This document analyzes Lebanon's 2009 draft law regulating service provider licensing. The analysis was prepared for Schools Online, an NGO working to establish internet learning centers. The draft law aimed to liberalize Lebanon's telecommunications sector and encourage competition by opening it up to private participation. However, the analysis notes weaknesses like inadequate broadband capacity that hindered reliable, affordable internet access and perpetuated a digital divide. The document provides background on Lebanon's telecom sector and issues relevant to Schools Online, and will inform their decision to operate in Lebanon.
Gebran Bassil's 2009 Telecom General RulesCedarcom News
A vision and roadmap for the Lebanese telecom sector's future by Minister Gebran Bassil. Cedarcom News highlighted the core elements of the General Rules for your convenience. The General Rules can also be found on the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) website in both Arabic and English (http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/treg/Events/Seminars/GSR/GSR09/papers.html)
Gebran Bassil's 2009 Telecom General RulesCedarcom News
A vision and roadmap for the Lebanese telecom sector's future by Minister Gebran Bassil. Cedarcom News highlighted the core elements of the General Rules for your convenience. The General Rules can also be found on the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) website in both Arabic and English (http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/treg/Events/Seminars/GSR/GSR09/papers.html)
Community Networks: Kenya Telecoop Project Concept Njiraini Mwende
Now referred to as Community Networks, this is concept is based on values of voluntary associations, resources and expertise available in local cooperatives and communities to provide telecommunication services. The rural Tel-coop concept is proposed for implementation in selected rural areas with the objective of improving connectivity and contributing to the achievement of the government’s policy objective universal access to ICT services.
Stimulating Broadband through
Universal Service
Convergence of Era Broadband training program
2-4 April , 2012
Hyderabad, India
SOLONGO MALTAR
(solongo@ictpa.gov.mn)
Information, Communications Technology and Post Authority
Mongolia
High speed internet development in Africa using 4G-LTE technology-a reviewjournalBEEI
The African continent is ranked second most populated region and has a huge amount of natural resources to be locally transformed or outsourced overseas. The traditional telecommunications system has helped connect people and enabled them to manage their businesses and trading in Africa for a long-time; many African countries have embarked early in changing their network and technology systems during the first years of the information age. Over a few decades ago, the introduction of new telecommunication methods and techniques have influenced much of African countries’ growth via different perspectives. The situation has triggered an enormous interest in people. They analyzed the factors supporting such changes, which in the case of this paper is all about the advent and adoption of LTE/4G-LTE technologies including its service commercialization in Africa. This review article attempts to provide an overview of 4G-LTE networks technologies and the internet; it includes the current evolution of telecommunication networks within and even beyond the African continent, assisted by the 4G-LTE expansion. An extended view is provided throughout this article’s development with respect to what could be expected (or is missing) for the sake of this continent’s telecommunication infrastructure enhancement and a better QoS to Africa’s dwellers.
The U.S. telecom industry has undergone a number of significant changes over the past few years.
In this presentation that Dr. Jim Anderson created for MBA students, he explains where the industry has been and where it is going.
Dr. Anderson takes the time to explain the changes that have occurred in the industry in terms of the classes that MBA students have already had. He brings home how the changes have dramatically reshaped the telecom industry.
For more information on Dr. Jim Anderson and his company, Blue Elephant Consulting, find out more on the web at http://www.BlueElephantConsulting.com
Presentation given at the ITU regional symposium on “Developing an Effective ICT Training Capability in the Telecommunication/ICT Sector in Africa” held in Abidjan, Ivory Coast from 16-18 November 2011
Community Networks: Kenya Telecoop Project Concept Njiraini Mwende
Now referred to as Community Networks, this is concept is based on values of voluntary associations, resources and expertise available in local cooperatives and communities to provide telecommunication services. The rural Tel-coop concept is proposed for implementation in selected rural areas with the objective of improving connectivity and contributing to the achievement of the government’s policy objective universal access to ICT services.
Stimulating Broadband through
Universal Service
Convergence of Era Broadband training program
2-4 April , 2012
Hyderabad, India
SOLONGO MALTAR
(solongo@ictpa.gov.mn)
Information, Communications Technology and Post Authority
Mongolia
High speed internet development in Africa using 4G-LTE technology-a reviewjournalBEEI
The African continent is ranked second most populated region and has a huge amount of natural resources to be locally transformed or outsourced overseas. The traditional telecommunications system has helped connect people and enabled them to manage their businesses and trading in Africa for a long-time; many African countries have embarked early in changing their network and technology systems during the first years of the information age. Over a few decades ago, the introduction of new telecommunication methods and techniques have influenced much of African countries’ growth via different perspectives. The situation has triggered an enormous interest in people. They analyzed the factors supporting such changes, which in the case of this paper is all about the advent and adoption of LTE/4G-LTE technologies including its service commercialization in Africa. This review article attempts to provide an overview of 4G-LTE networks technologies and the internet; it includes the current evolution of telecommunication networks within and even beyond the African continent, assisted by the 4G-LTE expansion. An extended view is provided throughout this article’s development with respect to what could be expected (or is missing) for the sake of this continent’s telecommunication infrastructure enhancement and a better QoS to Africa’s dwellers.
The U.S. telecom industry has undergone a number of significant changes over the past few years.
In this presentation that Dr. Jim Anderson created for MBA students, he explains where the industry has been and where it is going.
Dr. Anderson takes the time to explain the changes that have occurred in the industry in terms of the classes that MBA students have already had. He brings home how the changes have dramatically reshaped the telecom industry.
For more information on Dr. Jim Anderson and his company, Blue Elephant Consulting, find out more on the web at http://www.BlueElephantConsulting.com
Presentation given at the ITU regional symposium on “Developing an Effective ICT Training Capability in the Telecommunication/ICT Sector in Africa” held in Abidjan, Ivory Coast from 16-18 November 2011
HE Dr Abdulrahman Al-Jafary, Governor of the Communications and Information Technology Commission in Saudi Arabia reviews the range of challenges and tasks facing the communications regulator
M-government Implications For E-Government In Developing Countries: The Case ...Peachy Essay
This paper contributes to the issue of mGovernment implementations by exploring the government’s policy on ICT and e-Government in Saudi Arabia, and sheds light on the role of mGovernment applications for enhancing information and service delivery to citizens. This also describes the results of a survey on the available mGovernment applications, and provides an overall evaluation of them in Saudi Arabia.
1 chapter one - nature and impact of mobile financial services on the telec...Jeremmy Okonjo
This chapter explores the first research question: what is the impact of the convergence of mobile and financial services on the Kenyan telecommunications sector? It analyses the process of convergence in ICT generally, and telecoms in particular. It describes the convergence of mobile and financial services in Kenya, and the resultant converged service known as “mobile financial services”. In addition, this chapter maps out the business processes of providing mobile financial services, with the aim of appreciating the roles and functions of various stakeholders in the mobile financial services sector. These stakeholders include regulators, mobile network operators, other market players, the consumers, and the State.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
1. An analysis of policy conducted by:
Lauren Moloney-Egnatios
Prepared for:
Schools Online
Lebanon’s draft law for Service Provider Licensing Regulation
(2009)
Draft Law passed on February 10, 2010
SIS 645: International Communications and Cultural Policy
2. Table of Contents:
I.Executive Summary
II.Background
III.The Issue (as relevant to Schools Online)
IV.Policy Analysis
A.Description
B.Communications Model Analysis
C.Strengths and Weaknesses
Recommendations for Policy Improvement
VI. Implications for Lebanon
VII. Implications for International Relations
VII.Bibliography
2
3. I.Executive Summary:
This report analyzes the 2009-2010 draft law for Service Provider Licensing Regulation
created by the Telecommunications Regulatory Agency. The analysis will describe the articles
and provisions relevant to Schools Online’s mission, an international NGO combating the
global and regional digital divide in the education sector through the establishment of Internet
Learning Centers. Using global communications models as benchmarks for analysis, the
strengths and weaknesses of this policy will be discussed. This report can be utilized by
Schools Online to better inform the organization’s decision to operate in Lebanon in the
future. Upon conclusion of the report, recommendations will be provided to the Lebanese
Government as to how the policy could be improved to promote a more perfect information
environment with healthy competition in the telecommunications sector, as defined by the
participatory model of communication. Finally, implications of the policy on international
relations and future international communications policy development will be discussed.
II.Introduction:
For the most part, Lebanon has enjoyed a long history of quality education. Most of the
country is literate, often in three or more languages (Arabic, French and English). However,
computer (and Internet) penetration in schools, particularly public schools, is low. Public
school curriculum can be outdated and lacks resources necessary to train the next generation of
Lebanese leaders in the latest tools (Metzger: USAID/BEIRUT 2001, 3).
4. My chosen client, Schools Online, attempts to combat the national digital divide while
simultaneously, improving nations’ educational sectors by establishing Internet Learning
Centers in developing countries (http://www.schoolsonline.org/). Schools Online is part of the
educational division of Relief International, a humanitarian non-profit agency that provides
emergency relief, rehabilitation, development assistance, and program services to vulnerable
communities worldwide. It is the mission of Schools Online to help students gain access and
use the communication and information resources of the Internet for learning and cross-
cultural dialogue.
Thus far, Schools Online has not been able to establish an Internet Learning Center in
Lebanon. Its mission is very difficult to achieve with slow, costly and inadequate bandwidth
capacities. In the past, Schools Online showed great commitment to potentially investing in
Lebanon’s educational sector. For example, a 2001 USAID report on Beirut reports that Schools
Online donated a significant sum of money to a Lebanese Foundation expanding internet
connectivity in public schools (Metzger, 200, 10). In addition, an informational interview in
2012 revealed that this educational organization is merely waiting for adequate signs of “ICT
infrastructure stability” before investing in the establishment of ILCs throughout the country.
The policy analyzed below in this paper provides recommendations for better informing the
decision of Schools Online about whether ISP licensing and service regulation will, in fact, yield
ICT stability the new business will need to achieve its mission.
III.Background:
Despite it’s politically complex and sectarian government, Lebanon is one of the more
democratic countries in the Middle East. The country’s business climate is friendly to direct
4
5. foreign and domestic investors. It does not distinguish between the two in commercial policies
(Bureau of Economic, Energy and Business Affairs: Department of State 2011 Business Climate
Report, http://www.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2011/index.htm). In this way, Lebanon is different
from some of the neighboring Arab countries in that new ICT development projects in Lebanon
can enjoy the general business climate in the country, where trade is open, taxation is reasonable,
and related commercial policies compare favorably to other countries in the Middle East.
However, historically, the Lebanese Government had a monopoly on the international
and national telecommunications sector. The Ministry of Telecommunications (MOT) solely
owned and/or licensed all fixed, mobile, and wireless networks. OGERO (Organisme de Gestion
et d'Exploitation de l'ex Radio Orient) is a 100% government owned telecommunications
company established in 1972 and supervised by the Ministry of Telecommunications
(http://www.ogero.gov.lb/Published/EN/profile.html). In 1996, through the support of the
Ministry of Telecommunications, Ogero played a pioneering role in introducing internet services
to the first country in the Levant region: Lebanon. Before the attempt to privatize the
telecommunications sector in 2002, Ogero was the only entity in Lebanon responsible for the
operations, maintenance, sales, marketing, billing and management of the fixed telecom network
in the country (Open Net Initiative: Internet Filtering in Lebanon, 2009).
In 2002, MOT issued a new law for the privatization of the ICT sector (United Nations
Report, “National Profile of the Information Society in Lebanon”, 2009). In efforts to transform
Lebanon’s telecommunications market and revitalize the economy that suffered from years of
civil war, the Lebanese Government made it a national imperative to turn the
telecommunications sector into a competitive market through privatization. Tied to this initiative
MOT established an independent regulatory agency, the Telecommunications Regulatory
6. Authority. Upon appointment of its board members in 2007, the TRA began official operation.
Established by Law 431 (read below), it is legally mandated to liberalize, regulate, and develop
telecommunications in Lebanon. It’s primary duties are to encourage investment, competition
and transparency in the private and public sector and consequently, ICT growth, through the
regulation of licensing and the monitoring of dominant or abusive activity in the market that
inhibit competition (TRA website: http://www.tra.gov.lb/). It is believed that the TRA represents
a significant step signaling the beginning of the liberalization and restructuring process of the
Lebanese telecommunications sector.
The 2002 Telecommunications Law 431 is the current law governing telecommunications
sector and delineating the powers and duties of both the TRA and the Ministry of
Telecommunications. It recognizes the Lebanese Government’s (MOT owned Ogero) monopoly
over international telecommunications and national phone network (Open Net Initiative, 2009),
yet attempts to liberalize the national telecommunications sector by opening it up for private
participation. For example, the law allows telecommunications service providers to set their own
rates and tariffs based on market prices and conditions (Telecommunications Law 431, 2002,
Article 28). Currently, there are 15 licensed ISPs in Lebanon: Cyberia, IDM, Fiberlink Networks,
Sodetel Internet, Terranet, Trinec, Netlink, Farahnet, Virtual ISP, Lebanon OnLine, Moscanet,
Comnet ISP, Pros-services, Broadband Plus, and Keblon. In 2007, the Ministry of
Telecommunications took a major step and began offering ISP services at the same rates as
private sector ISPs. In doing so, it was MOT’s objective to directly intervene in order to
stimulate competition with the private sector (United Nations, 2009).
6
7. IV.Issue:
Before the 2002 law attempting to privatize the national telecommunications market,
Lebanon’s government held a monopoly over international and domestic telecommunications.
The 100% state owned company, Ogero, set premium rates for internet connectivity. As a result,
the internet was a service reserved for the upper socio-economic class who could pay the high
connectivity fees. Due to the centralized and limited bandwidth capacity, internet service was
characterized by poor quality and outdated infrastructure.
The centralized ISP and lack of modern ICT infrastructure led to massive inefficiencies
for individuals and businesses in need of quality internet service. Due to poor development of
ICT infrastructure, there was (and still is) a sizable digital divide between rural and urban
communities in Lebanon. Those who were able to subscribe to internet services experienced
slow speeds due to a lack of broadband capacity that could accommodate multiple users
simultaneously. The centralized system also increased the presence of illegal ISPs whose quality
and service lacked regulation and monitoring by a governing authority. These illegal ISPs
contributed to the problem of internet speed inefficiency by squeezing bandwidth capacities to
their limits, making it increasingly difficult to connect to the internet with more users sharing
constrained broadband width.
Thus, businesses needing a reliable, efficient and affordable internet connection had
limited options. Consequently, Lebanon’s highly educated and creative workforce had limited
job opportunities and many citizens began to seek opportunities elsewhere, causing the economy
to suffer greatly after the political turmoil of 2006. Most businesses chose to invest in other
countries with more ICT development, quality ISPs offering available bandwidth capacities at
8. affordable prices. This is the case of Schools Online. Its mission to spread Internet Learning
Centers in rural communities of ICT developing countries as education development initiatives
is impossible to achieve with slow, costly and inadequate bandwidth capacities.
With the objective of combatting illegal ISPs, improving internet penetration rates and
the quality of internet services in Lebanon, the TRA created the Service Provider Licensing Draft
Law in 2009. It was approved by the Ministry of Telecommunications and passed by the State
Council in 2010. It attempts to solidify the privatization process of the service provider
telecommunications market. Pertaining to internet services, the draft law outlines the application
process and procedure, as well as the provisions for ISP licensees. On the surface, this draft law
seems to liberalize the ISP market to stimulate much-needed competition in the
telecommunications sector. Given that internet penetration rates were at almost 40% in 2010, an
11% increase since 2009 (International Telecommunications Union: Statistics, 2012), some even
believe that the TRA’s regulatory framework for service providers has contributed to significant
ICT development over the past 5 years.
However, the policy analysis below reveals that if the Lebanese government wants to
truly liberalize the telecommunications sector, it has a long way to go. In fact, the Ministry of
Telecommunications still has a strong hold over key ICT infrastructure making it impossible for
ISPs to operate independently from the government of Lebanon. In addressing the underlying
infrastructure issues of the TRA, its draft law of 2009 and the power of MOT in the
telecommunications sector, this report will reveal how the Lebanese Government can better
shape their policies to improve internet penetration rates and continue to develop ICT
infrastructure in Lebanon.
8
9. Policy Foundation:
A.Description and Objectives:
The main objective of the TRA’s Service Provider Licensing Regulation of 2009 is to increase
competition in the telecommunications service provider market and consequently, lower internet
connectivity prices, improve internet penetration rates and deliver higher quality internet service
in doing so. If the draft law achieved such goals, educational non-profits such as Schools Online
could achieve its mission to improve internet connectivity in public schools. Thus, an analysis of
the draft law is needed to reveal if the policy is meeting its set objectives.
The articles that are pertinent to Schools Online’s mission are as follows: article fifteen,
section one, regarding the application process and procedure for class licenses without radio
frequencies; and article twenty-one, section one (c) outlining provisions for all license grantees.
In short, the two articles relevant to Schools Online have to do with the TRA setting up an
official application process and procedure for licensing ISPs and holding them accountability to
quality standards upon granting them the license. Below is a description of the relevant articles.
First, article 15, section one is significant in that it legitimizes the Lebanese Government’s
imperative to privatize ISP ownership. Section 1a) declares that “anyone wishing to apply for a
Class License without Radio Frequencies” [can do so, if the person submits in writing the
application provided by the TRA] (TRA: Service Provider Licensing Regulation Draft Law,
2009). In creating low entry barriers for private sector applicants, the policy is encouraging both
domestic and foreign ISP companies to invest in Lebanon. The underlying assumption behind
this article is that increased ISP ownership translates into a more competitive internet service
10. market which would likely decrease prices for internet service consumers. Consequently, with
lower prices, the assumption is that overall net usage in the country would improve.
In creating an open application process for ISPs, the intention behind article fifteen was also
to deter internet users from connecting using illegal ISPs. Privatizing ISPs allows for increased
consumer choice when selecting how (and for how much) consumers will connect to the internet.
Moreover, under perfect market conditions, competition in the sector drives prices down as
companies compete for customers. Before ISP licenses were open to private companies, Lebanon
was notorious for illegal ISPs. Illegal ISPs’ connections were not only unreliable and failed to
protect their users, but the lack of monitoring of quality allowed illegal ISPs to squeeze
bandwidth capacities to their limits, slowing down internet efficiency and discouraging users
from successfully connecting. Article fifteen’s application process attracts domestic and foreign
ISP companies interested in competing to bring high quality service to its customers.
Article twenty-one, section one c, defines the regulation of ISP services quality by the
TRA. The provision states:
“Conditions regarding the protection of Users and Customers, such as the provision of detailed
and accurate information, especially about the quality of services, and the provision of a
procedure for complaints and disputes, publication and adequate notice of any change in access
conditions, including tariffs, quality and availability of service” must be in accordance of the
Telecommunications Law 431 and made available to the TRA (TRA: Draft Law, 2009).
Before the operational establishment of the TRA in 2007, there was no monitoring agency acting
as a “watchdog” and on behalf of citizens’ interests. This section of the policy holds ISPs
accountable for protecting users’ information and right to dispute or make complaints regarding
10
11. the services they receive from the ISP. This section also mandates transparency from ISP license
holders. If quality services are not being delivered by ISPs, the user has the right to make
complaints. Moreover, ISPs cannot change the availability of their services, quality or price,
without making the modifications known to the TRA.
In addition, Article 21 mandates that the TRA has the right to hold ISPs accountable to
conditions defined in accordance to the telecommunications law 431 for delivering quality
service. For instance, the Telecommunications Law holds ISPs responsible for meeting
equipment and quality service standards (article 23) and in the case of monopoly pricing, the
TRA can impose prices and tariff standards for ISPs with significant power in the market. This
article’s objective is to encourage a more liberal service provider market, as well as, attempt to
promote businesses’ and individuals’ subscription to legal ISPs by acting as regulators of ISP
licensees’ quality standards, pricing structure, customer complaints and user protection.
B.Assumptions and Communication Policy Models:
The ISP license regulation policy reflects the government’s attempt to transform from a
Public Service model (in a quasi-development model state) to a Liberal model with a public
interest tradition. Before 2002, the government had a monopoly over the domestic and
international telecommunications sector. Its actions in the telecommunications sector reflected
the Public Service model in many ways. First, in 1996, the government first introduced the
internet in Lebanon out of “public necessity”. This decision reflects the Public Service model in
that the government was the sole provider of the internet and set the rates for such service
(Venturelli, 2012). Using this approach before draft law of 2009, information services were a
“public service” to be provided by the government, not a market commodity.
12. Recognizing the need to bolster a suffering economy and retain its highly skilled
workforce, the government made a quasi-development communications model decision to
develop Lebanon’s ICT infrastructure and informational services for economic gain. In
collaboration with international governments, NGOs and the private sector, Lebanon’s ICT
policies and infrastructure have significantly improved to better reflect its free market economy.
The ISP license regulation draft law of 2009 was a first step towards liberalizing the
telecommunications market and moving towards a more Liberal model of communication.
However, given that the telecommunications sector is far from free of government
intervention, the policy more accurately reflects the Liberal communications model with a public
interest tradition than it does the free market tradition. First, similar to the Liberal model with a
free market tradition, the policy assumes that privatizing ISP licensing will increase competition
and help develop the market place of ideas. This is reflected in the policies nondiscriminatory
regulations and low entry barriers for allowing anyone to apply for an ISP license, so long as
proper procedure is followed.
Another feature of the policy that greatly reflects the Liberal Model with a public interest
tradition is the fact that the government established an independent regulatory agency to serve as
the “watchdog of public interest”: the Telecommunications Regulatory Authority. The TRA not
only determines who is best financially positioned and equipped to become an ISP, but it also
regulates the quality of internet service each ISP delivers. In this way, the TRA is serving
citizens’ interests in screening the application process for ISPs, and monitoring for potential
abuses of the market that would hinder the ability of citizens’ to access the internet efficiently.
In addition, the TRA regulates the licensing of public airwaves such as radio frequencies.
The Liberal model with a public interest tradition assumes that public airwaves are a public
12
13. resource that requires regulation. In this way, the TRA is serving as a regulatory agency or a
“watchdog by monitoring who is using public airwaves and how they are being utilized.
Furthermore, in outlining the conditions of services for ISP license holders in article twenty-one,
the TRA is also acting as the regulatory agency for protecting users’ personal information and
right to dispute services provided by ISP owners.
Yet another feature of the policy is characteristic of the government’s attempt to
transform the telecommunications sector from reflecting a Public Service model to a Liberal
model with a public interest tradition. The ISP licensing regulation policy assumes the
characteristic notion that the, “marketplace of ideas works most of the time but not always”
(Venturelli, 2012). This assumption is reflected in observing the monopoly over key ICT
infrastructure that the operating arm of the Ministry of Telecommunications, Ogero, has in the
telecommunications sector. It has almost total control over international telecommunications,
buying and selling bandwidth capacity, national telephone fixed line connections, and even an
advantage over DSL services. Since 2007, MOT became an ISP, as well. Therefore, the
government is directly intervening in the market, driving competition with private companies,
and forcing the free market to behave the way that the free market theory says it should.
Lastly, it is clear that the policy reflects the Liberal communications model with a public
interest tradition in that there are clear provisions for protecting the newly privatized market
against monopolies on telecommunications service. Under article twenty-one, section h, the TRA
requires all license holders to “promote competition” and “comply with specific conditions
which may be imposed on Service Providers with Significant Market Power”(Draft Law 2009).
The Significant Market Power law defines “criteria for identifying a significant market power”,
potential abuses of service providers with SMP and regulations to be applied to service providers
14. with SMP” (Significant Market Power, 2009). Clear regulation and monitoring of internet
service providers market power is a strong indication that preventing monopoly is a major issue
for Lebanon’s ICT policies at this time. Strong anti-trust laws are the only way the Lebanese
Government is able to support the competitive open telecommunications market the government
is striving to achieve.
C.Strengths: Utilizing the participatory model as a benchmark of success in analyzing
policies such as the 2009 ISP Licensing Regulation Draft Law, one is able to better
comprehend this policy’s strengths. The first is that it demands greater transparency of laws
and regulations between the private sector, government and public sector. Article twenty-one,
section one mandates that quality of service is reported to the TRA, as well as requiring ISPs
to provide users with fair and equal opportunity to report complaints and disputes regarding
the services provided. In addition, ISP licensees must report any changes in tariffs, quality or
availability of services, as well as provisions regarding the quality of equipment being utilized
(TRA: Draft Law, 2009).
These provisions for transparency of the private sector have political and social
implications. The public agency, TRA, acts as the watchdog of citizen interests, making sure
the power of private ISPs does not subjugate that of the internet users. The government owned
ISP, OGERO, is also subject to the provisions outlined in the draft law. Therefore, in written
law, the government is technically subject to the same ISP laws as its private competition.
Moreover, the public agency, TRA, is held accountable for timely procedures (timing terms
vary) regarding the granting, revoking or renewal of licenses. Thus, in setting expectations for
a system of checks and balances between the public, government and private sector, this policy
14
15. is attempting to distribute political power evenly among the user, the state and the private
sector.
Another strength of this policy as it relates to the participatory model is that it supports
low structural barriers for new entrants and competitors. Article fifteen, section one, does not
distinguish between foreign and domestic ISP license applicants. So long as proper procedure is
followed for the application process, the policy reflects open and nondiscriminatory regulations
in allowing anyone to apply for an ISP license. Since this policies inception in 2010, fifteen ISPs,
have received licenses and are fully operating in Lebanon.
An additional strength of the policy is that diverse capital sources have been sought by the
TRA and the Lebanese Government to promote local entrepreneurship in information services.
For example, Lebanon’s Government passed the “The Investment Development
Law” in 2001. It authorizes the “Investment Development Authority of Lebanon” (IDAL), to
award licenses and grant special incentives, exemptions and facilities to larger enterprises
making new investments in information services (TRA: Investment Institutions.
http://www.tra.gov.lb/Investment-institutions). In an attempt to attract foreign investments,
IDAL launched in 2003 the "Investors Matching Service" to facilitate the creation of strategic
international-local partnerships through joint venture, equity participation, acquisition, and
others. In the last few years, many factors have encouraged foreign companies to set up offices in
Lebanon. According to statistics from the Lebanese Ministry of Economy and Trade 45 foreign
companies launched offices, representative offices or branches in Lebanon in 2005 (Lebanese
Ministry of Economy: Statistics on Foreign Companies,
http://www.economy.gov.lb/index.php/subCatInfo/2/143/8/3).
16. Increased competition in the ICT sector is expected as the TRA financial division
incentivizes more domestic and foreign investments. The ICT sector of Lebanon is increasingly
attractive after a World Bank report assessed that a “10% increase in broadband infrastructure
could result in a 1.2-1.5% increase in GDP” (The Business Year: Off the Blocks, 2012). A more
robust ICT infrastructure will attract local and foreign businesses and encourage them to invest
and establish offices in Lebanon.
Lastly, one of the greatest strengths of Lebanon’s communications policy is that there is a
complete absence of censorship and technical filtering by ISPs and government (Open Net
Initiative, 2009). The lack of content regulation on the internet reflects the overall liberal media
scene and free market economy. This strength aligns with Lebanese press laws which do not
restrict freedom of speech (Open Net Initiative, 2009). The country is home to many religions
and sectarian political parties. It is no surprise that the Lebanese Government and
telecommunications sector do not attempt to regulate expression among these diverse voices and
offers a plethora of outlets both on the web and among other media sources for diverse
perspectives and voices to be freely expressed.
D.Weaknesses: Though the Service Provider Licensing Regulation draft law has strengths,
there are many fundamental weak points of the policy. First, while it was the policy’s objective
to improve the quality of internet service provided and increase internet penetration rates by
increasing competition and lowering costs for internet services, the draft law does not actually
take into account the availability of bandwidth capacity for sale to ISPs. ISPs have the option
to buy bandwidth capacity from the government owned company, Ogero, or private
international bandwidth providers. Due to the government’s strong hold on key ICT
16
17. infrastructure and equipment such as bandwidth capacity, the policy is actually strengthening
ISPs dependency on the government when purchasing bandwidth capacity.
Moreover, the government has the potential to control the market by withholding
bandwidth capacity for sale, causing prices to rise in the private market. As a result of the
government’s power in the market, bandwidth pricing in Lebanon is extremely high relative to
other countries. Because the policy fails to take into account this unequal power structure, ISPs
incur high costs for bandwidth capacity and these costs are passed down from ISPs to the
customer. The high pricing restricts economic growth as businesses invest in more ICT
developed countries with larger bandwidth for cheaper prices. This pricing structure also reduces
net usage so that only upper socio-economic classes can afford to subscribe to internet service.
Thus, the policy is weak in that it does not allow for high levels of internet penetration, fails to
provide access of internet services to all social groups and consequently, only the upper and
middle socio economic class are represented on the internet.
On that same note, the policy does not address that key components of the ICT
infrastructure that favor the government owned company, Ogero. For example, in 2007, the
Ministry of Telecommunications launched DSL service in Lebanon. In order to launch the
service, the Ministry and ISPs signed a memorandum agreeing that Ogero would compete “on
equal footing” with the private sector in bringing DSL services to Lebanon (Abbassi, 2011).
However, given that Ogero maintains ownership over key infrastructure such as landlines, it was
and has been much quicker and easier for Ogero to provide DSL service to customers than for
ISPs. Thus, in failing to address these significant market power inequalities, the policy weakens
the private sector and increases the power of the state who is a merchant both buying and
selling key ICT infrastructure to its competitors.
18. The last weak point of the policy has to do with a lack of transparency around minimum
services that ISP licensees are required to provide. Though the Service Provider Licensing
Regulation law defines the applications process and mandates that ISPs provide the TRA with
information regarding the quality, availability and price of its services, it does not set a minimum
bandwidth speed that the ISP has to provide its customers. According to surveys by the
regulatory agency, TRA, the average broadband access speed was at less than 1Mbps (TRA:
Broadband Access-Economic Benefit and Challenges, 2009). Resulting, both individual and
business users cannot benefit from broadband during peak net use hours: the more people online,
the slower the internet. In efforts to enhance the Service Provider Licensing policy, the State
Council passed a decree in August 23, 2011 to set a minimum speed to 1 MB per second and
decrease the monthly cost of internet services for ISP subscribers. The decree is expected to
improve the internet penetration rate and challenge the two main issues that have hindered the
ICT sector and economy from developing in the past.
III.Recommendations for policy improvement:
The Service Provider Licensing Regulation of 2010 can be greatly improved. First, the
government should consider some qualitative changes in the policy itself before looking to
increase the overall quantity of service providers in the country. The Lebanese Government
assumed that increasing the quantity of ISPs without releasing its stronghold over key ICT
infrastructure, such as bandwidth capacity, would positively impact the overall internet
penetration in the country. However, it is clear through this analysis report that until the
government releases its stronghold on bandwidth capacity and/or increases total bandwidth
capacity available in Lebanon, non-profits like Schools Online will continue to have issues with
slow internet speeds at high prices. Thus, it is not recommended that Schools Online establish
18
19. offices in Lebanon until the telecommunications sector reflects a truly liberal, free market, free
from government intervention and stronghold over key ICT infrastructure.
Today, the Lebanese Government has already begun to improve the Service Provider
Licensing Regulation of 2010 in issuing the August 23, 2011 decree that sets a minimum
broadband speed to 1 MB/second and lowers the monthly cost of internet service. The more
efficient internet speed will help businesses and individual users alike, improving the quality of
services (in setting a minimum broadband access speed) that ISPs must provide at a regulated
price. The lowered monthly cost will induce populations from lower socio-economic classes to
subscribe to ISPs and consequently, the total net penetration will rise. The Service Provider
Licensing Regulation in conjunction with this new decree should incentivize initiatives such as
Schools Online to establish Internet Learning Centers throughout Lebanon. The two policies will
liberalize ISP ownership, providing a variety of services to choose from and qualitatively
improve ISP services in setting a minimum broadband access speed to 1MB/second.
As a means to incentivizing development in the education sector and ICT infrastructure
of Lebanon, the policy could provide even lower monthly cost for new businesses and non-
profits with missions such as Schools Online that help developing countries bring internet
connectivity to schools and rural communities. With less operational funds from which to
develop their initiative, Schools Online would be more likely to establish and sustain Internet
Learning Centers in Lebanon if the monthly internet subscription costs lowered overall
operational costs. Providing financial incentives to non-profits like Schools Online would aid in
the development of the ICT infrastructure of Lebanon in that there would be a significant
increase in multiple public access points for internet services in more isolated, rural
20. communities. In other words, a policy that lowers cost for non-profits developing the education
or ICT sector would contribute to the reduction of the national digital divide in Lebanon.
Lastly, and perhaps most importantly, the policy could be enhanced by providing
increased regulation over the market power of the state owned fixed telecommunications
company, Ogero. Ogero is the only merchant in Lebanon that buys and sells bandwidth in the
local market. Due to its dominant position in the telecommunications market over land lines,
DSL services and its ability to supply bandwidth capacities to private ISPs and companies,
Ogero has weakened the private sectors’ ability to compete with the government (Chakrani, Al
Akhbar English, 2012). With a policy that more explicitly regulates the power of Ogero and
defines the terms for bandwidth supply by Ogero, the private sector will be better positioned to
compete freely with the government without having to worry about the state owned company
abusing its market power. More specifically, the policy should ban Ogero from withholding
available bandwidths from sale to competing ISPs, forcing ISPs to buy at higher prices from the
market or, worse, buy from illegal bandwidth supplies. In doing so, the policy would be more
reflective of a liberal, free market model of communication. This approach would ensure that the
ISP market more closely mirrors Lebanon’s free market economy and is protected from any
monopolies over key ICT infrastructure fundamental to the telecommunications sector’s growth.
VI. Implications for Lebanon:
Further government action is needed to transform Lebanon’s telecommunications sector into
a liberal, free market economy. Implementing the aforementioned recommendations would
yield several opportunities for the nation. By helping the private sector compete on equal
footing with the government and increasing available bandwidth capacity in Lebanon, the
20
21. government is creating a truly liberal, free telecommunications market. This thriving market
would provide jobs to thousands of the highly educated and skilled Lebanese workforce in
need of employment opportunities. With the retention of its skilled labor and IT trained
youth, Lebanon could become a regional ICT powerhouse in the future.
VII. Implications for Development of Communications Policies in Other Countries
Analysis of the Service Provider Licensing Regulation of 2009-2010 yields several
implications for international relations and development of communications policies in other
countries. For one, the policy demonstrates to the international public sphere that while many
collaborative efforts have been made to create regulatory framework and policies liberalizing
the telecommunications sector, in practice, the telecommunications sector is still not a truly
free market. So long as the government continues to have a strong hold over key ICT
infrastructure and supply, the private sector will not be able to successfully compete against
the state. Thus, international businesses and government seeking to collaborate with Lebanon
need to be aware of this large discrepancy between the written law and reality.
Many lessons can be gleaned from this policy’s strengths. In viewing the Service
Provider Licensing Regulation, other countries with governments that have historically had a
monopoly over the telecommunications sector and/or whose communications policies reflected
that of the Public Service model can observe ways that they can begin to shift the sector
toward a more liberal model of communications model. First, these countries should begin to
privatize service provider ownership through the removal of structural barriers for new
entrants and competitors as Lebanon’s TRA did in the draft law. Second, by establishing an
independent public agent as the “watchdog” of citizen interests, the government is removing
22. itself from the regulatory role. A public, independent agency like TRA allows for a balanced
regime of checks and balances in determining non-discriminatory, standard and transparent
policies around who enters the private market and holds a license to compete to provide
services. However, contrary to the case of Lebanon’s TRA, international governments should
make every attempt to allow the regulatory agency to act as independent from national
government influence as possible.
International governments can also learn from the shortcomings of the Service Provider
Regulation policy. For example, the TRA failed to take into account the speed caps that ISPs
often establish in their terms of user service due to limited broadband capacity. Governments
seeking to transform their telecommunications sector into a liberal, free market, while
simultaneously developing their ICT infrastructure, need to explicitly define the minimum
acceptable bandwidth speed to be made available for ISP subscribing customers. International
policy makers must also be aware of who the main suppliers are of key ICT infrastructure and
equipment. If it is the objective of international governments to completely liberalize the
telecommunications market, they must be sure policies and regulatory frameworks privatize all
key ICT infrastructure and give incentive (in the form of reduced prices or easy access to ICT
resources) to private companies entering a market formerly monopolized by the government.
22
23. VII. Bibliography
1. Metzger, Jonathon. “Review of the ICT Sector in Lebanon and ICT Opportunities for USAID/
Beirut”. Presented by USAID/BEIRUT in March, 2001, pg.10.
http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnacu381.pdf.
2. Bureau of Economic, Energy and Business Affairs: Department of State 2011 Business
Climate Report, http://www.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2011/index.htm Accessed June 15, 2012).
3. OpenNet Initiative: Internet Filtering in Lebanon, 2009. Accessed June 12, 2012.
4. United Nations Report: National Profile of the Information Society in Lebanon, New York:
2009. (Access via the web: http://isper.escwa.un.org/Portals/0/National
%20Profiles/2007/English/Lebanon-07-E.pdf).
5. Telecommunications Regulatory Agency website: http://www.tra.gov.lb/, accessed June 16,
2012
6. Ogero website: http://www.ogero.gov.lb/Published/EN/profile.html. Accessed June 12, 2012.
7. International Telecommunications Union: Statistics: https://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/index.html,
updated in 2012. Accessed June 14, 2012.
8. Telecommunications Regulatory Authority: Service Provider Licensing Regulation Draft Law,
2009.
9. Telecommunications Regulatory Authority: Investment Institutions.
http://www.tra.gov.lb/Investment-institutions. Accessed June 14, 2012.
10. The Business Year: Off the Blocks, 2012.
http://www.thebusinessyear.com/publication/article/2/50/lebanon-2012/off-the-blocks. Accessed
June 17, 2012.
11. Abbassi Jawed. “Information and Communication Technology in the Middle East: Situation
as of 2010 and Prospective Scenarios for 2030”. Center for Social and Economic Research, Case
Network No.105. Published October 1, 2011. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?
abstract_id=1943455##
12. TRA: Broadband Access: Economic Benefits and Challenges, January 2009.
http://www.tra.gov.lb/subpage.aspx?pageid=1292
13. Chakrani, Hassan. Al Akhbar English online publication. “Lebanese Internet: Rotting on the
Vine.” Published June 6, 2012
14. Ministry of Telecommunications. “Telecommunications Law No. 43: Ratified by the
Lebanese Parliament.” 2002. (http://www.tra.gov.lb/Library/Files/Uploaded
%20files/Law431/Law-431-EN.htm)