Public private partnership

2. Research Methodology
Presented by
Inayatullah Sheikh
2022-KIU-MS742

3. Sequence
Introduction to research topic
Problem statement
Research gap
Research objectives
Research questions
Research aim and significance
Research design and methodology
Data collection
Data Analysis
Findings/Recommendations
Question & Answer Session
SEQUENCE

4. Introduction
 Public private partner ship P3 mode
 Types of P3 mode
 Need assessment
 P3 paradigm in GB
 WASIP & LG&RD MoU
 Project sustainability
Introduction
Problem
Statement
Research
gap
Research
objectives
Research
Question
Research
sign/aim
Research
design/method
Data
Collection
Data
Analysis
Research
finding

5. Overview of Research Topic
“Impact of public private
partnership in the water supply
projects of Gilgit, opportunities
and challenges in the wake of
fiscal limitations of GB
government “ A case study of
Jutial and Danyore Gilgit”
Introduction
Problem
Statement
Research
gap
Research
objectives
Research
Question
Research
sign/aim
Research
design/method
Data
Collection
Data
Analysis
Research
finding

6. International commitments
Introduction
Problem
Statement
Research
gap
Research
objectives
Research
Question
Research
sign/aim
Research
design/method
Data
Collection
Data
Analysis
Research
finding

7. Introduction
Problem
Statement
Research
gap
Research
objectives
Research
Question
Research
sign/aim
Research
design/method
Data
Collection
Data
Analysis
Research
finding

8. National commitments
Introduction
Problem
Statement
Research
gap
Research
objectives
Research
Question
Research
sign/aim
Research
design/method
Data
Collection
Data
Analysis
Research
finding

9. Gilgit-Baltistan Water Stats
Drinking Water
In GB
Filtration plant 102
Population served 79%
Source: Planning Department GB
Introduction
Problem
Statement
Research
gap
Research
objectives
Research
Question
Research
sign/aim
Research
design/method
Data
Collection
Data
Analysis
Research
finding

10. Problem Statement
 Unplanned Urbanization
 Water Rights
 National Commitments
 International Commitments
 GB Drinking Water Statistics
 Ailing Public Sector
 Lack of ownership
 Fiscal limitations
 Waterborne diseases overburdened Health system
Introduction
Problem
Statement
Research
gap
Research
objectives
Research
Question
Research
sign/aim
Research
design/method
Data
Collection
Data
Analysis
Research
finding

11. Research Gap
 According to MICS (2016-17), 73 % of population has access to improved
drinking water and sanitation in GB.
 Only 30% of population in the lowest wealth quantile have access to
improved drinking water in GB as opposed to 98% population in highest
wealth quantile with improved DWF.
 The source of water in GB is glacial melt water and the issues are more
acute during winters.
 Due to frost, tap water is not available in most of high-altitude valleys.
 To meet the water requirement, Women and children have to walk great
distances to fetch water from nallah and river streams. (Reports and
Publications, 2022)
 Moreover, the study also identified several challenges and gaps in current
water PPP models such as lack of well define legal and regulatory
mechanism, absence of well define accountability mechanism, issues of
Operation and Maintenance (0 & M) fund, unequal water distribution and
water leakages are some of the areas that need improvement. (Jabeen, 2016)
Introduction
Problem
Statement
Research
gap
Research
objectives
Research
Question
Research
sign/aim
Research
design/method
Data
Collection
Data
Analysis
Research
finding

12. Research Gap
 In the water sector of developing countries, PPP is on the one hand due to
governments not having sufficient financial resources to undertake the
large-scale investments that are required for water supply projects (Mody,
1998)
 Because of the prospects of improved efficiency, cost effectiveness and
innovation in water services (Chan, 2014).
 This is in response to growing populations and rapid urbanization (Iimi,
2005) and the need to halve, by 2015,
 The proportion of people without sustainable access to drinking water
(Nations, 2007).
Introduction
Problem
Statement
Research
gap
Research
objectives
Research
Question
Research
sign/aim
Research
design/method
Data
Collection
Data
Analysis
Research
finding

13. objectives
 To identify reasons of implementation of p3 mode.
 To evaluate impact of p3 mode in water supply schemes of
Jutial and Danyore.
 To identify the key challenges and opportunities in p3
mode of investment in GB.
 To evaluate viability of p3 model in GB in the wake of
fiscal limitation of GB government.
Introduction
Problem
Statement
Research
gap
Research
objectives
Research
Question
Research
sign/aim
Research
design/method
Data
Collection
Data
Analysis
Research
finding

14. Research Question
 What are the major reasons of implementation of Public Private paradigm in
water supply schemes in Jutial and Danyore Gilgit?
 How did Public Private Partnership (P3) paradigm achieve its objectives.?
 What are the major opportunities and challenges identified by P3 partners to
invest into the p3 mode water supply projects in GB?
 How does PPP mode water supply projects more viable in the wake of fiscal
limitation of GB government?
Introduction
Problem
Statement
Research
gap
Research
objectives
Research
Question
Research
sign/aim
Research
design/method
Data
Collection
Data
Analysis
Research
finding

15. Research Aim
 Pakistan is bind with international commitments of SDGs which are being set
by UNDP for comity of nations to be fulfilled by the end of year 2030,
 Similarly, Pakistan has devised vision 2025 in which it was envisioned to
provide clean drinking water to every citizen of Pakistan.
 Inclusive partnership of private sector and masses in development sector
 Fiscal limitations of GB Government
 Savings to exchequer of province
Introduction
Problem
Statement
Research
gap
Research
objectives
Research
Question
Research
sign/aim
Research
design/method
Data
Collection
Data
Analysis
Research
finding

16. Significance of Research
 This study provide an insight and policy guidelines to initiate Public Private
Partnership projects in rest of Gilgit-Baltistan for inclusive and sustainable
development.
 Besides this study helps policy maker to utilize public funds in more rational
and effective way.
 Moreover, this study will provide enough data that how PPP paradigm
increase ownership of public private projects and flourish sense of
responsibility and civic sense among masses.
 In the wake of financial constrains government of Gilgit-Baltistan has better
policy option to attract private investor to invest in public well-being projects
which certainly improve welfare of public and minimize public spendings on
public projects.
 Last but not the least, PPP mode water supply projects bring major
stakeholder together to uplift well-being of masses.
Introduction
Problem
Statement
Research
gap
Research
objectives
Research
Question
Research
sign/aim
Research
design/method
Data
Collection
Data
Analysis
Research
finding

17. Research Design/Methodology
This study will be exploratory by applying quantitative research technique
 Explanatory Research
 Interviews
 Questionnaires (structure interview)
Introduction
Problem
Statement
Research
gap
Research
objectives
Research
Question
Research
sign/aim
Research
design/method
Data
Collection
Data
Analysis
Research
finding

18. Data collection
• Data is being collected through questionnaires
• 50 questionnaires were get filled from following areas and institutions
• Jutial
• Danyore
• LG&RD
• WASIP
• Community
Introduction
Problem
Statement
Research
gap
Research
objectives
Research
Question
Research
sign/aim
Research
design/method
Data
Collection
Data
Analysis
Research
finding

19. Data analysis question #1 (1/3)
Factors
Strongly
disagree
(%)
Disagr
ee (%)
Neutr
al (%)
Agree
(%)
Strongly
agree (%)
Factors
1
0% 27% 14% 29% 31%
Factors
2
4% 4% 2% 18% 71%
Factors
3
0% 0% 11% 46% 43%
Factors
4
10% 21% 13% 10% 46%
Factors
5
2% 6% 8% 63% 20%
Factors
6
6% 23% 46% 13% 13%
Factors
7
4% 6% 23% 31% 35%
Introduction
Problem
Statement
Research
gap
Research
objectives
Research
Question
Research
sign/aim
Research
design/method
Data
Collection
Data
Analysis
Research
finding
S# Question
Survey Scale: 1=Strongly
Disagree 2=Disagree
3=Neutral 4=Agree
5=Strongly Agree
1
Water rights do not allow government to
expend traditional water sources at Jutial
and Danyore Gilgit.
1 2 3 4 5
2
Existing Government water supply
regime could not cater for increasing
demand of water demand of Jutial and
Danyore due to mushroom development
in these areas.
1 2 3 4 5
3
Government functionaries/departments
could not coupe up with the issue single-
handedly and deem it appropriate to
involve NGOs and community in water
regime.
1 2 3 4 5
4
NGOs assessed need of public and
shouldered the responsibility.
1 2 3 4 5
5
Public has no alternative except engage
government and NGOs to share the
burden.
1 2 3 4 5
6 Fiscal limitation of Government. 1 2 3 4 5
7 Visionary Leadership 1 2 3 4 5

20. Data analysis (1/3)
0%
4%
0%
10%
2%
6%
4%
27%
4%
0%
21%
6%
23%
6%
14%
2%
11%
13%
8%
46%
23%
29%
18%
46%
10%
63%
13%
31%
31%
71%
43%
46%
20%
13%
35%
F A C T ORS 1 F A C T ORS 2 F A C T ORS 3 F A C T ORS 4 F A C T ORS 5 F A C T ORS 6 F A C T ORS 7
WHAT ARE MAJOR REASON OF IMPLEMENTATION OF P3 PARADIGM IN
WATER SUPPLY PROJECTS OF JUTIAL AND DANYORE GILGIT?
Strongly disagree (%) Disagree (%) Neutral (%) Agree (%) Strongly agree (%)
Introduction
Problem
Statement
Research
gap
Research
objectives
Research
Question
Research
sign/aim
Research
design/method
Data
Collection
Data
Analysis
Research
finding

21. Data analysis (1/3)
Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Factor 4
Factor
5
Factor
6 Factor 7 Total Mean
Strongly
disagree 0 2 0 5 1 3 2 13 30.769231
Disagree 13 2 0 10 3 11 3 42 9.5238095
Neutral 7 1 5 6 4 22 11 56 7.1428571
Agree 14 8 21 5 31 6 15 100 4
Strongly
agree 15 32 20 22 10 6 17 122 3.2786885
Total 49 45 46 48 49 48 48 333 10.942917
Analysis:
Out of 333 answers 222 either agreed or strongly agreed the question, it show
there were dire need of ppp mode intervention in Jutial and Danyore and the
factors which were placed before the respondent were endorsed by the
respondents.
Introduction
Problem
Statement
Research
gap
Research
objectives
Research
Question
Research
sign/aim
Research
design/method
Data
Collection
Data
Analysis
Research
finding

22. Data analysis question #2 (1/3)
Factors
Strongly
disagree
(%)
Disagr
ee (%)
Neutr
al (%)
Agree
(%)
Strongly
agree (%)
Factors
1
0% 27% 14% 29% 31%
Factors
2
4% 4% 2% 18% 71%
Factors
3
0% 0% 11% 46% 43%
Factors
4
10% 21% 13% 10% 46%
Factors
5
2% 6% 8% 63% 20%
Factors
6
6% 23% 46% 13% 13%
Factors
7
4% 6% 23% 31% 35%
S# Question
Survey Scale:
1=Strongly Disagree
2=Disagree 3=Neutral
4=Agree 5=Strongly
Agree
1
Water supply is uninterrupted regular as
conceived.
1 2 3 4 5
2
Quality and frequency of water is as
envisioned.
1 2 3 4 5
3
Water related financial expenses are
minimized.
1 2 3 4 5
4
Waterborne diseases among child and
household are decreased.
1 2 3 4 5
5
Water related engagement of family is
decreased.
1 2 3 4 5
6 Social rifts on water supply decreased. 1 2 3 4 5
7
Sense of community ownership and
participation is increased.
1 2 3 4 5
Introduction
Problem
Statement
Research
gap
Research
objectives
Research
Question
Research
sign/aim
Research
design/method
Data
Collection
Data
Analysis
Research
finding

23. Data analysis question #2 (1/3)
Factors
Strongly
disagree
(%)
Disagr
ee (%)
Neutr
al (%)
Agree
(%)
Strongly
agree (%)
Factors
1
0% 27% 14% 29% 31%
Factors
2
4% 4% 2% 18% 71%
Factors
3
0% 0% 11% 46% 43%
Factors
4
10% 21% 13% 10% 46%
Factors
5
2% 6% 8% 63% 20%
Factors
6
6% 23% 46% 13% 13%
Factors
7
4% 6% 23% 31% 35%
S# Question
Survey Scale: 1=Strongly
Disagree 2=Disagree
3=Neutral 4=Agree
5=Strongly Agree
1
Water rights do not allow government to
expend traditional water sources at Jutial
and Danyore Gilgit.
1 2 3 4 5
2
Existing Government water supply
regime could not cater for increasing
demand of water demand of Jutial and
Danyore due to mushroom development
in these areas.
1 2 3 4 5
3
Government functionaries/departments
could not coupe up with the issue single-
handedly and deem it appropriate to
involve NGOs and community in water
regime.
1 2 3 4 5
4
NGOs assessed need of public and
shouldered the responsibility.
1 2 3 4 5
5
Public has no alternative except engage
government and NGOs to share the
burden.
1 2 3 4 5
6 Fiscal limitation of Government. 1 2 3 4 5
7 Visionary Leadership 1 2 3 4 5
Introduction
Problem
Statement
Research
gap
Research
objectives
Research
Question
Research
sign/aim
Research
design/method
Data
Collection
Data
Analysis
Research
finding

24. Data analysis (1/3)
6%
2%
2%
0%
0%
2%
0%
6%
4%
4%
2%
6%
4%
0%
8%
2%
4%
6%
0%
4%
6%
34%
72%
38%
12%
34%
34%
32%
44%
12%
44%
70%
52%
46%
56%
FAC T ORS 1 FAC T ORS 2 FAC T ORS 3 FA C T ORS 4 FA C T ORS 5 FA C T ORS 6 FAC T ORS 7
HOW DID PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP (P3) PARADIGM ACHIEVE
ITS OBJECTIVES.?
Strongly disagree (%) Disagree (%) Neutral (%) Agree (%) Strongly agree (%)
Introduction
Problem
Statement
Research
gap
Research
objectives
Research
Question
Research
sign/aim
Research
design/method
Data
Collection
Data
Analysis
Research
finding

25. Data analysis (1/3)
Analysis:
Out of 350 answers 190 either agreed or strongly agreed the question, it show there were
dire need of ppp mode intervention in Jutial and Danyore and the factors which were
placed before the respondent were endorsed by the respondents, the p3 mode achieved
its objectives as majority of respondent agreed.
Factors
1
Factors 2 Factors 3 Factors 4 Factors 5 Factors 6 Factors 7 Total Mean
Strongly
disagree 3 1 1 0 0 1 0 6 58.33333
Disagree 3 2 2 1 3 2 0 13 26.92308
Neutral 4 1 2 3 0 2 3 15 23.33333
Agree 17 36 19 6 17 17 16 128 2.734375
Strongly
agree 22 6 22 35 26 23 28 162 2.160494
Total 49 46 46 45 46 45 47 324 113.4846
Introduction
Problem
Statement
Research
gap
Research
objectives
Research
Question
Research
sign/aim
Research
design/method
Data
Collection
Data
Analysis
Research
finding

26. Data analysis question #3 (1/3)
Factors
Strongly
disagree (%)
Disagree
(%)
Neutral
(%)
Agree
(%)
Strongly
agree (%)
Factors
1
8% 4% 6% 50% 31%
Factors
2
17% 6% 15% 10% 52%
Factors
3
0% 4% 35% 35% 27%
Factors
4
0% 4% 9% 30% 57%
Factors
5
2% 6% 13% 60% 19%
Factors
6
2% 6% 67% 22% 2%
Factors
7
0% 6% 20% 51% 22%
Factors
8
24% 0% 43% 27% 5%
Factors
9
2% 2% 36% 47% 13%
S# Question
Survey Scale:
1=Strongly Disagree
2=Disagree 3=Neutral
4=Agree 5=Strongly
Agree
1
This model could be replicated in other urban
centers of GB.
1 2 3 4 5
2
Government succeeded to save a handsome
money by involving public and NGOs.
1 2 3 4 5
3
Public ownership encourages government
functionaries to invest in PPP paradigm in rest of
GB.
1 2 3 4 5
4
operating and maintenance (O&M) cost of
government decrease.
1 2 3 4 5
5
project has addressed future demands
considering provision of future expansion and
domestic and commercial needs.
1 2 3 4 5
6
In case of major damages to headwork and
infrastructure alternative/contingency plan is
devised by p3 partners.
1 2 3 4 5
7
Administrative, financial, operating, and risk
distribution model is properly pen
down/incorporated by the p3 partners in original
project management plan.
1 2 3 4 5
8
There is clear legal, governance and regulatory
framework in place.
1 2 3 4 5
9
Ecologic and environmental commitments are
addressed.
1 2 3 4 5
Introduction
Problem
Statement
Research
gap
Research
objectives
Research
Question
Research
sign/aim
Research
design/method
Data
Collection
Data
Analysis
Research
finding

27. Data analysis question#3 (1/3)
8%
17%
0%
0%
2%
2%
0%
24%
2%
4%
6%
4%
4%
6%
6%
6%
0%
2%
6%
15%
35%
9%
13%
67%
20%
43%
36%
50%
10%
35%
30%
60%
22%
51%
27%
47%
31%
52%
27%
57%
19%
2%
22%
5%
13%
FA C T ORS 1 FA C T ORS 2 FA C T ORS 3 FA C T ORS 4 FA C T ORS 5 FA C T ORS 6 FA C T ORS 7 FA C T ORS 8 FAC T ORS 9
WHAT ARE THE MAJOR OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES
IDENTIFIED BY P3 PARTNERS TO INVEST INTO THE P3 MODE WATER
SUPPLY PROJECTS IN GB?
Strongly disagree (%) Disagree (%) Neutral (%) Agree (%) Strongly agree (%)
Introduction
Problem
Statement
Research
gap
Research
objectives
Research
Question
Research
sign/aim
Research
design/method
Data
Collection
Data
Analysis
Research
finding

28. Data analysis question#3 (1/3)
Factors
1
Factors
2
Factors 3 Factors 4 Factors 5
Factors
6
Factors 7 Factors 8
Factors
9
Total mean
Strongly
disagree 4 8 0 0 1 1 0 9 1 24 18.75
Disagree 2 3 2 2 3 3 3 0 1 19 23.68421
Neutral 3 7 17 4 6 33 10 16 16 112 4.017857
Agree 24 5 17 14 28 11 25 10 21 155 2.903226
Strongly
agree 15 25 13 27 9 1 11 2 6 109 4.12844
Total 48 48 49 47 47 49 49 37 45 419 53.48373
Analysis:
Out of 450 answers 264 either agreed or strongly agreed the question, it shows that there is ample
space for p3 paradigm in public sector investment, though there are challenges but opportunities
overpowers challenges and statistics agree upon this model has successfully achieved its
objectives and could be reflected in remaining parts of GB.
Introduction
Problem
Statement
Research
gap
Research
objectives
Research
Question
Research
sign/aim
Research
design/method
Data
Collection
Data
Analysis
Research
finding

29. Data analysis question #3 (1/3)
Factors
Strongly disagree
(%)
Disagree
(%)
Neutral
(%)
Agree
(%)
Strongly agree
(%)
Factors
1
2% 2% 32% 43% 21%
Factors
2
0% 6% 6% 58% 29%
Factors
3
2% 4% 55% 32% 6%
Factors
4
0% 7% 39% 48% 7%
Factors
5
4% 6% 33% 33% 23%
Factors
6
2% 2% 2% 77% 17%
Factors
7
2% 5% 23% 19% 51%
Factors
8
4% 0% 60% 32% 4%
S
# Question
Survey Scale:
1=Strongly Disagree
2=Disagree
3=Neutral 4=Agree
5=Strongly Agree
1
Government succeeded to save a major
chank of water related investments.
1 2 3 4 5
2
Operating and maintenance cost
decreased.
1 2 3 4 5
3
Employment regarding water operation
decrease.
1 2 3 4 5
4
Water related investments are now
diverted to other infrastructural sectors.
1 2 3 4 5
5
Transparency is observed in PPP mode
projects.
1 2 3 4 5
6 Water related social issues are addressed. 1 2 3 4 5
7
Public participation/ownership has
decreased water leakages and line losses.
1 2 3 4 5
8
Effectiveness of legal, regulatory and
governance framework
1 2 3 4 5
Introduction
Problem
Statement
Research
gap
Research
objectives
Research
Question
Research
sign/aim
Research
design/method
Data
Collection
Data
Analysis
Research
finding

30. Data analysis question#3 (1/3)
8%
17%
0%
0%
2%
2%
0%
24%
2%
4%
6%
4%
4%
6%
6%
6%
0%
2%
6%
15%
35%
9%
13%
67%
20%
43%
36%
50%
10%
35%
30%
60%
22%
51%
27%
47%
31%
52%
27%
57%
19%
2%
22%
5%
13%
FA C T ORS 1 FA C T ORS 2 FA C T ORS 3 FA C T ORS 4 FA C T ORS 5 FA C T ORS 6 FA C T ORS 7 FA C T ORS 8 FAC T ORS 9
WHAT ARE THE MAJOR OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES
IDENTIFIED BY P3 PARTNERS TO INVEST INTO THE P3 MODE WATER
SUPPLY PROJECTS IN GB?
Strongly disagree (%) Disagree (%) Neutral (%) Agree (%) Strongly agree (%)
Introduction
Problem
Statement
Research
gap
Research
objectives
Research
Question
Research
sign/aim
Research
design/method
Data
Collection
Data
Analysis
Research
finding

31. Data analysis question# 4 (1/3)
Introduction
Problem
Statement
Research
gap
Research
objectives
Research
Question
Research
sign/aim
Research
design/method
Data
Collection
Data
Analysis
Research
finding
Analysis:
Out of 450 answers 233 either agreed or strongly agreed the question, it show that due to fiscal
limitation of government of GB it is imperative to replicated p3 model in rest of GB, as the model
has shown positive trend. Owing to fiscal limitation of GB government p3 partner could participate
in water supply projects, besides savings of handsome amount participation of community make the
intervention sustainable.
Facto
rs 1
Factors
2
Factors
3
Factors
4
Factors
5
Factors
6
Factors 7
Factors
8
Total Mean
Strongly
disagree 1 0 1 0 2 1 1 2 8 50
Disagree 1 3 2 3 3 1 2 0 15 26.66667
Neutral 15 3 26 18 16 1 10 28 117 3.418803
Agree 20 28 15 22 16 36 8 15 160 2.5
Strongly
agree 10 14 3 3 11 8 22 2 73 5.479452
Total 47 48 47 46 48 47 43 47 373 1.072386

32. Findings
• Out of 333 answers 222 either agreed or strongly agreed the question, it
show there were dire need of ppp mode intervention in Jutial and Danyore
and the factors which were placed before the respondent were endorsed by
the respondents.
• Out of 350 answers 190 either agreed or strongly agreed the question, it
show there were dire need of ppp mode intervention in Jutial and Danyore
and the factors which were placed before the respondent were endorsed by
the respondents, the p3 mode achieved its objectives as majority of
respondent agreed.
• Out of 450 answers 264 either agreed or strongly agreed the question, it
shows that there is ample space for p3 paradigm in public sector investment,
though there are challenges but opportunities overpowers challenges and
statistics agree upon this model has successfully achieved its objectives and
could be reflected in remaining parts of GB.
• Out of 450 answers 233 either agreed or strongly agreed the question, it
show that due to fiscal limitation of government of GB it is imperative to
replicated p3 model in rest of GB, as the model has shown positive trend.
Introduction
Problem
Statement
Research
gap
Research
objectives
Research
Question
Research
sign/aim
Research
design/method
Data
Collection
Data
Analysis
Research
finding

33. Recommendations
The research has established the fact that, in Gilgit-Baltistan p3 paradigm is a successful model
• It was established from the research that p3 model in water supply schemes of Jutial and Danyore
achieved almost every objective conceived by the project.
• This research proposes that govt of GB could replicate the paradigm in other parts of GB owing to fiscal
limitations of government.
• Sustainability of project is somehow questioned by some respondents owing to the fact that a governance
frame work is missing and contingency planning is not properly figured out.
• Owing to fiscal limitation of GB government p3 partner could participate in water supply projects,
besides savings of handsome amount participation of community make the intervention sustainable.
• The research has established the fact that, in Gilgit-Baltistan p3 paradigm is a successful model
• It was established from the research that p3 model in water supply schemes of Jutial and Danyore
achieved almost every objective conceived by the project.
• This research proposes that govt of GB could replicate the paradigm in other parts of GB owing to fiscal
limitations of government.
• Sustainability of project is somehow questioned by some respondents owing to the fact that a governance
frame work is missing and contingency planning is not properly figured out.
• Owing to fiscal limitation of GB government p3 partner could participate in water supply projects,
besides savings of handsome amount participation of community make the intervention sustainable.
Introduction
Problem
Statement
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gap
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objectives
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Question
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sign/aim
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design/method
Data
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finding