Auditing involves the independent examination of an entity's financial information to express an opinion on whether its financial statements are fairly presented. A financial audit provides an opinion on whether the financial statements comply with accounting standards. Auditors gather evidence to determine if the statements contain material errors or misstatements. Auditing helps detect and prevent fraud, assess taxes, maintain proper accounts, compare performance year-over-year, and increase an organization's credibility and goodwill. However, auditing has limitations such as not all transactions can be verified and it cannot ensure future profitability or management efficiency.
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A financial statement audit is bound to produce questions on financial statement reporting, and many are matters that are better addressed before the start of the audit. Questions addressed during the reporting year can save not-for-profit organizations a lot of time during their next audit and could eliminate potential control deficiencies reported as a result of addressing these prior to the audit. The following are among the top questions we routinely hear from our clients.
We are very honored to be able to invite the Senior Managing Director of FTI Consulting (FCN US, MV $1.5bn), a billion-dollar NYSE-listed global forensic consulting firm, as a guest speaker in our SMU classes to share his knowledge and wisdom with the students in the Accounting Fraud in Asia course in Week 6, the week of 9th February. Over the years in the Asian capital jungles, the FTI people are amongst the few professionals whom I respect for their on-the-field expertise and thought leadership in the area of fraud and forensic investigation. I am sure that the talk will definitely make an impact for our SMU students who will learn not only invaluable lessons from the speaker’s knowledge and wisdom but also about FTI Consulting as their future career choice.
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Case Study 1 (Part A)Analyze the impact of business transactions on accounts; record (journalize and post) transactions in the books; construct and use a trial balance) During the first month of operation of Gordon Construction, Inc
Financial Statements
Today, I will be describing a balance sheet, income statement, retained earnings statement, and statement of cash flows and how a company uses these financial statements as a tool to make future decisions for the company.
Balance Sheet
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A financial statement audit is bound to produce questions on financial statement reporting, and many are matters that are better addressed before the start of the audit. Questions addressed during the reporting year can save not-for-profit organizations a lot of time during their next audit and could eliminate potential control deficiencies reported as a result of addressing these prior to the audit. The following are among the top questions we routinely hear from our clients.
We are very honored to be able to invite the Senior Managing Director of FTI Consulting (FCN US, MV $1.5bn), a billion-dollar NYSE-listed global forensic consulting firm, as a guest speaker in our SMU classes to share his knowledge and wisdom with the students in the Accounting Fraud in Asia course in Week 6, the week of 9th February. Over the years in the Asian capital jungles, the FTI people are amongst the few professionals whom I respect for their on-the-field expertise and thought leadership in the area of fraud and forensic investigation. I am sure that the talk will definitely make an impact for our SMU students who will learn not only invaluable lessons from the speaker’s knowledge and wisdom but also about FTI Consulting as their future career choice.
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Case Study 1 (Part A)Analyze the impact of business transactions on accounts; record (journalize and post) transactions in the books; construct and use a trial balance) During the first month of operation of Gordon Construction, Inc
Financial Statements
Today, I will be describing a balance sheet, income statement, retained earnings statement, and statement of cash flows and how a company uses these financial statements as a tool to make future decisions for the company.
Balance Sheet
The purpose of this research was to find out the auditor independence challenges faced by external
auditors in auditing accounts of large companies in Zimbabwe. Many stakeholders of large firms are
demanding credible, reliable and accurate audited financial statements and were suspecting that some external
auditors were biased and less independent to the day to day operations of the executive management to meet
corporate governance standards
Forensic Accounting is also known by other names like Forensic Accountancy or Financial forensics. Forensic Accounting has been defined as “accounting analysis that can uncover possible fraud that is suitable for presentation in court”. Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Forensic Accounting:- http://www.transtutors.com/homework-help/accounting/forensic-accounting.aspx
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Case Study 1 (Part A)Analyze the impact of business transactions on accounts; record (journalize and post) transactions in the books; construct and use a trial balance) For Discussion Question 1: Post your response to the following:
• When reviewing a financial report, why should information be reliable, relevant, consistent, and comparable?
• In other words, why are these accounting characteristics important?
• What kinds of problems could be created if a financial report is not reliable, relevant, consistent, or comparable?
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Case Study 1 (Part A)Analyze the impact of business transactions on accounts; record (journalize and post) transactions in the books; construct and use a trial balance) During the first month of operation of Gordon Construction, Inc., completed the following transactions:June2Gordon received $55,000 cash and issued common stock to the stockholders. Current assets
The purpose of this research was to find out the auditor independence challenges faced by external
auditors in auditing accounts of large companies in Zimbabwe. Many stakeholders of large firms are
demanding credible, reliable and accurate audited financial statements and were suspecting that some external
auditors were biased and less independent to the day to day operations of the executive management to meet
corporate governance standards
Forensic Accounting is also known by other names like Forensic Accountancy or Financial forensics. Forensic Accounting has been defined as “accounting analysis that can uncover possible fraud that is suitable for presentation in court”. Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Forensic Accounting:- http://www.transtutors.com/homework-help/accounting/forensic-accounting.aspx
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Case Study 1 (Part A)Analyze the impact of business transactions on accounts; record (journalize and post) transactions in the books; construct and use a trial balance) For Discussion Question 1: Post your response to the following:
• When reviewing a financial report, why should information be reliable, relevant, consistent, and comparable?
• In other words, why are these accounting characteristics important?
• What kinds of problems could be created if a financial report is not reliable, relevant, consistent, or comparable?
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Case Study 1 (Part A)Analyze the impact of business transactions on accounts; record (journalize and post) transactions in the books; construct and use a trial balance) During the first month of operation of Gordon Construction, Inc., completed the following transactions:June2Gordon received $55,000 cash and issued common stock to the stockholders. Current assets
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1.A proxy fight occurs when: the board of directors disagree on the members of the management team. 2. A stakeholder is any person or entity: 3.Which one of the following is least apt to help convince managers to work in the best interest of the stockholders? threat of a proxy fight pay raises based on length of service implementation of a stock option plan 4.Financial managers primarily create firm value by: maximizing current sales. investing in assets that generate cash in excess of their cost. 5.First City
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Case Study 1 (Part A)Analyze the impact of business transactions on accounts; record (journalize and post) transactions in the books; construct and use a trial balance) During the first month of operation of Gordon Construction, Inc., completed the following transactions: Compare and contrast sole proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations.
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1.1. Nature and Definition of Auditing
Different scholars have defined auditing in different ways. For example, Auditing is a process of collection and evaluation of evidence for the purpose of reporting on economic transaction. The other definition of auditing given by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, in its publication titled, General Guidelines on Internal Auditing has defined auditing as ‘ a systematic and independent evaluation of data, statements, records, operations and performances ( financial or otherwise) of an enterprise for stated purpose. In any auditing situation, the auditor perceives and recognizes the propositions before him for examination, collects evidence, evaluates the same and on this basis formulates his/her judgment which is communicated through audit report.
As it is cited in Kanal Gupta and Arora A.(1996,p6), Arens and Loebbecke defined auditing as the process by which a complete, independent person accumulates and evaluates evidence about quantifiable information related to specific economic entity for the purpose of determining and reporting on the degree of correspondence between the quantifiable information and established criteria. To sum up, Auditing is the process of verifying the assertions produced by accounting, as to whether they present a true and fair view of the entity's financial position in accordance with accounting standards and GAAP. In other words, auditing seeks to verify whether or not financial records have been properly prepared.
Study Note
The term audit is derived from the Latin term ‘audire,’ which means to hear. In early days an auditor used to listen to the accounts read over by an accountant in order to check them Auditing is as old as accounting.
It was in use in all ancient countries such as Mesopotamia, Greece, Egypt. Rome, U.K. and India. The Vedas contain reference to accounts and auditing.
The original objective of auditing was to detect and prevent errors and frauds and most recently objective of audit shifted to ascertain whether the accounts were true and fair rather than detection of errors and frauds.
Auditing evolved and grew rapidly after the industrial revolution in the 18th century with the growth of the joint stock companies the ownership and management became separate.
The shareholders who were the owners needed a report from an independent expert on the accounts of the company managed by the board of directors who were the employees.
1.2. Historical Development of Auditing
The development of auditing is closely linked to the development of accounting. In the early stage of civilization, the number of transaction was usually so small that able to record the transactions himself. However, with the growth of civilization and consequential growth in volume and complexity of transactions, it becomes necessary to entrust the job of recording the transactions to other persons. The trend started with maintenance of accounts to empires by public officials
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Current assets
When it comes to a company's classified balance sheets you will find current assets sheet. Current assets is cash or cash equilivants that the company will use. What you will find on a current asset sheet is Cash and equilvants, Short term investments, Accounts receivables, and other assets.
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4-5 Multiyear Future Value How much would be in your savings account in 11 years after depositing $150 today if the bank pays 8 percent per year?
Financial Statements
Today, I will be describing a balance sheet, income statement, retained earnings statement, and statement of cash flows and how a company uses these financial statements as a tool to make future decisions for the company.
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2. Auditing is the independent examination of financial
information of any entity, whether profit oriented or
not, and irrespective of its size or legal form, when
such an examination is conducted with a view to
expressing an opinion thereon.
A financial audit is conducted to provide an opinion
whether "financial statements" (the information being
verified) are stated in accordance with specified
criteria. Normally, the criteria are accounting
standards, although auditors may conduct audits of
financial statements prepared using the cash basis
or some other basis of accounting appropriate for the
organisation.
(C) copyright 2017 Kumar Indra Mohan 2
3. In providing an opinion whether financial statements are
fairly stated in accordance with accounting standards, the
auditor gathers evidence to determine whether the
statements contain material errors or other
misstatements.
The auditors are playing role as watchdogs to help the
shareholder monitor the credibility of the information
presented by the management and verification of financial
statement if showing true and fair view to the shareholder.
It enhances credibility and the perception of the external
stakeholders when the external auditors express their
opinion as impartial and without conflicts of interest.
Due to above the function of audit is also termed as “
Financial Policing” sometimes.
(C) copyright 2017 Kumar Indra Mohan 3
4. 1. Audit Helps to Detect and Prevent Errors and Frauds
An auditor's main duty is to detect errors and frauds, preventing
such errors and frauds and taking care to avoid such frauds.
Thus, even though all organizations do not have compulsion to
audit, they make audit of all the books of accounts.
2. Audit Helps to Assess Tax
Tax authorities assess taxes on the basis of profit calculated by
the auditor. In the same way sales tax authority calculates sales
tax on the basis of sales shown in the audited statement.
3. Audit Helps to Maintain Account Regularly
An auditor raises questions if accounts are not maintained
properly. So, audit gives moral pressure on maintaining
accounts regularly.
(C) copyright 2017 Kumar Indra Mohan 4
5. 4. Audit Facilitates to Compare & analyse
An auditor instructs an accountant in the same way which helps to
compare books of accounts of current year with the accounting of
the previous year. So, comparing the accounts of current with
previous years helps to detect errors and frauds.
5. Audit acts as deterrence for fraud perpetrators
It acts as a moral check on the employees of the organisation. The
apprehension of getting caught during audit forces them to keep
accounts up-to-date.
6. Audit Helps to determine amount available for Dividend/Bonus.
Profit from a business during the given period is certified by the
auditor while auditing books of account. This in turn helps to find
the amount available for distribution amongst
employees/shareholders.
(C) copyright 2017 Kumar Indra Mohan 5
6. 7. Audit Helps to Present a Proof
If any case is filed by/against the audited entity, audited accounts
are many a time presented as a proof/evidence in the court of law.
8. Audit Provides Information About Profit or Loss
A businessman wants to know profit or loss of his business after a
certain period of time. So, the owner of the business can get
information about profit or loss after auditing the books of accounts.
9. Audit Helps to Prepare Future Plan
All the audited statements remain true and correct. Such true and
correct account helps to prepare for the future plans.
10. Audit Helps to Increase Goodwill
Auditing shows the profitability and financial position of an
organization which creates faith of public over the business. Thus,
auditing helps to increase goodwill of an organization.
(C) copyright 2017 Kumar Indra Mohan 6
7. All the organisations (which we own or work for) can be
broadly grouped under following three categories –
Govt/Semi-Govt Departments.
Companies/ firms and
Not-for profit organisations
Now if we look carefully, it may be noted that while the
first group is answerable for the general well being of the
society, as it is governments responsibility to provide
basic amenities and infrastructure for its citizens including
health, education, security and other public welfare, it
largely depends on the revenue collected in the form of
taxes for all this. Not to forget that there is a need for audit
here also to check whether all the money is being spent
properly and not being misappropriated.
(C) copyright 2017 Kumar Indra Mohan 7
8. While the govt’s world over functions as the
enabler and facilitates trade and commerce by
providing conducive environment/regulations,
it is the second group which drives the growth
of any economy/nation which in turn effects
the general well being of the citizens of any
nation. Thus we can understand how critical is
an orderly functioning of these entities as,
directly or indirectly, it effects all of us. A proper
system ensuring a orderly function of these
entities can never be overemphasised.
(C) copyright 2017 Kumar Indra Mohan 8
9. Not for profit organisations ( NGO’s) are gaining lots
of clout/attention and have proved their worthiness in
today’s world. The movement which gained attention
initially few decades back with the names like Red
Cross Society today rivals big multinationals in their
size, geographical reach and deep pockets. Owing to
their stated objectives and nature of activities, they
enjoy many incentives and relaxations. This in turn
invites the unscrupulous people to assume its garb
for profiteering or sometimes run motivated
campaigns under its shelter. Here again the role of
auditors becomes significant to ensure that the
sector is functioning within its laid down parameters
and doesn’t become a tool for achieving ulterior
objectives.
(C) copyright 2017 Kumar Indra Mohan 9
10. Enron Corp.
Toshiba Corp
Worldcom
Lehman Brothers
B L madoff Invest LLC
DSQ Software Ltd
Satyam Ltd
Speak Asia
Saradha Chitfund
(C) copyright 2017 Kumar Indra Mohan 10
Do the names listed below sounds familiar ?
11. Corporate scandals like Enron/Toshiba and management frauds like Satyam --the
fraudulent presentation of financial statements by management--has off late
attracted the critical attention of the people/press globally. This in turn has raised
a strong concern for the state of the system of corporate accounting, financial
reporting and their effective monitoring . Also because, to a large extent, the
health of the capital markets rests on the confidence that financial statements (
presented by the management and certified by the auditors) are not fraudulent.
Thus, the detection and prevention of fraudulent financial statements becomes
essential to the functioning of any vibrant economic system, and they must be
ensured by the auditing profession and the business community.
As the globe is getting more and more integrated and organisations are
becoming bigger and ever more powerful (financially), the need for effective and
timely regulation for them should never be underestimated. The suspected BEPS
(shifting of profit from high tax region/country to lower tax region/country)
accusations against the multi-national companies further indicates the need for
an independent and transparent authentication of their books of accounts.
(C) copyright 2017 Kumar Indra Mohan 11
The above is a sample list of global and local corporate scandals reported
widely in media. In almost all of above the end result was bankruptcy and
closure of company, forcing huge loss of investors/creditors money and
thousands of jobs. At the same time they also raised serious doubts on the
effectiveness of the present audit systems .
12. While the each case listed above and are different in their modus-
operandi and occurred at different time triggering new set of
regulations, they do expose the gaps persistent in the system. While
the regulators have tried to keep pace with the changing environment,
there are some inherent limitations of the system -
1.The cost has no direct EVA:
Testing involves extra cost to the organization which is considered as a
burden. It involves operational disruptions in many cases. The auditor
has to concentrate more even though there are disruptions
notwithstanding the natural resistance. It is almost impossible to
quantify the benefits of the process.
2. Evidence is not conclusive
Audit evidence is not conclusive in nature the confirmation of debtors is
not conclusive evidence that all amount will be collected, the
conclusions are persuasive rather than conclusive.
(C) copyright 2017 Kumar Indra Mohan 12
13. 3. Not easy to detect some frauds
It’s not easy for an auditor to detect the deeply laid frauds which involves
acts designed to conceal them such as forgery, false explanation, and not
recording transaction and so on.
4. All transactions cannot be checked
It is not possible for an auditor to check each and every transaction; he has
to check them on sample basis.
5. Rapid change in technology:
There is innovation and development of advance technology which is used
in the business organization so, there is risk that the auditor may not cope
with latest technology and audit tools.
6. Rely on experts
The auditor has to rely on experts like lawyers, engineers, valuers etc. for
estimation of contingent liability and valuation of fixed assets.
(C) copyright 2017 Kumar Indra Mohan 13
14. 7. Audit cannot assure about profitability or efficiency of management
Even though the accounts are audited it doesn’t mean that the user can
take granted the future profitability or prospects of concern as audit don’t
comment on efficiency of the management.
8. The push for Tax / Performance optimisation
Most of the time an auditor is faced with one of the two auditee stance,
while one group is constantly pushing to minimise its tax liability , the other
one is more interested in boosting its performance report as the incentives
are linked and want to meet/better market analyst projections.
9. Auditors Independence
Though under the law shareholders appoint auditors but in fact it is the
directors (who are majority shareholders or controlled by majority
shareholders) who appoint auditors, so this raises concerns on the
independence of auditors.
(C) copyright 2017 Kumar Indra Mohan 14
15. Like we have read before – auditors are also known as
financial police. Now for a moment just think about the
police force in your city. You must be reading about the
crime reports in the newspapers daily. Does it mean that
the police is not doing their job and the department should
be shut down?
The answer is - No.
A normal response is - find the ways and means to make
them more effective.
Similar is the case of audit also - the need is to help the
profession by removing the constraints and strengthening
it with effective regulatory support.
(C) copyright 2017 Kumar Indra Mohan 15
16. Let’s look at some of the measures / suggestions which can be
taken to improve the process -
1. Audit independence –
The single most important aspect of the discussion as the
auditor is supposed to give its findings and report on a person
who appointed the firm and shall pay its fee. The underlying
concept limiting the role of an auditor as a watchdog (can bark –
not supposed to bite) is fine but then don’t let the dog get fed by
the stranger.
2. Appointment-
The very first step needed for maintaining auditors
independence is, to secure his appointment or removal, from
the auditee. In the absence of it, all other measures runs the
risk of getting compromised however good they may sound.
(C) copyright 2017 Kumar Indra Mohan 16
17. 3. Remuneration –
Renowned investor Warren Buffet once said about the auditors
remuneration in his famous annual newsletter – “whose bread I eat, I
will sing his song”. It is imperative that the audit fee is regulated by an
independent regulator to insulate auditor from any coercive situation.
4. Rotation –
It is a normal human behaviour where – “familiarity breeds contempt”.
And contempt for the routine processes may prove fatal as far as the
routine audit works are concerned. Just because they are repetitive in
nature doesn’t make them any less effective. To avoid this situation it is
necessary that a new auditor assumes the role at regular interval.
5. Restriction on non-audit services -
The non-audit works from a auditee may influence an auditors
judgement and estimation. It is hence advisable to bar the auditors from
doing any non-audit work in order to keep him free from any undue
influence.
(C) copyright 2017 Kumar Indra Mohan 17
18. 6. Follow-up action on reports -
It is observed that the concerned authorities fails to take notice
and required action on the basis of qualifications/observations
given by the auditor in its report. This sometimes dampens the
spirit of the professionals as his efforts seems futile.
7. Peer review-
It helps in identifying the weak areas of any audit firm and acts
as trigger for improvement thereon.
8. Knowledge updation-
In the rapidly changing world where technology is making
everyone obsolete, regulations change every day and
organisations assume the size bigger then many nations(
financially), it is a constant tread-mill running for any
professional to keep himself updated.
(C) copyright 2017 Kumar Indra Mohan 18
19. 9. Independent regulator –
To remove any concern from the mind of every stakeholder, it is
necessary that the profession should have an independent
regulator.
The auditors are playing a very important role in modern day
society. The duty of the auditors is to “perform the audit to
obtain reasonable assurance about whether the entity
maintained effective control over the financial statement”.
Auditors assurance that the financial statement represents true
and fair picture of organisation to the user of financial statement
such as shareholder, employee, government and overall society
where organization operates, is paramount in functioning of the
overall system.
(C) copyright 2017 Kumar Indra Mohan 19