 periods (each period
is a month). Your assistant has calculated that u = 1.1553, d =
0.8656, pu = 0.4838, and pd = 0.5095. Draw the binomial lattice
for stock prices. What are the possible prices after 1 month?
After 2 months? What are the option's possible payoffs at
expiration? What will the option's value be in 1 month if the
stock goes up? What will the option's value be in 1 month if the
stock price goes down? What is the current value of the option
(assume each month is 1/12 of a year)? Previous work done by
your assistant:Annual standard deviation of stock return, s
=0.500Years to expiration, t =0.1667Number of periods per
year, n =2
Mike Ehrhardt: The number of periods per year may not be
40. changed by the user.u =1.1553d =0.8656Risk-free rate, rRF =8%
pu =0.4838 pd =0.5095Inputs for ProblemCurrent stock
price$20.00Strike price$22.00u =1.1553d =0.8656Time in years
to expiration0.1667Number of periods until expiration2pu
=0.4838pd =0.5095Binomial lattice of stock prices:P(u)(u)
=$26.69P(u) =$23.11P =$20.00P(u)(d) = P(d)(u) =$20.00P(d)
=$17.31P(d)(d) =$14.99Option payoffs at expirationCuu
=$4.69Cud =$0.00Cdd =$0.00Value of option in 1 month if
stock goes up:Cu =$2.27Value of option in 1 month if stock
goes up:Cd =$0.00Current value of option:VC =$1.10
8-5SECTION 8-5SOLUTIONS TO SELF-TEST What is the
value of a call option with these data: P = $35, X = $25, rRF =
6%, t = 0.5 (6 months), and σ = 0.6?
P$35X$25rRF6.0%t0.50σ0.6d11.076d20.652N(d1)0.8590N(d2)0
.7427V =$12.05
8-6SECTION 8-6SOLUTIONS TO SELF-TEST A put option
written on the stock of Taylor Enterprises (TE) has an exercise
price of $25 and six months remaining until expiration. The
risk-free rate is 6 percent. A call option written on TE has the
same exercise price and expiration date as the put option. TE's
stock price is $35. If the call option has a price of $12.05, what
is the price (i.e., value) of the put option? P =$35.00X
=$25.00rRF =6.00%t =0.50V (call price) =$12.05Put =$1.31
RF
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