This study aimed to identify correlations between biochemical markers and risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in people under 40. The study found significant positive correlations between triglycerides, glucose, and cholesterol and known CVD/T2D risk factors like blood pressure and BMI in the total cohort. Separating results by sex, significant correlations were seen between triglycerides and factors like weight, waist circumference, and body fat percentage in males, and between triglycerides, glucose, and blood pressure in females. While most results aligned with past studies, some discrepancies were found, such as no correlation between glucose and risk factors in males.
Simply applying knowledge we have reliably in hand, we could prevent fully 80% of all chronic disease and premature death in modernized and modernizing countries. Standing between us and that prize is an obstacle course of competing claims, false promises, and profit-driven, pop culture nonsense. The case will be made for True Health Coalition to rally diverse voices to the cause of using what we know, even as we pursue what we do not. The challenges, operations, and promise of the endeavor will be discussed.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global public health problem
worldwide. The worldwide prevalence of CKD has increased in
various countries such as the U.S. (13.1%), Taiwan (9.8-11.9%),
Norway (10.2%), Japan (12.9-15.1%) China (3.2-11.3%), Korea (7.2- 13.7%), Thailand (8.45-16.3%), Singapore (3.2-18.6%), and Australia(11.2%)
Crimson Publishers-Highlighting Significance of Weight Loss and Malnutrition ...CrimsonPublishersGGS
Highlighting Significance of Weight Loss and Malnutrition in Older Adults by Vinod Nikhra in Gerontology & Geriatrics studies
There occurs a variable decrease in appetite in about 15% to 30% of older adults. This decline in desire to eat in older adults was described as the 'anorexia of ageing' by John Morley and Silver in 1988 [1]. The appetite deteriorates with increasing age, being higher in women, Hospitalized Patients, old age home residents and those living alone [2]. The reduced appetite and dietary intake is a harbinger of weight loss and malnutrition (WLM) leading to serious consequences for older adults. The weight loss in older adults may represent more of the tissue loss in skeletal muscle than adipose tissue. When excessive, it results in sarcopenia, often associated with protein-energy malnutrition and various deficiencies of vitamins and essential minerals.
Simply applying knowledge we have reliably in hand, we could prevent fully 80% of all chronic disease and premature death in modernized and modernizing countries. Standing between us and that prize is an obstacle course of competing claims, false promises, and profit-driven, pop culture nonsense. The case will be made for True Health Coalition to rally diverse voices to the cause of using what we know, even as we pursue what we do not. The challenges, operations, and promise of the endeavor will be discussed.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global public health problem
worldwide. The worldwide prevalence of CKD has increased in
various countries such as the U.S. (13.1%), Taiwan (9.8-11.9%),
Norway (10.2%), Japan (12.9-15.1%) China (3.2-11.3%), Korea (7.2- 13.7%), Thailand (8.45-16.3%), Singapore (3.2-18.6%), and Australia(11.2%)
Crimson Publishers-Highlighting Significance of Weight Loss and Malnutrition ...CrimsonPublishersGGS
Highlighting Significance of Weight Loss and Malnutrition in Older Adults by Vinod Nikhra in Gerontology & Geriatrics studies
There occurs a variable decrease in appetite in about 15% to 30% of older adults. This decline in desire to eat in older adults was described as the 'anorexia of ageing' by John Morley and Silver in 1988 [1]. The appetite deteriorates with increasing age, being higher in women, Hospitalized Patients, old age home residents and those living alone [2]. The reduced appetite and dietary intake is a harbinger of weight loss and malnutrition (WLM) leading to serious consequences for older adults. The weight loss in older adults may represent more of the tissue loss in skeletal muscle than adipose tissue. When excessive, it results in sarcopenia, often associated with protein-energy malnutrition and various deficiencies of vitamins and essential minerals.
Apelin and Sirtuin 1 Dysregulation induce Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders i...CrimsonPublishersGJEM
Apelin and Sirtuin 1 Dysregulation induce
Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders in Chronic Disease by Ian James Martins in Global Journal of Endocrinological Metabolism
Abstract— Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic and progressive condition with a hereditary predisposition which is further induced by unhealthy lifestyle. It is a silent killer with cardiovascular complications being most common cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with T2DM.
Objective: To find out association of socio demographic and clinical parameters of diabetes type 2 with hypertension and dyslipidemia among Diabetes Mellitus type 2 cases aged 18 to 70 years. Methodology: A cross sectional hospital based study was conducted on 272 type 2 DM patients attending Department of Medicine in a secondary care referral hospital after taking consent.
Results: Hypertension was present in 192 (70.59%) and dyslipidemia was present in 93 (34.19%) of type 2 diabetes patients. Age, family income, presence of family history, duration of illness, type of treatment, consumption of alcohol , BMI, Hba1c level were found to be associated significantly with both hypertension and dyslipidemia in type 2 DM patients.
Join Doc Andrew to see the research that supports plant based diet recommendations. Address common misconceptions. Ask questions @DenverWWAD or join current discussions at #PlantBased, #PlantBasedRx, or #CulinaryRx.
Also, enjoy bonus learning with these topic-related, 2-minute podcasts by Dr. Andrew:
"The Plant Based Diet and How to Get Started"
https://soundcloud.com/denverwwad/healthcast-23
"Eat Your Way to the Finish Line"
https://soundcloud.com/denverwwad/healthcast-4
Andrew Freeman, MD, FACC, FACP is a cardiologist and Assistant Professor of Medicine at National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado. He is part of the leadership of both the local and national American College of Cardiology.
Dr. Freeman founded the Denver chapter of the Walk with a Doc program and is the leader of Walk with a Doc-Colorado.
Walk with a Doc-Denver is a free health improvement and community empowerment initiative. Local doctors and a team of healthcare professionals--all volunteers--host Saturday walks that include expert talks, health screenings, refreshments, and motivational giveaways. For more info visit: Denver.WalkWithADoc.org
Resurge - The Godzilla Of Offers - Resurge weight loss.Med Gaith
Resurge- The Godzilla Offers is a blend of natural products that are helpful to losing weight, boosting the immune system, increasing metabolism, and relieving stress. it is effective against problems that in one way or another are related to weight gain. It is made in the USA and approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
The Effect of Demographic Data and Hemoglobin A 1c on Treatment Outcomes in P...asclepiuspdfs
Objective: Diabetes mellitus, the most common cause of non-traumatic foot amputations, is a life-threatening condition due to its high mortality and morbidity. In our study, we retrospectively evaluated our patients with diabetic foot syndrome in our clinic. Materials and Methods: The demographic data, duration of diabetes, Wagner classification, haemoglobin A 1c (HbA1c) levels, white blood cell, C-reactive protein sedimentation levels, hospital stay, and treatment results were evaluated retrospectively in 14 patients with diabetic foot between January 2017 and December 2018. Results: The mean age of the patients was 62.43 ± 7.7 years. Of the 14 patients, 3 were females and 11 were males. All 14 patients were type 2 diabetes mellitus. When diabetic foot Wagner classification was performed, 6 patients were evaluated as Wagner 2, five patients were Wagner 3, and three patients were evaluated as Wagner 4. Nine patients had complete amputation and 3 had vascular surgery. Conclusion: Although the level of HbA1c is below the target level, the risk of diabetic foot is increased when there is no adequate diabetes mellitus foot training. Inadequate diabetic patient education and hospitalization of patients after infection progress the amputation rate.
Join Doc Andrew to see what's new in health research that supports plant based diet recommendations. Share your questions via @DenverWWAD or email FreemanA@njhealth.org
Andrew Freeman, MD, FACC, FACP is a cardiologist and Director of Clinical Cardiology and Operations at National Jewish Health in Denver, Colorado. He holds leadership roles in the American College of Cardiology at the local and national levels. Dr. Freeman founded Denver's chapter of the Walk with a Doc program and heads Walk with a Doc-Colorado.
Walk with a Doc-Denver is a cost-free empowerment initiative powered by people improving their health, local doctors, and other health professionals who prescribe exercise-as-medicine. The mission? To elevate community health--one walk at a time! The program's Saturday walks include expert talks, health screenings, refreshments, and motivational giveaways. For more info visit: http://walkwithadoc.org/our-locations/denver/
There has been an increase in the predominance of diabetes mellitus over the past 40 years worldwide. The worldwide occurrence of diabetes in 2000 was approximately 2.8% and is estimated to grow to 4.4% by 2030. This data interprets a projected rise of diabetes from 171 million in 2000 to well over 350 million in 2030. The presence of hypertension in diabetic patients substantially increases the risks of coronary heart disease, stroke, nephropathy and retinopathy. Indeed, when hypertension coexists with diabetes, the risk of CVD is increased by 75%, which further contributes to the overall morbidity and mortality of an already high risk population. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus have a considerably higher risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and are disproportionately affected by cardiovascular disease. Most of this excess risk is associated with high prevalence of well-established risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidaemia and obesity in these patients. Hypertension plays a major role in the development and progression of microvascular and macrovascular disease in people with diabetes. Lifestyle Modifications and pharmacotherapy are the choice for the Management of Hypertension in Patients with Diabetes.
Planning for the future - when does the future start? Laura-Jane Smith
Presentation at PLAN Network event, on advance care planning in chronic respiratory disease. NB last few slides are resources for the group task, and references. Let me know i I missed any!
Social Media for Teaching, Learning, and LiteracyEric Stoller
Keynote for the Social Media for Learning in Higher Education Conference #SocMedHE15 at Sheffield Hallam University.
Intro Star Wars video at:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=556cQh8tQGo
About Eric Stoller:
http://ericstoller.com/work
#SocMedHE15
https://blogs.shu.ac.uk/socmedhe/
Apelin and Sirtuin 1 Dysregulation induce Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders i...CrimsonPublishersGJEM
Apelin and Sirtuin 1 Dysregulation induce
Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders in Chronic Disease by Ian James Martins in Global Journal of Endocrinological Metabolism
Abstract— Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic and progressive condition with a hereditary predisposition which is further induced by unhealthy lifestyle. It is a silent killer with cardiovascular complications being most common cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with T2DM.
Objective: To find out association of socio demographic and clinical parameters of diabetes type 2 with hypertension and dyslipidemia among Diabetes Mellitus type 2 cases aged 18 to 70 years. Methodology: A cross sectional hospital based study was conducted on 272 type 2 DM patients attending Department of Medicine in a secondary care referral hospital after taking consent.
Results: Hypertension was present in 192 (70.59%) and dyslipidemia was present in 93 (34.19%) of type 2 diabetes patients. Age, family income, presence of family history, duration of illness, type of treatment, consumption of alcohol , BMI, Hba1c level were found to be associated significantly with both hypertension and dyslipidemia in type 2 DM patients.
Join Doc Andrew to see the research that supports plant based diet recommendations. Address common misconceptions. Ask questions @DenverWWAD or join current discussions at #PlantBased, #PlantBasedRx, or #CulinaryRx.
Also, enjoy bonus learning with these topic-related, 2-minute podcasts by Dr. Andrew:
"The Plant Based Diet and How to Get Started"
https://soundcloud.com/denverwwad/healthcast-23
"Eat Your Way to the Finish Line"
https://soundcloud.com/denverwwad/healthcast-4
Andrew Freeman, MD, FACC, FACP is a cardiologist and Assistant Professor of Medicine at National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado. He is part of the leadership of both the local and national American College of Cardiology.
Dr. Freeman founded the Denver chapter of the Walk with a Doc program and is the leader of Walk with a Doc-Colorado.
Walk with a Doc-Denver is a free health improvement and community empowerment initiative. Local doctors and a team of healthcare professionals--all volunteers--host Saturday walks that include expert talks, health screenings, refreshments, and motivational giveaways. For more info visit: Denver.WalkWithADoc.org
Resurge - The Godzilla Of Offers - Resurge weight loss.Med Gaith
Resurge- The Godzilla Offers is a blend of natural products that are helpful to losing weight, boosting the immune system, increasing metabolism, and relieving stress. it is effective against problems that in one way or another are related to weight gain. It is made in the USA and approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
The Effect of Demographic Data and Hemoglobin A 1c on Treatment Outcomes in P...asclepiuspdfs
Objective: Diabetes mellitus, the most common cause of non-traumatic foot amputations, is a life-threatening condition due to its high mortality and morbidity. In our study, we retrospectively evaluated our patients with diabetic foot syndrome in our clinic. Materials and Methods: The demographic data, duration of diabetes, Wagner classification, haemoglobin A 1c (HbA1c) levels, white blood cell, C-reactive protein sedimentation levels, hospital stay, and treatment results were evaluated retrospectively in 14 patients with diabetic foot between January 2017 and December 2018. Results: The mean age of the patients was 62.43 ± 7.7 years. Of the 14 patients, 3 were females and 11 were males. All 14 patients were type 2 diabetes mellitus. When diabetic foot Wagner classification was performed, 6 patients were evaluated as Wagner 2, five patients were Wagner 3, and three patients were evaluated as Wagner 4. Nine patients had complete amputation and 3 had vascular surgery. Conclusion: Although the level of HbA1c is below the target level, the risk of diabetic foot is increased when there is no adequate diabetes mellitus foot training. Inadequate diabetic patient education and hospitalization of patients after infection progress the amputation rate.
Join Doc Andrew to see what's new in health research that supports plant based diet recommendations. Share your questions via @DenverWWAD or email FreemanA@njhealth.org
Andrew Freeman, MD, FACC, FACP is a cardiologist and Director of Clinical Cardiology and Operations at National Jewish Health in Denver, Colorado. He holds leadership roles in the American College of Cardiology at the local and national levels. Dr. Freeman founded Denver's chapter of the Walk with a Doc program and heads Walk with a Doc-Colorado.
Walk with a Doc-Denver is a cost-free empowerment initiative powered by people improving their health, local doctors, and other health professionals who prescribe exercise-as-medicine. The mission? To elevate community health--one walk at a time! The program's Saturday walks include expert talks, health screenings, refreshments, and motivational giveaways. For more info visit: http://walkwithadoc.org/our-locations/denver/
There has been an increase in the predominance of diabetes mellitus over the past 40 years worldwide. The worldwide occurrence of diabetes in 2000 was approximately 2.8% and is estimated to grow to 4.4% by 2030. This data interprets a projected rise of diabetes from 171 million in 2000 to well over 350 million in 2030. The presence of hypertension in diabetic patients substantially increases the risks of coronary heart disease, stroke, nephropathy and retinopathy. Indeed, when hypertension coexists with diabetes, the risk of CVD is increased by 75%, which further contributes to the overall morbidity and mortality of an already high risk population. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus have a considerably higher risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and are disproportionately affected by cardiovascular disease. Most of this excess risk is associated with high prevalence of well-established risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidaemia and obesity in these patients. Hypertension plays a major role in the development and progression of microvascular and macrovascular disease in people with diabetes. Lifestyle Modifications and pharmacotherapy are the choice for the Management of Hypertension in Patients with Diabetes.
Planning for the future - when does the future start? Laura-Jane Smith
Presentation at PLAN Network event, on advance care planning in chronic respiratory disease. NB last few slides are resources for the group task, and references. Let me know i I missed any!
Social Media for Teaching, Learning, and LiteracyEric Stoller
Keynote for the Social Media for Learning in Higher Education Conference #SocMedHE15 at Sheffield Hallam University.
Intro Star Wars video at:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=556cQh8tQGo
About Eric Stoller:
http://ericstoller.com/work
#SocMedHE15
https://blogs.shu.ac.uk/socmedhe/
How to get a distinction in your MBA dissertationLaura Janes
A guide on succeeding in your MBA project/dissertation from an MBA graduate who's project achieved a distinction and received the prize for highest academic achievement. Presentation for part of the Bath MBA project workshop.
Dissertation Proposal - Impact of a Leadership Development Program on Interpe...Peter Stinson
A Proposal as a part of an Applied Dissertation
Submitted to the Fischler School of Education and Human Services
at Nova Southeastern University
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Doctor of Education
An American multinational corporation, Nike, Inc. is one of the most leading brands which designs, develops and sells footwear, apparel, accessories, equipment and other services worldwide.
For more details:- https://myassignmenthelp.com/case-study/nike-swot-pest-analysis-case-study.html
The Best way to do PEST Analysis
This slideshow provides a brief tutorial on a new diagrammatic method, developed at the world famous Henley Business School in the UK.
The new method overcomes some of the major weaknesses of traditional PEST /‘PESTLE (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal, Environmental) analysis. Traditional PESTLE tends to generate a random list of unrelated facts – not very useful for understanding your business, developing strategy or convincing other business leaders.
We show how you can use the PESTLEWeb method to tell a clear and compelling ‘story’ that leads from key issues to business threats and opportunities.
PESTLEWeb is supported by a new tool at www.PESTLEWeb.com. The new web-based tool helps you create great graphics and enables the automatic generation of outline reports and tabulated data to support your paper or presentation.
Respond on two different days who selected different alterations andmickietanger
Respond on two different days who selected different alterations and factors than you, in one or more of the following ways:
Share insights on how the factor you selected impacts the cardiovascular alteration your colleague selected.
Offer and support an alternative perspective using readings from the classroom or from your own research in the Walden Library.
Validate an idea with your own experience and additional research.
Main Post
The purpose of this paper is to explore coronary artery disease (CAD), the roles of hypertension and dyslipidemia affect CAD, and exploring if genetics is a factor in CAD. The progression of CAD can lead to myocardial ischemia, infarction, and even death if left untreated. Heart disease remains the number one cause of death in the United States, and understanding these factors plays a continued role in developing strategies, both preventive and treatment efforts.
Coronary Artery Disease
CAD is normally the result of atherosclerosis, the build-up of plaque due to damaged endothelium that allows fat to accumulate and decrease the diameter of the vessel. The decrease in vessel size allows for blockage and decreased blood flow to the coronary vessel; this leads to ischemia, where the cells are deprived of blood and begin the process of dying if left untreated. Persistent ischemia or the complete occlusion of a coronary artery causes the acute coronary syndromes, including infarction, or irreversible myocardial damage (Huether & McCance, 2017). Also, known as a heart attack or myocardial infarction (MI). Fortunately, the incidence and mortality statistics for CAD have been decreasing over the past 15 years because of more aggressive recognition, prevention, and treatment (Huether & McCance, 2017).
Hypertension’s Role in Coronary Artery Disease
Hypertension is a consistent elevation of systemic arterial blood pressure (Huether & McCance, 2017). Fortunately, hypertension a key factor in CAD is modifiable and can be monitored closely to prevent further disease progression. Hypertension is common; it ranks as the number one primary diagnosis in America. Pathophysiological mechanisms of blood pressure as a risk factor for CAD are complex and include the influence of blood pressure as a physical force on the development of the atherosclerotic plaque, and the relationship between pulsatile hemodynamics/arterial stiffness and coronary perfusion (Weber et al., 2016). The presence of hypertension further increases the risk of CAD and may explain why some individuals are more predisposed than others to developing coronary events (Rosendorff et al., 2015). Pathophysiological mechanisms of blood pressure as a risk factor for CAD are complex and include the influence of blood pressure as a physical force on the development of the atherosclerotic plaque, and the relationship between pulsatile hemodynamics/arterial stiffness and coronary perfus ...
Poster shared with audience at AHS 2016 Denver, Colorado. By Dr. Jeff Gerber, Dr. Amy H. Savagian and Ivor Cummins BE(Chem) CEng MIEI - forget 'cholesterol' - it's Insulin that pertains to heart disease risk !
Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Health Outcomes, and Health Care Costs: The Case f...Firstbeat Technologies
Physical inactivity is becoming a world-wide epidemic – and the consequences can be both costly and deadly. This was outlined by Dr. Jonathan Myers who, citing a range of studies and recent research results, was able to show hard-hitting data related to the correlation between fitness (or lack thereof) and poor health. Myers argues fitness may well be a better marker than traditional risk factors for CVD and all-cause mortality. Amongst the eye-opening findings presented to the audience was that, for the first time, global deaths-per-year due to physical inactivity are higher than for smoking.
Predicting Trends in Preventive Care Service Utilization Impacting Cardiovasc...gpartha85
-To characterize the utilization pattern of preventive care services impacting cardiovascular outcomes in a U.S population using a national database
-To predict the trends in cardiovascular preventive care services in a U.S. population
Predicting Trends in Preventive Care Service Utilization Impacting Cardiovasc...gpartha85
National reports point towards disparities in the utilization of preventive care services but sparse literature exists regarding predicting utilization pattern of preventive care services.
METHODS: The 2007 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), a national probability sample survey of the ambulatory civilian US population, was analyzed to determine demographic patterns of utilization. Recommendations by JNC-VII and NCEP were used to determine guideline adherence to blood pressure and cholesterol checkup respectively. Utilization of blood pressure screening and cholesterol checkup services were used as the dependent variable while age, gender, race, ethnicity, insurance status, perceived health status were used as independent variables. Since guidelines differ for people with elevated blood pressure, respondents with elevated blood pressure were identified in the MEPS database by self-reported diagnosis. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the population, chi-square analysis was used to determine the group differences for the categorical variables. Multivariate logistic regression model was built to predict odds of utilizing appropriate preventive se!
rvices. All analysis was carried out using SAS v9.1.
RESULTS: Total number of adult respondents was 20,434 of which data was available for blood pressure checkup for 20,187 respondents and 15,784 respondents for cholesterol checkup. Overall, respondents were found to adhere to guideline recommendations for getting the blood pressure (n=17,959, 89.0%) and cholesterol (n=14,956, 94.7%) check-up done. A univariate chi-square analysis showed statistically significant differences across all independent variables between people who utilized the preventive care service and those who didn t for blood pressure checkup (p<0><0>65) had much higher odds of using the blood pressure (OR=2.815, CI=2.317-3.420 ) and cholesterol (OR=3.190, CI=2.396-4.!
249 ) preventive services. Males had much lower odds of getting blood pressure (OR=0.350, CI=0.318-0.384) and cholesterol (OR=0.597, CI=0.516-0.692) checks done compared to females. Odds of utilization were nearly similar for all races. Uninsured had lower odds for blood pressure (OR=0.282, CI=0.253-0.315) and cholesterol (OR=0.314, CI=0.262-0.376) use compared to privately insured people.
CONCLUSIONS: Overall MEPS respondents adhered to blood pressure and cholesterol check up guidelines. The study was however successful in identifying existing age, race, income, insurance status related disparities in US population.
Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Health Outcomes, and Health Care Costs: The Case f...Matti Salakka 🐠
Physical inactivity is becoming a world-wide epidemic – and the consequences can be both costly and deadly. This was outlined by Dr. Jonathan Myers who, citing a range of studies and recent research results, was able to show hard-hitting data related to the correlation between fitness (or lack thereof) and poor health. Myers argues fitness may well be a better marker than traditional risk factors for CVD and all-cause mortality. Amongst the eye-opening findings presented to the audience was that, for the first time, global deaths-per-year due to physical inactivity are higher than for smoking.
1. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is defined as a disorder relating to the heart or vasculature (World Health
Organization, 2013). As of 2014, within the UK, CVD stands second only to cancer as the cause greatest cause of
resident mortality, accounting for 28% of patient deaths (British Heart Foundation 2014)
Diabetes mellitus type II (T2D) is characterised by hyperglycaemia, developing due to an inability to effectively
utilize insulin – where cellular resistance to insulin is coupled with a reduction in pancreatic insulin secretion
(World Health Organization, 1999). T2D stands as one of the leading causes of premature morbidity worldwide,
due to associated CVD development (Ho et al., 1993; Grundy et al., 1999).
T2D and CVD are associated with a plethora of risk factors/markers (such as high BMI and raised blood
pressure), both of which are becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide, as more countries begin to adopt the
‘Western Lifestyle.’(Mente and Yusuf, 2012).
This study aimed to identify correlations between bio-chemical markers and risk factors known to be associated
with CVD and T2D development in the younger population, and determine whether these results were
comparable to existing studies.
Introduction Results
Hypothesis
The Relationship Between Metabolic Risk Markers and Other Relative Risk
Factors for Diabetes Mellitus Type II and Cardiovascular Disease in those
Under 40
The majority of the correlations between the bio-chemical markers (triglycerides, cholesterol and glucose) when
correlated against each other and against known risk factors associated with CVD and T2D, will be found to
express a significant positive correlation. This would support the role of triglycerides, cholesterol and glucose in
the development of CVD and T2D as previously documented in past/ongoing studies.
Discussion
Results for triglycerides found 18 significant correlations against known risk factors for T2D/CVD when assessing
the whole cohort plus males and females separately, many of which were similar to correlations found by larger
studies –therefore reinforcing the fact that triglycerides concentration should be considered an independent
CVD/T2D risk factor (Hokanson and Austin, 1996; Miller et al., 2011; Murad et al., 2012). However, our study
failed to identify a correlation between triglycerides and weight in the total and female cohort, which has long
since been identified as having a strong positive relationship (Sommariva et al., 1986).
Cholesterol results identified correlations between systolic blood pressure and triglycerides, of which are
supported by numerous studies which identify relationships between these findings and increased T2D and CVD
risk (Eeg-Olofsson et al., 2014; Jiang et al., 2004; Thomas et al., 2002).
When analysing the female cohort for glucose correlations, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, as well as
triglycerides were found to be significantly correlated. These results are comparable to those found by published
studies of a far larger cohort (Daboul, 2011; Filipovský et al., 1996). Interestingly, analysis of the male cohort
found no statistical significance between glucose and the T2D/CDV risk factors – contradictory to extensive
research by the Framingham study, which suggests that glucose is greatly linked with a potent risk of CVD and
T2D development (Kannel & McGee, 1979; Mazzone, 2010; Buse, et al., 2007; Libby, et al., 2005).
References:
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eg-Olofsson, K., Gudbjörnsdottir, S., Eliasson, B., Zethelius, B., Cederholm, J., 2014. The triglycerides-to-HDL-cholesterol ratio and cardiovascular disease risk in obese patients with type 2 diabetes: an observational study from the Swedish National Diabetes Register (NDR). Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 106, 136–44.
-Filipovský, J., Ducimetiére, P., Eschwége, E., Richard, J.L., Rosselin, G., Claude, J.R., 1996. The relationship of blood pressure with glucose, insulin, heart rate, free fatty acids and plasma cortisol levels according to degree of obesity in middle-aged men. J. Hypertens. 14, 229–35.
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-Laakso, M., 1999. Benefits of Strict Glucose and Blood Pressure Control in Type 2 Diabetes : Lessons From the UK Prospective Diabetes Study. Circulation 99, 461–462.
-Libby, P., Nathan, D.M., Abraham, K., Brunzell, J.D., Fradkin, J.E., Haffner, S.M., Hsueh, W., Rewers, M., Roberts, B.T., Savage, P.J., Skarlatos, S., Wassef, M., Rabadan-Diehl, C., 2005. Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Working Group on Cardiovascular Complications of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.
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-Mannucci, E., Dicembrini, I., Lauria, A., Pozzilli, P., 2013. Is glucose control important for prevention of cardiovascular disease in diabetes? Diabetes Care 36, 259–263.
-Mazzone, T., 2010. Intensive glucose lowering and cardiovascular disease prevention in diabetes: reconciling the recent clinical trial data. Circulation 122, 2201–11.
-Mente, A., Yusuf, S., 2012. Reducing cardiovascular mortality through lifestyle change in Japan. Eur. Heart J. 33, 428–9.
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Luke Peter Halpin (10202324)
Senior Supervisor- Dr. Carol Rea Life Sciences Research Project BGY3003M
Statistical Analysis:
Using software by Minitab, measurements from the blood analysis and physiological
measurements underwent calculation to determine the means, standard deviations,
Pearson’s correlation. ANCOVA analysis was performed on significant data frpm the
total cohort and regression analysis were performed on significant correlations found
in the separate male and female cohorts
Physiological Measurements:
Measurements for body composition including: height, weight, hip circumference
and waist circumference were taken from each participant. Fat % (via bioelectrical
impedance) and blood pressure were also assessed.
Blood Analysis:
Each sample was centrifuged for 10 minutes at 3500 rpm , allowing the serum to be
extracted and analysed by the ABX-Pentra 400 – concentrations for total triglycerides,
cholesterol and glucose per sample were quantified.
Phlebotomy:
Blood samples were collected from each participant
Participant Recruitment:
Individuals < 40 years old were asked to participate in the study via social media,
word-of-mouth and e-mail. The cohort consisted of 94 participants (32 males, 62
females)
Information Leaflet:
A leaflet outlining the purpose and procedures used in the study was produced.
Background information on CVD and T2D was also included.
Ethical and Risk Assessment:
EA1 and EA2 forms and asCOSHH assessment were completed and approved by the
Life Sciences ethical committee at the University of Lincoln.
Methodology
•Analysis of the total cohort identified 12 significant correlations out of 36 tested parameters for Pearson’s
correlation analysis between triglycerides, glucose and cholesterol against each other and CVD/T2D associated
risk factors (P=< 0.05, with 95% confidence).
•ANCOVA analysis was performed on these significant correlations. 11 of these 12 parameters were found to be
significant which suggested that there was significant difference between data collected between males and
females (see table 1). Therefore, analysis of data was performed on male and female results separately.
•Male cohort Pearson’s correlation identified 8 out of 36 tested parameters, with the following found to be
significant to 95% confidence with a P-value < 0.05:
• Triglycerides against: weight, waist, waist:hip, body fat (% )and BMI
• Cholesterol against: waist:hip, body fat (%) and BMI
•Female cohort Pearson’s correlation identified 8 out of 36 tested parameters, with the following found to be
significant to 95% confidence with a P-value < 0.05:
• Triglycerides against: systolic blood pressure, glucose and cholesterol
• Cholesterol against: systolic blood pressure and triglycerides
• Glucose against: systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and triglycerides
Variable 1 Variable 2 Variable 3 F Value R2 (adj) % P Value
Triglycerides Waist Gender 11.99 13.47 0.001
Triglycerides Hip Gender 3.55 5.98 0.063
Triglycerides Waist:Hip Gender 6.15 8.63 0.015
Triglycerides Systolic Gender 4.84 13.35 0.030
Triglycerides Glucose Gender 5.03 11.20 0.027
Triglycerides Cholesterol Gender 14.20 19.23 <0.001
Triglycerides BMI Gender 10.70 12.36 0.002
Cholesterol Triglycerides Gender 15.49 15.96 <0.001
Glucose Hip Gender 4.83 3.17 0.031
Glucose Systolic Gender 6.86 8.42 0.010
Glucose Diastolic Gender 9.40 7.89 0.003
Glucose Triglycerides Gender 5.40 6.99 0.022
Table 1. ANCOVA results from statistically significant Pearson correlation results of the total cohort.
y = 12.171x + 107
R² (adj) = 0.172
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
AverageSystolicPressure(mmHg)
Triglycerides (mmol/L)
Regression between Triglycerides and Average Systolic Pressure in
Females
y = 3.3371x + 19.46
R² = 0.2096
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
BMI(Kg/m2)
Triglycerides (mmol/L)
Regression between Triglycerides and BMI in Males
Figure 2: A – Under 40 male cohort regression analysis for triglycerides against BMI (P= 0.005); B- Under 40
female cohort regression analysis for Triglycerides against systolic blood (P= < 0.001)
A B
Figure 1: Illustration of BMI classification (Aspiring Bariatics Laproscopy and Endoscopy, 2005)
Conclusion
Many significant correlations were identified between triglycerides, glucose and cholesterol and risk markers for
T2D and CVD, the majority of which were correlative to previously existing studies – and therefore fulfilled the
aim of this study. However, there were some discrepancies between some of the results and widely known
correlations associated with glucose and cholesterol concentrations and risk factors. With CVD and T2D being
amongst the main contributors for premature mortality in the UK, the continuation of research into the
associated risk factors is required to fuel medical advances and disease understanding to effectively lower these
statistics and improve the quality of life for CVD and T2D sufferers for generations to come.