The document compares bulk cargo handling facilities in Indian ports with European ports, highlighting factors such as efficiency, safety, and cost-effectiveness. It notes that Indian ports face challenges like inadequate infrastructure and outdated technology, whereas European ports benefit from advanced digital solutions and better connectivity. Recommendations for Indian ports include upgrading infrastructure, improving hinterland connectivity, and implementing new technologies to enhance operational efficiency.

1. Comparing bulk cargo handling
facilities in
Indian ports vis-à-vis any
European ports
Group No- 2
Dhananjay Kumar Mahato 2141013
Praveen Kumar 2141025
Subhajit Hazra 2140032
Aditya Devgirkar 2141003
Kripa Ranjan Sarkar 2140019
Poonam Shende 2141023
Guided by – Prof. Mihir Das

2. The effectiveness of handling bulk cargo can be evaluated based
on several factors, including efficiency, safety, and cost-
effectiveness.
• Efficiency: Efficiency in handling bulk cargo refers to the ability to load and unload cargo quickly and
effectively. The efficiency of handling bulk cargo can be affected by various factors, such as the type of
cargo, the type of equipment used, the skill of the operators, and the availability of infrastructure such
as berths and terminals.
• Cost-effectiveness: Cost-effectiveness is an important factor in handling bulk cargo, as it impacts the
profitability of the operation. The cost of handling bulk cargo includes the cost of equipment, labor,
infrastructure, and maintenance. A cost-effective approach to handling bulk cargo would involve
optimizing these costs while maintaining efficiency and safety.
• Safety: Safety is another critical factor in handling bulk cargo. Bulk cargo can be hazardous, and
mishandling can lead to accidents that can cause significant damage to the environment, property, and
human lives. Proper safety procedures, equipment, and training are crucial in ensuring the safe
handling of bulk cargo.

3. Capacity Utilization of different ports
For the financial year 2020-2021, the Mundra Port had a capacity of 248.82 MMT (million metric tonnes)
per annum. The port handled a total cargo volume of 144.9 MMT. Based on this data, we can calculate that
the capacity utilization of Mundra Port in FY 2020-2021 was approximately 57.6%.
For the financial year 2020-2021, the Paradip port had a capacity of 127.04 MMT (million metric tonnes)
per annum. The report states that the port handled a total cargo volume of 113.9 MMT we can calculate
that the capacity utilization of Paradip Port in FY 2020-2021 was approximately 89.6%.
For the financial year 2020-2021, the Vizag port had a capacity of 124.76 MMT (million metric tonnes) per
annum. The report states that the port handled a total cargo volume of 65.94 MMT in FY 2020-2021. we
can calculate that the capacity utilization of Vizag Port in FY 2020-2021 was approximately 52.9%.
For the financial year 2020-2021, the Rotterdam Port had a capacity of 656 MMT (million metric tonnes)
per annum. The port handled a total cargo volume of 436.9 MMT in FY 2020-2021. Based on this data, we
can calculate that the capacity utilization of Mundra Port in FY 2020-2021 was approximately 66.2%.
For the financial year 2020-2021, the Antwerp Port had a capacity of 305 MMT (million metric tonnes) per
annum. The port handled a total cargo volume of 231.6 MMT in FY 2020-2021. Based on this data, we can
calculate that the capacity utilization of Mundra Port in FY 2020-2021 was approximately 76.2%.

5. Cargo Comparison of Indian and European Port
Ports Name/Cargo Types Dry Bulk Break Bulk Liquid Bulk Total
Paradip 76.452 3.101 34.117 113.67
Vizag 41.91 1.81 17.91 61.63
Mundra 85 20 39 144.4
Rotterdam 78.7 30.9 204.6 314.2
Antwerp 13.925 9.213 72.056 95.194
76.452
3.101
34.117
113.67
41.91
1.81
17.91
61.63
0
0
0
0
78.7
30.9
204.6
314.2
13.925
9.213
72.056
95.194
DRY BULK BREAK BULK LIQUID BULK TOTAL
BULK CARGO
Paradip Vizag Mundra Rotterdam Antwerp
*Note- Cargo types are in MMT

6. Capacity Utilization, TRT & Pre-Berthing detention of Major
Indian ports
2.16
1.19
1.31 1.27
1.39
1.1
0.95
1.04
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
1990-91 2000-01 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2021-21
Days
Years
PBD of Major Ports

7. Use of IoT in Indian ports as compared to European ports
The use of Internet of Things (IoT) technology in Indian ports is still in its early stages as compared to
European ports. However, Indian ports are increasingly recognizing the benefits of IoT technology and
are starting to invest in its implementation.
Some Indian ports have started using IoT sensors and devices to monitor and track cargo movements,
which helps improve visibility and control over the supply chain. Additionally, IoT sensors are being used
to monitor the condition of cargo, such as temperature and humidity, to ensure that goods are
transported in optimal conditions.
Moreover, some Indian ports are using IoT technology to optimize the flow of cargo and reduce
congestion. For example, IoT sensors can be used to monitor traffic flows and adjust the routing of trucks
and other vehicles in real-time to avoid congestion and minimize delays.
However, in comparison to European ports, Indian ports are still lagging in the adoption of advanced
digital solutions. European ports are ahead in the implementation of IoT technology in the shipping and
logistics industry. Many European ports have already implemented advanced digital solutions such as
automation, AI, and IoT to improve efficiency, safety, and sustainability in various areas of their
operations.

8. Hinterland Connectivity of European Ports
 ROTTERDAM
● The Port of Rotterdam is the largest port in
Europe and one of the largest in the world. It
is located in the city of Rotterdam in the
Netherlands, and it serves as a major gateway
for international trade, particularly between
Europe and Asia.
● The port is connected to the hinterland (i.e.,
the inland areas beyond the port) by a variety
of modes of transportation, including road,
rail, and inland waterways. The port has an
extensive network of highways and rail
connections that link it to the rest of the
Netherlands and Europe. Additionally, the
port is situated on the Rhine River, which
allows for barge traffic to transport goods to
and from the port.
 ANTWERP
● Antwerp has an extensive network of highways and rail
connections that link it to the rest of Belgium, Europe, and
beyond. The port is situated on the River Scheldt, which
provides access to the North Sea, and is also connected to
the inland waterway network in Europe, which allows for
barge traffic to transport goods to and from the port.
● In addition to its road and rail connections, the port has
invested in developing the Antwerp Railhouse, which is a
rail terminal located inside the port area that provides
efficient and sustainable rail transport solutions for cargo.
The port has also established a network of inland ports,
which are located throughout Belgium, the Netherlands,
and Germany, and provide additional connectivity to the
hinterland.

9. Hinterland Connectivity of Indian Ports
 Mundra
● The port is connected to the hinterland
through a network of highways and
railways. The NH-8A (National
Highway) connects the port to major
cities in the region such as Ahmedabad,
Vadodara, and Mumbai. The port is also
connected to the Western Railway,
which links it to the major cities and
towns of India. The port has dedicated
rail sidings, which enable seamless cargo
movement and facilitate quick
turnaround of rakes.
● The port has also established a network
of inland container depots (ICDs) and
private freight terminals (PFTs), which
are located throughout Gujarat and the
surrounding states. These ICDs and
PFTs provide additional connectivity to
the hinterland and enable the port to
serve a wider range of customers and
cargo types.
 Visakhapatnam Port
● The port is connected to the hinterland
through a network of highways and
railways. The NH-16 (National Highway)
connects the port to major cities in the
region such as Vijayawada,
Rajahmundry, and Bhubaneswar. The
port is also connected to the East Coast
Railway, which links it to the major cities
and towns of India. The port has
dedicated rail sidings, which enable
seamless cargo movement and facilitate
quick turnaround of rakes.
● The port has developed a riverine
terminal at the National Waterway-4,
which connects the port to the hinterland
through the Godavari and Krishna rivers.
The port has also established a network
of inland container depots (ICDs) and
private freight terminals (PFTs), which
are located throughout Andhra Pradesh
and the surrounding states. These ICDs
and PFTs provide additional connectivity
to the hinterland and enable the port to
serve a wider range of customers and
cargo types.
Paradip
• The port is connected to the hinterland
by a network of highways and railways.
The NH-16 (National Highway)
connects the port to major cities in the
region such as Bhubaneswar and
Kolkata. The port is also connected to
the East Coast Railway, which links it to
the major cities and towns of India. The
port has dedicated rail sidings, which
enable seamless cargo movement and
facilitate quick turnaround of rakes. The
port also has a rail yard, which provides
shunting facilities and enables faster
movement of trains.
• In addition to highways and railways,
the port has also developed inland
waterways to improve hinterland
connectivity. The Mahanadi River
connects the port to the hinterland, and
the port has developed riverine
terminals to facilitate cargo movement
through barges.

10. Antwerp
 BE Alert Neighbourhood
information network-BIN
 Internal Emergency Plans
 Dedicated Team for Sabotage,
thief & criminal activity
Rotterdam
 Nautical Safety
 Cyber Security
 Flying in the port eye
 Under mining criminality
 Flood risk management
 MIRG-NL-Maritime Incident Response
Group
 NHF- North Sea Helicopter Flanders
Paradip, Vizag & Mundra
 International ship & port facility
security code
 Flood Risk management
 Fire & Safety
 CISF
Safety & Security

11. Summary
The comparison between bulk cargo handling facilities in Indian ports and European ports can be
complex due to the differences in the types of cargo handled, the size of the ports, and the technological
advancements used. However, here are some general differences and similarities:
Indian ports are known for handling a significant amount of dry bulk cargo such as coal, iron ore, and
grains. Many of the Indian ports have developed specialized terminals and equipment for handling these
types of cargo. However, some of the Indian ports may face challenges such as inadequate infrastructure,
outdated equipment, and poor connectivity with the hinterland.
On the other hand, European ports are known for handling a diverse range of cargo types, including dry
bulk cargo, liquid bulk cargo, containerized cargo, and breakbulk cargo. Many of the European ports have
state-of-the-art facilities and equipment for handling these types of cargo. European ports also have better
road and rail connectivity and are often located closer to major industrial and commercial centers.
In terms of technological advancements, European ports are generally more advanced than Indian ports.
Many European ports have implemented advanced digital solutions such as the Internet of Things (IoT),
automation, and artificial intelligence (AI) to improve efficiency and reduce environmental impact. These
advancements have helped to optimize the flow of cargo, reduce wait times, and improve safety and
security.

12. Recommendations
Here are some recommendations that can help improve the efficiency of Indian ports:
1.Upgrade Infrastructure: Indian ports should upgrade their infrastructure to meet the growing demand
and improve efficiency. This includes building new berths, improving access channels, and modernizing
equipment.
2.Improve Connectivity: Better connectivity between ports and the hinterland can help reduce cargo
transit times and transportation costs. Improving road and rail connectivity is crucial to achieving this.
3.Implement Technology: Indian ports should invest in advanced digital solutions such as the Internet of
Things (IoT), automation, and artificial intelligence (AI) to improve efficiency and reduce environmental
impact.
4.Simplify Procedures: Simplifying procedures and reducing the paperwork required for cargo clearance
can help reduce wait times and improve efficiency.
5.Focus on Sustainability: Indian ports should focus on sustainable practices such as reducing emissions,
waste management, and using renewable energy sources. This can help reduce costs and improve the
image of the ports.

13. References:-
• https://www.adaniports.com/-/media/Project/Ports/Investor/Investor-Downloads/Annual-Report/FY22.pdf
• https://vizagport.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Administration-Report-Annual-Accounts-Audit-Report_English-
2019-20.p
• https://shipmin.dashboard.nic.in/turn_round_time
• https://www.marfret.fr/en/ports/antwerp/
• https://www.portofrotterdam.com/sites/default/files/2022-07/Half-Yearly-Report-2022.pdf
• https://paradipport.gov.in/Admini_report.aspx
• http://vizagport.com/Template/navigateTemplate/gnt/QW5udWFsIFJlcG9ydA==
• http://elebia.com/different-types-of-cranes-used-in-ports/