The document discusses risperidone as a treatment for autism spectrum disorders. Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic drug that was introduced in 1994 and is used to treat symptoms of aggression, irritability, and tantrums in children with ASDs. It works by blocking dopamine and serotonin receptors in the brain. Potential side effects include weight gain, anxiety, and sleep issues. Applied behavior analysis therapy is presented as an alternative or additional treatment that focuses on altering behaviors through reinforcement and can help children with ASDs improve skills and development.
Risperidone is a second-generation antipsychotic medication that is effective and well-tolerated for treating tantrums, aggression, and self-injurious behavior in children with autism spectrum disorder. However, its use is highly controversial due to adverse effects like weight gain, hormonal issues, and long-term neurological problems. Risperidone's efficacy and side effects depend on factors like genetics and drug interactions, requiring close monitoring by medical professionals when used in autistic children.
This document discusses pediatric psychopharmacology and provides an overview of various psychiatric disorders that affect children and the medications used to treat them. It covers the history and regulations of pediatric psychopharmacology, pharmacokinetics in children, classification of drugs, common disorders like ADHD, bipolar disorder, depression, OCD, schizophrenia, and anxiety, and summarizes evidence from studies on the effectiveness of stimulants, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and antipsychotics in treating pediatric conditions.
Paliperidone is the major active metabolite of risperidone. It is indicated for the treatment of schizophrenia and works by antagonizing serotonin and dopamine receptors. It uses an osmotic extended-release technology allowing once daily dosing. Common side effects include tachycardia, sedation, and anxiety. It has a similar safety and efficacy profile to risperidone.
This document provides an update on antipsychotic medications from Prof. Hani Hamed Dessoki. It discusses oral and long-acting injectable second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) including two new products, Vraylar and Nuplazid. It also mentions guidelines for antipsychotic use in dementia and a new boxed warning for olanzapine regarding DRESS syndrome. Product and guideline updates are provided at the end.
This document discusses pediatric psychopharmacology and provides evidence for the effectiveness of psychotropic medications in treating several childhood disorders including ADHD, bipolar disorder, depression, OCD, and schizophrenia. It outlines the history and regulations around studying these drugs in children. While some oppose medicating children due to unknown long-term effects, evaluations are required and studies show medications can significantly improve symptoms and functioning for conditions that cannot be managed by behavioral interventions alone. Common drug classes and specific medications are described for each disorder.
Off-Label Use of Atypical Antipsychotics: An UpdatePasquale Ariano
This document summarizes a review of the off-label use of atypical antipsychotics. It discusses how atypical antipsychotics are commonly prescribed for unapproved indications and reviews the available evidence on their effectiveness and safety when used this way. The review addressed conditions like dementia, depression, OCD, and more. It assessed outcomes like symptom severity and adverse effects. The review found the highest strength of evidence for atypical antipsychotics reducing psychosis and agitation in dementia patients compared to placebo. However, evidence was more limited for other off-label uses.
Risperidone is a second-generation antipsychotic medication that is effective and well-tolerated for treating tantrums, aggression, and self-injurious behavior in children with autism spectrum disorder. However, its use is highly controversial due to adverse effects like weight gain, hormonal issues, and long-term neurological problems. Risperidone's efficacy and side effects depend on factors like genetics and drug interactions, requiring close monitoring by medical professionals when used in autistic children.
This document discusses pediatric psychopharmacology and provides an overview of various psychiatric disorders that affect children and the medications used to treat them. It covers the history and regulations of pediatric psychopharmacology, pharmacokinetics in children, classification of drugs, common disorders like ADHD, bipolar disorder, depression, OCD, schizophrenia, and anxiety, and summarizes evidence from studies on the effectiveness of stimulants, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and antipsychotics in treating pediatric conditions.
Paliperidone is the major active metabolite of risperidone. It is indicated for the treatment of schizophrenia and works by antagonizing serotonin and dopamine receptors. It uses an osmotic extended-release technology allowing once daily dosing. Common side effects include tachycardia, sedation, and anxiety. It has a similar safety and efficacy profile to risperidone.
This document provides an update on antipsychotic medications from Prof. Hani Hamed Dessoki. It discusses oral and long-acting injectable second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) including two new products, Vraylar and Nuplazid. It also mentions guidelines for antipsychotic use in dementia and a new boxed warning for olanzapine regarding DRESS syndrome. Product and guideline updates are provided at the end.
This document discusses pediatric psychopharmacology and provides evidence for the effectiveness of psychotropic medications in treating several childhood disorders including ADHD, bipolar disorder, depression, OCD, and schizophrenia. It outlines the history and regulations around studying these drugs in children. While some oppose medicating children due to unknown long-term effects, evaluations are required and studies show medications can significantly improve symptoms and functioning for conditions that cannot be managed by behavioral interventions alone. Common drug classes and specific medications are described for each disorder.
Off-Label Use of Atypical Antipsychotics: An UpdatePasquale Ariano
This document summarizes a review of the off-label use of atypical antipsychotics. It discusses how atypical antipsychotics are commonly prescribed for unapproved indications and reviews the available evidence on their effectiveness and safety when used this way. The review addressed conditions like dementia, depression, OCD, and more. It assessed outcomes like symptom severity and adverse effects. The review found the highest strength of evidence for atypical antipsychotics reducing psychosis and agitation in dementia patients compared to placebo. However, evidence was more limited for other off-label uses.
Pedal to the metal allopathic psychiatry for generalists cadyLouis Cady, MD
This document provides an overview of a presentation on practicing psychiatry as a primary care physician. It discusses diagnosing and treating common conditions like depression and anxiety, prescribing psychotropic medications safely, avoiding legal issues, and not practicing beyond one's expertise, especially with regards to second generation antipsychotics. Key recommendations include starting low doses and being cautious of drug interactions when treating with antidepressants or benzodiazepines.
This document discusses various types of anxiety disorders and their treatment options. It describes generalized anxiety disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder in more detail. For generalized anxiety disorder, it recommends psychotherapy as the primary treatment and lists SSRIs, TCAs, benzodiazepines, MAOIs, and atypical antidepressants as pharmacological options. It also discusses buspirone and the rationale for using atypical antipsychotics and pregabalin to treat anxiety disorders.
This document discusses the pharmacological management of anxiety disorders. It outlines treatment options including antidepressants, anxiolytics, antipsychotics, and psychotherapy. It then provides details on the treatment of specific anxiety disorders like generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, phobias, and social anxiety disorder. For each, it discusses recommended drug classes and notes that SSRIs are often first-line treatment, while also covering other options, duration of treatment, and discontinuation.
Health psychology focuses on how psychological factors impact physical health. Addiction involves tolerance, dependence, and continued use despite consequences. The brain's dopamine system is involved in addiction, signaling reward and craving. Chronic stress can impair immune function and increase disease risk by activating stress responses. Emotions involve the amygdala and other brain regions, and fear conditioning demonstrates the amygdala's role in processing fearful stimuli.
This document discusses psychopharmacology for children and adolescents. It covers common reasons for prescribing medications such as problems with attention, hyperactivity, anxiety, and mood disorders. It reviews specific medications prescribed for these issues, including stimulants, SSRIs, benzodiazepines, and mood stabilizers. Potential side effects and considerations for each class and individual medication are provided. Electroconvulsive therapy is also mentioned as an effective somatic treatment for depression.
This document summarizes the clinical uses of the antipsychotic drug quetiapine. It discusses quetiapine's approval for treating schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, and other off-label uses. Key points include quetiapine being the first-line treatment for bipolar depression, its efficacy in reducing symptoms of schizophrenia and mania, and dosage guidelines for different conditions. Recent studies are cited showing quetiapine's benefits for outcomes in schizophrenia and improvements in working memory compared to other antipsychotics.
Risperidone is an antipsychotic medication developed in the 1980s-1990s and approved by the FDA in 1994. It is on the WHO's list of essential medicines. Risperidone is effective at decreasing hallucinations and delusions in psychotic patients, allowing them to function better. It is available in tablet, liquid, and injectable forms. Risperidone is metabolized in the liver and has an oral bioavailability of 70%. Common side effects include extrapyramidal symptoms, weight gain, and hyperprolactinemia. It is indicated for schizophrenia, bipolar mania, autism-related irritability, and other off-label uses, though has black box
The document discusses psychiatric disorders and their relationship to biological factors in the brain. It covers several key points:
1) Psychiatric disorders are influenced by both biological and experiential factors, and the underlying brain dysfunctions are still being identified, though treatments indicate biological causes.
2) Conditions like schizophrenia and affective/mood disorders show clear genetic components and responses to drug treatments targeting neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin, supporting a biological basis.
3) Bringing new drugs to treat these disorders to market can be a long process, raising questions about how much society relies on pharmaceutical solutions.
The document discusses antipsychotic polypharmacy, which is the use of two or more antipsychotic medications simultaneously. It notes that while some studies have found antipsychotic combinations to be more effective than monotherapy for severe cases, other research has associated polypharmacy with higher risks of side effects and issues with long-term safety are still unclear. Overall, the document advocates for a cautious, evidence-based approach to antipsychotic treatment using monotherapy when possible before considering polypharmacy options.
Risperidone is a second-generation antipsychotic medication that is effective and well-tolerated for treating tantrums, aggression, and self-injurious behavior in children with autism spectrum disorder. However, its use is highly controversial due to adverse effects like weight gain, hormonal issues, and long-term neurological problems. Risperidone's efficacy and side effects depend on factors like a person's genetics and other medications being taken, requiring close monitoring by medical professionals when prescribing it to treat autism.
I just wanted to share some of my Clinical Instructors lecture materials. I don't own this document, I wish to help you guys with the summary of Psychiatric Drugs.
Antidepressants are drugs that relieve symptoms of depression and were first developed in the 1950s. There are approximately 30 types that fall into 5 main categories and are used to treat various psychiatric disorders like depression, schizophrenia, anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and eating disorders. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors are commonly prescribed to treat conditions like generalized anxiety disorder, panic attacks, and bulimia nervosa.
This document discusses mood disorders, specifically depression. It provides the DSM-IV criteria for a major depressive episode, including symptoms such as depressed mood, diminished interest, changes in appetite, insomnia, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness, difficulty concentrating, and suicidal thoughts. It also discusses treatment options, focusing on pharmacotherapy. SSRIs are considered a first-line treatment and details are provided about specific SSRIs, their mechanisms of action, indications, and precautions. Risk factors for suicide are briefly covered.
This document provides an overview of biomedical therapies for autism, including dietary modifications, supplements, pharmacological interventions, and experimental treatments. It presents a case study of a child diagnosed with autism and discusses the family's questions. It then outlines 10 rules for considering biomedical therapies, emphasizing that they should not replace behavioral therapies and have limited evidence for treating core autism symptoms. Various therapy options are described along with theories for their mechanisms and potential benefits and risks. Experimental therapies with little evidence are also mentioned.
Obsessive compulsive disorder(OCD)
Characterized by obsessional thoughts and compulsive rituals.
Secondary to both depressive illness and Gilles de la Tourette syndrome.
OCD is an anxiety disorder characterized by intrusive thoughts that produce uneasiness, apprehension, fear or worry; by repetitive behaviours aimed at reducing the associated anxiety; or by a combination of such obsessions and compulsions
Neurobiology of Substance Dependence
The document summarizes the neurobiology of substance dependence in 3 key areas:
1. Substance dependence involves changes in the brain's reward pathway including the ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, and prefrontal cortex due to drug-induced alterations in neurotransmitters like dopamine.
2. Drugs of abuse activate the brain's natural reward system by increasing the release of dopamine in this pathway, initially producing feelings of pleasure but ultimately leading to maladaptive changes in brain structure and function over time.
3. Withdrawal from drugs involves dysregulation of many neurotransmitter systems producing negative symptoms that drive relapse through craving and stress. Understanding these neurobiological mechanisms provides
1. Risperidone is an antipsychotic drug approved for treating irritability in children with autism over age 5. Common side effects are weight gain and sedation. Lower doses starting at 0.25 mg are recommended.
2. Several drugs may help reduce behavioral symptoms in autistic children such as irritability, aggression, and self-injury. These include risperidone, olanzapine, aripriprazole, and lamotrigine. Careful titration and monitoring is needed due to potential side effects like weight gain.
3. Autism treatments aim to alleviate comorbid conditions, but most autistic individuals require lifelong support. While some improve, many remain
Paliris XR is an extended-release formulation of paliperidone, an atypical antipsychotic drug approved to treat schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. It uses an osmotically released oral delivery system to provide a consistent release of paliperidone over 24 hours. Paliperidone is a metabolite of risperidone and works as an antagonist at dopamine, serotonin, alpha-1, and histamine receptors. It has fewer side effects than risperidone and allows therapeutic drug levels to be reached without requiring supplementation during initiation of treatment. The document provides information on dosing, side effects, pharmacokinetics, and advantages of paliperidone over risperidone for treating
This document provides information on autism spectrum disorder (ASD), including criteria for diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment options, and guidelines for specific medications. ASD is characterized by deficits in social communication and interaction, and restricted, repetitive behaviors. It can be diagnosed when criteria A and B are met. Common treatments include behavioral therapies, social skills training, and pharmacotherapy depending on specific symptoms. Medications may be used to target irritability, restricted interests, sleep issues, anxiety/depression, or attention problems. Close monitoring is needed with any medication used to treat ASD.
This document summarizes developments in antipsychotic drugs between 2002 and 2012. Several new atypical antipsychotics received FDA approval during this period including aripiprazole, paliperidone, iloperidone, asenapine, and lurasidone. Research also explored new theories about how antipsychotics work at a neurochemical level to exert their effects. Studies such as CATIE and CUtLASS-2 questioned the superiority of atypicals over typical antipsychotics. The completion of the Human Genome Project and start of the Human Connectome Project provided new insights but did not find single genes responsible for psychiatric disorders. Epigenetic factors are also influential on gene expression and susceptibility. O
Pedal to the metal allopathic psychiatry for generalists cadyLouis Cady, MD
This document provides an overview of a presentation on practicing psychiatry as a primary care physician. It discusses diagnosing and treating common conditions like depression and anxiety, prescribing psychotropic medications safely, avoiding legal issues, and not practicing beyond one's expertise, especially with regards to second generation antipsychotics. Key recommendations include starting low doses and being cautious of drug interactions when treating with antidepressants or benzodiazepines.
This document discusses various types of anxiety disorders and their treatment options. It describes generalized anxiety disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder in more detail. For generalized anxiety disorder, it recommends psychotherapy as the primary treatment and lists SSRIs, TCAs, benzodiazepines, MAOIs, and atypical antidepressants as pharmacological options. It also discusses buspirone and the rationale for using atypical antipsychotics and pregabalin to treat anxiety disorders.
This document discusses the pharmacological management of anxiety disorders. It outlines treatment options including antidepressants, anxiolytics, antipsychotics, and psychotherapy. It then provides details on the treatment of specific anxiety disorders like generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, phobias, and social anxiety disorder. For each, it discusses recommended drug classes and notes that SSRIs are often first-line treatment, while also covering other options, duration of treatment, and discontinuation.
Health psychology focuses on how psychological factors impact physical health. Addiction involves tolerance, dependence, and continued use despite consequences. The brain's dopamine system is involved in addiction, signaling reward and craving. Chronic stress can impair immune function and increase disease risk by activating stress responses. Emotions involve the amygdala and other brain regions, and fear conditioning demonstrates the amygdala's role in processing fearful stimuli.
This document discusses psychopharmacology for children and adolescents. It covers common reasons for prescribing medications such as problems with attention, hyperactivity, anxiety, and mood disorders. It reviews specific medications prescribed for these issues, including stimulants, SSRIs, benzodiazepines, and mood stabilizers. Potential side effects and considerations for each class and individual medication are provided. Electroconvulsive therapy is also mentioned as an effective somatic treatment for depression.
This document summarizes the clinical uses of the antipsychotic drug quetiapine. It discusses quetiapine's approval for treating schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, and other off-label uses. Key points include quetiapine being the first-line treatment for bipolar depression, its efficacy in reducing symptoms of schizophrenia and mania, and dosage guidelines for different conditions. Recent studies are cited showing quetiapine's benefits for outcomes in schizophrenia and improvements in working memory compared to other antipsychotics.
Risperidone is an antipsychotic medication developed in the 1980s-1990s and approved by the FDA in 1994. It is on the WHO's list of essential medicines. Risperidone is effective at decreasing hallucinations and delusions in psychotic patients, allowing them to function better. It is available in tablet, liquid, and injectable forms. Risperidone is metabolized in the liver and has an oral bioavailability of 70%. Common side effects include extrapyramidal symptoms, weight gain, and hyperprolactinemia. It is indicated for schizophrenia, bipolar mania, autism-related irritability, and other off-label uses, though has black box
The document discusses psychiatric disorders and their relationship to biological factors in the brain. It covers several key points:
1) Psychiatric disorders are influenced by both biological and experiential factors, and the underlying brain dysfunctions are still being identified, though treatments indicate biological causes.
2) Conditions like schizophrenia and affective/mood disorders show clear genetic components and responses to drug treatments targeting neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin, supporting a biological basis.
3) Bringing new drugs to treat these disorders to market can be a long process, raising questions about how much society relies on pharmaceutical solutions.
The document discusses antipsychotic polypharmacy, which is the use of two or more antipsychotic medications simultaneously. It notes that while some studies have found antipsychotic combinations to be more effective than monotherapy for severe cases, other research has associated polypharmacy with higher risks of side effects and issues with long-term safety are still unclear. Overall, the document advocates for a cautious, evidence-based approach to antipsychotic treatment using monotherapy when possible before considering polypharmacy options.
Risperidone is a second-generation antipsychotic medication that is effective and well-tolerated for treating tantrums, aggression, and self-injurious behavior in children with autism spectrum disorder. However, its use is highly controversial due to adverse effects like weight gain, hormonal issues, and long-term neurological problems. Risperidone's efficacy and side effects depend on factors like a person's genetics and other medications being taken, requiring close monitoring by medical professionals when prescribing it to treat autism.
I just wanted to share some of my Clinical Instructors lecture materials. I don't own this document, I wish to help you guys with the summary of Psychiatric Drugs.
Antidepressants are drugs that relieve symptoms of depression and were first developed in the 1950s. There are approximately 30 types that fall into 5 main categories and are used to treat various psychiatric disorders like depression, schizophrenia, anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and eating disorders. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors are commonly prescribed to treat conditions like generalized anxiety disorder, panic attacks, and bulimia nervosa.
This document discusses mood disorders, specifically depression. It provides the DSM-IV criteria for a major depressive episode, including symptoms such as depressed mood, diminished interest, changes in appetite, insomnia, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness, difficulty concentrating, and suicidal thoughts. It also discusses treatment options, focusing on pharmacotherapy. SSRIs are considered a first-line treatment and details are provided about specific SSRIs, their mechanisms of action, indications, and precautions. Risk factors for suicide are briefly covered.
This document provides an overview of biomedical therapies for autism, including dietary modifications, supplements, pharmacological interventions, and experimental treatments. It presents a case study of a child diagnosed with autism and discusses the family's questions. It then outlines 10 rules for considering biomedical therapies, emphasizing that they should not replace behavioral therapies and have limited evidence for treating core autism symptoms. Various therapy options are described along with theories for their mechanisms and potential benefits and risks. Experimental therapies with little evidence are also mentioned.
Obsessive compulsive disorder(OCD)
Characterized by obsessional thoughts and compulsive rituals.
Secondary to both depressive illness and Gilles de la Tourette syndrome.
OCD is an anxiety disorder characterized by intrusive thoughts that produce uneasiness, apprehension, fear or worry; by repetitive behaviours aimed at reducing the associated anxiety; or by a combination of such obsessions and compulsions
Neurobiology of Substance Dependence
The document summarizes the neurobiology of substance dependence in 3 key areas:
1. Substance dependence involves changes in the brain's reward pathway including the ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, and prefrontal cortex due to drug-induced alterations in neurotransmitters like dopamine.
2. Drugs of abuse activate the brain's natural reward system by increasing the release of dopamine in this pathway, initially producing feelings of pleasure but ultimately leading to maladaptive changes in brain structure and function over time.
3. Withdrawal from drugs involves dysregulation of many neurotransmitter systems producing negative symptoms that drive relapse through craving and stress. Understanding these neurobiological mechanisms provides
1. Risperidone is an antipsychotic drug approved for treating irritability in children with autism over age 5. Common side effects are weight gain and sedation. Lower doses starting at 0.25 mg are recommended.
2. Several drugs may help reduce behavioral symptoms in autistic children such as irritability, aggression, and self-injury. These include risperidone, olanzapine, aripriprazole, and lamotrigine. Careful titration and monitoring is needed due to potential side effects like weight gain.
3. Autism treatments aim to alleviate comorbid conditions, but most autistic individuals require lifelong support. While some improve, many remain
Paliris XR is an extended-release formulation of paliperidone, an atypical antipsychotic drug approved to treat schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. It uses an osmotically released oral delivery system to provide a consistent release of paliperidone over 24 hours. Paliperidone is a metabolite of risperidone and works as an antagonist at dopamine, serotonin, alpha-1, and histamine receptors. It has fewer side effects than risperidone and allows therapeutic drug levels to be reached without requiring supplementation during initiation of treatment. The document provides information on dosing, side effects, pharmacokinetics, and advantages of paliperidone over risperidone for treating
This document provides information on autism spectrum disorder (ASD), including criteria for diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment options, and guidelines for specific medications. ASD is characterized by deficits in social communication and interaction, and restricted, repetitive behaviors. It can be diagnosed when criteria A and B are met. Common treatments include behavioral therapies, social skills training, and pharmacotherapy depending on specific symptoms. Medications may be used to target irritability, restricted interests, sleep issues, anxiety/depression, or attention problems. Close monitoring is needed with any medication used to treat ASD.
This document summarizes developments in antipsychotic drugs between 2002 and 2012. Several new atypical antipsychotics received FDA approval during this period including aripiprazole, paliperidone, iloperidone, asenapine, and lurasidone. Research also explored new theories about how antipsychotics work at a neurochemical level to exert their effects. Studies such as CATIE and CUtLASS-2 questioned the superiority of atypicals over typical antipsychotics. The completion of the Human Genome Project and start of the Human Connectome Project provided new insights but did not find single genes responsible for psychiatric disorders. Epigenetic factors are also influential on gene expression and susceptibility. O
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is defined by difficulties with social interaction and communication, and restricted or repetitive behaviors. It is more common in males than females. The causes are genetic and environmental factors that impact brain development. Symptoms usually appear by age 2. Diagnosis involves screening tools and observing behaviors. Treatment involves early intervention with intensive educational and behavioral therapies for at least 25 hours per week. Medications may help specific symptoms but do not treat the underlying condition. Prognosis is better with early identification and treatment.
This case report describes a 46-year-old woman who developed tardive dyskinesia after taking the atypical antipsychotic aripiprazole for 10 months to treat schizophrenia. She began experiencing involuntary orofacial movements. While aripiprazole is generally considered to have a low risk of tardive dyskinesia, this case suggests it may cause the condition in some patients, especially those with risk factors like longer treatment duration. The report adds to limited evidence that aripiprazole can potentially induce tardive dyskinesia and cautions doctors to monitor patients carefully when prescribing it long-term.
1. The OSHA program aims to help autistic children develop social, communication, language and academic skills through early intervention, preschool and school classes taught by specialists.
2. The program involves comprehensive assessment, individualized treatment plans, and regular re-evaluation. Treatment includes behavioral, educational, speech and social interaction therapies.
3. While autism was once considered untreatable, intensive early intervention programs like OSHA have been shown to significantly improve outcomes for many children. Certain medications can also help treat associated behaviors.
Risperidone is used to treat psychotic disordersin Children. It acts in brain by affecting levels of dopamine and serotonin which calm the child with severe behavior problems.
For more information visit at
https://bit.ly/2M3svtf.
Share/comment if you know anything about Risperidone.
This document provides information about anti-psychotic drugs. It discusses psychosis and its symptoms like hallucinations and delusions. Schizophrenia is described as the most common psychotic disorder. First and second generation (atypical) anti-psychotics are outlined, including their mechanisms of action primarily involving dopamine receptor blockade. Advantages of atypicals include ability to treat negative symptoms with fewer side effects like extrapyramidal symptoms. Common atypical drugs discussed are clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and quetiapine.
Lurasidone is an atypical antipsychotic that antagonizes the dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2A receptors to reduce symptoms of schizophrenia and mania. It also agonizes the 5-HT1A receptor to reduce depressive symptoms and antagonizes the 5-HT7 receptor to improve cognition. It is approved for treatment of schizophrenia in adults and for bipolar depression in both adults and adolescents ages 13-17 years old. Lurasidone has a favorable side effect and metabolic profile compared to other antipsychotics.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder characterized by impaired social communication and repetitive behaviors. Reported prevalence is approximately 1% of children. Children with ASD often experience psychiatric issues like aggression, anxiety, and mood symptoms. While medications are often prescribed, children with ASD generally respond less favorably than peers. Current evidence shows risperidone and aripiprazole can effectively treat irritability, and methylphenidate can treat ADHD symptoms, but side effects are common. More treatment options are still needed to address the core symptoms of ASD.
Risperidone 2mg, 4mg Film coated Tablets Taj Pharma : Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings, Risperidone Dosage & Rx Info | Risperidone Uses, Side Effects - Risperidone : Indications, Side Effects, Warnings, Risperidone - Drug Information - Taj Pharma, Risperidone dose Taj pharmaceuticals Risperidone interactions, Taj Pharmaceutical Risperidone contraindications, Risperidone price, Risperidone Taj Pharma anti-psychotics Schizophrenia Risperidone 2mg, 4mg Film coated Tablets PIL- Taj Pharma . Stay connected to all updated on Risperidone Taj Pharmaceuticals Taj pharmaceuticals Hyderabad. Patient Information Leaflets, PIL.
Psychosis appears as a symptom of a number of mental disorders, including mood and personality disorders , schizophrenia , delusional disorder , and substance abuse. It is also the defining feature of the psychotic disorders
This document discusses several topics related to psychopharmacology in children and adolescents. It notes that there has been a large increase in the prescription of psychiatric medications for children in recent decades. It outlines some of the ethical issues and debates surrounding the diagnosis and treatment of mental health conditions in children, including concerns about overdiagnosis and the influence of parents and legal/business factors. The document also provides information on several classes of psychiatric medications commonly prescribed to children, including antidepressants, stimulants for ADHD, atypical antipsychotics, and mood stabilizers for bipolar disorder. It discusses the mechanisms of action, efficacy evidence, side effects and special considerations for use of these medications in developing populations.
Psychosis is an abnormal condition of the mind that involves a “loss of contact with reality”. People experiencing psychosis may exhibit personality changes and thought disorder. Depending on its severity, this may be accompanied by unusual or bizarre behavior, as well as difficulty with social interaction and impairment in carrying out daily life activities.
Thanks to:
God, Parents and Teachers
and Mrs. Tahira Khan [Department of Pharmacology]
Treating Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents - Presenter: Laura Ma...Akron Children's Hospital
This document provides information from a presentation by Dr. Laura A. Markley on treating anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. It discusses the signs and symptoms of anxiety disorders in youth and acknowledges that psychotherapy is first-line treatment. It examines the evidence for medications to treat anxiety disorders in children, including SSRIs which have the most evidence but many are off-label. Key points include starting low doses of SSRIs and combining medication with CBT for best outcomes in disorders like OCD.
Abilify Long Acting Injectable in Patients with Schizoaffective DisorderGeoffrey Brown, PharmD
This study evaluated the tolerability and effectiveness of aripiprazole long-acting injectable (LAI) in 18 outpatients with schizoaffective disorder. Patients received monthly injections of 400mg aripiprazole LAI for 6 months. Effectiveness was measured using PANSS and CGI-S scales, showing statistically significant improvements. Tolerability was good, with weight gain and akathisia reported as adverse effects in a small number of patients. While limited by sample size, the study provides preliminary evidence that aripiprazole LAI may be an effective and well-tolerated treatment for schizoaffective disorder. A larger randomized controlled trial is needed.
This document discusses various anxiety disorders including generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, phobic disorders, and social phobia. It covers theories of etiology including cognitive, psychodynamic, and biological perspectives. Diagnosis and assessment tools are reviewed as well as treatment approaches including cognitive behavioral therapy and pharmacotherapy with SSRIs, benzodiazepines, and other medications.
Global Medical Cures™ | Medicines for Treating Mental Health ConditionsGlobal Medical Cures™
Global Medical Cures™ | Medicines for Treating Mental Health Conditions
DISCLAIMER-
Global Medical Cures™ does not offer any medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or recommendations. Only your healthcare provider/physician can offer you information and recommendations for you to decide about your healthcare choices.
PHARMACOTHERAPY POINTERS FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA [MALAYSIAN CPGs].pdf
FINAL PAPER RISPERIDONE
1. Risperidone as Treatment for Autism Spectrum Disorders
Sarah Wright
Psychopharmacology
Santa Clara University
March 13, 2015
2. RISPERIDONE AS TREATMENT FOR ASDs 2
Abstract
Risperidone is classified as an atypical antipsychotic drug that was introduced in 1994
and is used to treat Schizophrenia, Bipolar disorder, and irritability in individuals with
autism. It was synthesized in attempt to replicate clozapine effectiveness without its side
effects. Currently it is used in combination with therapy for children and adults with ASDs to
treat symptoms of aggression towards others, deliberate self-harm or injury, temper tantrums,
and changing moods. Risperidone is effective in treating these symptoms due to the
antagonist behavior on dopamine and serotonin. This blockage results in lowering arousal
that children with ASDs may be sensitive to. The drug is typically taken orally or by
intramuscular long-acting injection. The effects peek from about an hour after administration
and the drug is metabolized by the liver enzyme CYP2D6 with a half-life of 3-20 hours
depending on the quality and quantity of the enzyme. There have been numerous studies
done in the past decade on the effectiveness of the drug, most of which conclude that the
majority of children’s aggression decreased while taking it. While risperidone is a very
effective and commonly used treatment in children above the age of three with ASDs, there
are side effects that should be acknowledged, such as anxiety, trouble sleeping, nausea,
severe tiredness, and weight gain. To abstain from these side effects and others that could
occur, Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) therapy is an extremely common and effective
alternative for children with ASDs. ABA therapy consists of a team of therapists and
clinicians trained in the subject of ASDs and ABA. This team works together and hands on
with the child to gauge the gap between chronological and functional age to determine
activities needed to improve temperament, education, and daily living. Often times,
risperidone is used simultaneously with ABA therapy in order to treat the symptoms of
3. RISPERIDONE AS TREATMENT FOR ASDs 3
aggression in order to allow for effective therapy sessions. Each child diagnosed with an
ASD is different, especially since ASDs are spectrum disorders, meaning the range of
severity is broad. Every treatment with a child with an ASD is individualized whether they
are being treated with risperidone, ABA therapy, or both conjointly. One child with an ASD
may need a very different treatment plan than another, meaning the diagnosis and assessment
of the disorder is imperative.
Keywords: Autism Spectrum Disorders, Applied Behavior Analysis, children, antipsychotic
4. RISPERIDONE AS TREATMENT FOR ASDs 4
Introduction
Autism Spectrum Disorders is a growing concern in the world today, classified as a range
of complex neurodevelopment disorders consisting of severe impairment in several areas of
development, including deficits in social interactions, communication, and presence of
stereotyped behavior and activities (6). The diagnosis of ASDs has been increasing, now up to
about 1% of all children diagnosed with an ASD (pg520). The cause of this increase is unknown,
whether it is due to increased knowledge of the symptoms, or actual increase in the disorder
prevalence. From what has been observed, ASDs occurs in all ethnic, socioeconomic and age
group, however males are four times more likely to have the disorder than females (6).
The term autism was first used in 1908 by psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler when he was
attempting to describe patients with Schizophrenia (5). In 1943 and 1944, both Leo Kanner and
Hans Asperger studied groups of children and found similar observations in the developmental
deficits and sensitivity to certain stimuli. Bruno Bettelheim then studied different therapy
sessions with children he claimed were autistic, resulting in his conclusion that the symptoms
stemmed from “coldness of their mothers” (5). This theory was later refuted in 1964 by
psychologist and father of a child with autism, Bernard Rimland, who claimed autism was due to
neural implications. In the 1980s, research and studies on autism and the disorder became better
understood as a neurological and possibly genetic disorder.
Recently, studies have found irregularities in several regions of the brain in people with
an ASD, while other studies suggest abnormal levels of serotonin and other neurotransmitters are
present in the brain of people with the disorder (6). There still, however, is no cause and effect
relationship for the onset of ASDs. Ole Ivar Lovaas continued research on autism and behavior
analysis to develop treatment therapies like ABA therapy. In the past, antidepressants (SSRIs)
5. RISPERIDONE AS TREATMENT FOR ASDs 5
were used to treat symptoms of ASDs, but then the efficacy of risperidone was discovered. It is
now known that atypical antipsychotics like risperidone are clinically the most effective in
reducing aggression, irritability, and tantrums in children with ASDs (520).
While there are drugs to help reduce symptoms that come with ASDs, there is no actual
treatment or any medications that cure the disorder. Most drugs used in response to ASDs reduce
aggression, anxiety, repetitive behaviors, mood changes, hyperactivity, impulsiveness, and
maladaptive behavior through targeting the neurochemical systems involved with the
pathophysiology of ASDs (520). There are currently two FDA approved: risperidone and
aripiprazole.
Risperidone is the second classified atypical antipsychotic drug that was introduced in
1994 and is used to treat Schizophrenia, Bipolar disorder, and irritability in individuals with
Autism. It was synthesized in attempt to replicate clozapine effectiveness without its side effects
and with low risk of extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) (520). It is a second-generation
antipsychotic (SGA). Currently it is used in combination with therapy for children between the
ages 5 and 16 years of age with an ASD to treat symptoms of aggression towards others,
deliberate self-harm or injury, temper tantrums, and changing moods (4)(7)(8). Risperidone was
one the first FDA approved drug for symptomatic treatment for irritability in children and
adolescents with ASDs on October 6, 2006 (7).
Prompt: Mechanism of action - What's known about the drug you selected for your paper? How
is the drug administered? How move about the body? What's known about the drug you
selectedfor your paper? How is the drug administered? How move about the body? What
does the drug do at the synapse? Where in the nervous systemdoes it have it's effect (main
and side effects)? What do you know about the neurotranmitter(s) the drug effects (nuclei,
projections, behavior)? Cite sources. Refer to your diagram and include it in your paper,
either imbedded in the text or as Figure 1 at the end of the paper.
6. RISPERIDONE AS TREATMENT FOR ASDs 6
Risperidone is administered either orally or through long-acting intramuscular injection.
Dosing is individualized according to the response and tolerability of each individual child.
Rapid absorption occurs after oral administration, peeking within an hour and food having no
effect on absorption. It then binds to plasma proteins to be distributed throughout the body. It is
metabolized in the liver by the enzyme CYP2D6 down to 9-hydroxyrisperidone, which has a
similar pharmacological activity as risperidone. The metabolic half-life for individuals with
extensive metabolizers is about 3 hours and for poor metabolizers about 20 hours (520). The
three hour metabolic half-life means the drugs is active for about 23 hours, so the medication is
taken typically once a day. The long-acting injection is encapsulated in biodegradable polymer
microspheres suspended in a water-based solution that lasts up to two weeks (520).
Other medications that have been researched or used in treatment of symptoms in individuals
with ASDs include traditional anti-ADHD medications like methylphenidate, atomoxetine,
guanfacine, and clonidine (520). These drugs have shown modest efficacy in response to
treatment of hyperactivity, impulsiveness, and attention deficit in ASDs, however the side effects
limit the use. There is still research being done on other medications, one being a diuretic and
chloride channel antagonist called bumetanide, which seems promising in effectiveness so far
(520). Another possible treatment involves omega-3 fatty acid combined with parent training and
supplementary therapy, but there have been contradictory findings on whether it is effective
(520).
Prompt: What does the drug do at the synapse? Where in the nervous systemdoes it have
it's effect (main and side effects)? What do you know about the neurotranmitter(s) the drug
effects (nuclei, projections, behavior)?
Risperidone is a dopamine and serotonin antagonist at D2 and 5-HT2, along with Alpha
1, Alpha 2, and H1, receptors which results in improved control of psychotic symptoms with a
7. RISPERIDONE AS TREATMENT FOR ASDs 7
minimum of neuroleptic-induced EPS at low doses of 6 milligrams (520). Risperidone has higher
affinity for 5-HT2A receptors than for D2 receptors (520) (3). This means that the drug, along
with other antipsychotics, reduce dopaminergic neurotransmission. It also raises the level of the
hormone prolactin (10), which could be terms for concern in the long run. The drug interacts
with other receptors and neurotransmitter systems very little or not at all, including cholinergic
receptors.
Dopamine neurotransmitters are categorized as a chatecholamine transmitter located in
the central nervous system, specifically in the hypothalamus, the nigrostriatal pathway involving
the substantia nigra, basal ganglia, and the cell bodies of the brain stem and tegmentum, effecting
the cerebral cortex, as well as the forebrain limbic system (21). These circuits involving blockade
of dopamine receptors have implications of regulating hormones (hypothalamus), regulating
movement (substantia nigra and basal ganglia), and other dopaminergic functions like pleasure
(21). D2 receptors are the primary receptors responsible for behavioral states, which is the main
effect risperidone has on the brain. While the antagonist action against D2 receptors is helpful in
treating behavioral symptoms that come with ASDs and other conditions, high levels of
dopamine blockade can lead to parkinsonian symptoms, or what is typically referred to as EPS
(extrapyramidal symptoms) (338). Dopamine is also related to possible long term implications of
tardive dyskinesia (339). While this is true for many antipsychotics, risperidone and other
second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) are said to have little or no implications of EPS or TD
(339).
Risperidone also antagonizes serotonin receptors (5HT2), which was first researched in
relation to LSD in the 1950s. Serotonin is prevalent in the upper brain stem, specifically the pons
and the medulla which have implications on transferring information to the rest of the brain (22).
8. RISPERIDONE AS TREATMENT FOR ASDs 8
Serotonin receptors are involved in impulsivity, which is the main role the blockade of 5HT2
receptors play in the treatment of ASDs (133).
Prompt: Acute and long term effects of use of the drug. Are there concerns?
Some serous adverse effects are high body temperature, drug-induced tardive dystonia,
excessive thirst, hyperglycemia, including ketoacidosis or hyperosmolar coma, hypothermia,
mania, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, priapism, seizure, syncope, tardive dyskinesia,
thrombocytopenic purpura (***). There are also possible side effects like itching or hives,
swelling in your face or hands, swelling or tingling in your mouth or throat, chest tightness,
trouble breathing, change in urination, constant uncontrollable muscle movement (often in your
lips, tongue, arms, or legs), dry mouth, increased thirst, muscle cramps, and fast, slow, irregular
(uneven), or pounding heartbeat. There also may be a fever, sweating, confusion, muscle
stiffness, lightheadedness, fainting, seizures and numbness or weakness in your arm or leg, or on
one side of your body, sudden or severe headache, and problems with vision, speech, or walking
(4). It is currently unknown if it crosses the placenta or if it is a teratogen. Acute side effects
include anxiety, trouble sleeping, increased dreaming, constipation, diarrhea, nausea, upset
stomach, darkening of your skin, drooling, stuffy nose, heavy bleeding during menstrual period,
severe tiredness, trouble having sex, weight gain (4)(10)(7). There are also other known
interactions like decreasing the action of L-dopa and interacting with carbamazepine and
clozapine, as well as possibly strengthening the action of, or be strengthened by, SSRI
antidepressants (10).
Prompt: Alternative treatment to pharmacotherapy - give one viable option to medication for
treatment. How might this help?
Aside from the pharmacological use of risperidone for Autism Spectrum Disorders, is the
applied behavioral analysis. There are many different therapy companies that use this method of
9. RISPERIDONE AS TREATMENT FOR ASDs 9
treatment, which focuses solely on behavior, which constitute as measurable physical and verbal
actions and skills. It is a scientific approach to understanding behavior and how the environment
surrounding the subject influences the behavior. Therapists have used this method since the
1960’s to help children with autism and other developmental disorders (3).
The main aspect of ABA therapy is how people, specifically children in this case, learn.
Positive reinforcement is a tactic used and studied in ABA in order to increase the likelihood of
desired behaviors. While there are many different methods used in ABA depending on the child,
the setting, and the situation, it is typically used in a small group or one on one setting that is
structured time devoted to ABA therapy. The therapist, commonly referred to as the behavior
analyst or behavior interventionist, will usually have structured activities and instructions for the
child, and the outcome of these activities and instructions (the behavior) is then recorded for
data. Tracking behavior in this systematic manner allows for an overview on the deficits and
development of the child.
The overall goal is not to treat autism, but to make living with it easier and to bridge the
gap between chronological and functional age. While drugs like risperidone work to limit the
stimulation to reduce certain behaviors, ABA therapy works to alter behavior and enhance skill
sets and education (2). While ABA therapy is extremely helpful for children with autism, it is
difficult in terms of time and process. Typically, children remain in an ABA therapy program
from a few months to a few years. These sessions are between an hour and five hours long, two
to five times a week. The process can be exhausting for the child, parents, siblings, and therapist.
There must be a good relationship between the therapist and the family, which is sometimes a hit
or miss. While ABA therapy is a scientifically supported treatment for autism, it is certainly not
as black and white as taking a medication.
10. RISPERIDONE AS TREATMENT FOR ASDs 10
Even with the extensive amount of time and effort that it takes to do ABA therapy with a
child, the treatment is incomparable in terms of benefits. ABA therapy is widely and increasingly
used across the country and is endorsed by a number of state and federal agencies, including the
U.S. Surgeon General, The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (and The National
Institutes of Health (1). The success rate of significant improvement in children treated early is
80%-90% and 50% of children will begin showing appropriate (chronological) skills and
intelligence (1).
ABA therapy helps not only the child reach their full potential, but teaches the family to
best help the child and use ABA in their own daily life. ABA therapy teaches personal hygiene,
social skills, communication skills, structural and procedural skills for daily life, and overall
education. While teaching these children, their behaviors are studied and positive reinforcement
is set in place to encourage the wanted behavior. The combination of both risperidone and ABA
therapy is typically the overall treatment for children with severe autism so that the child is
controlled enough to work through the therapies to learn and grow (2)
Conclusion: What do you think is the better therapy and why?
In terms of concluding the effectiveness of the risperidone versus applied behavior
analysis therapy, there is difficulty in choosing one over the other. Risperidone is helpful in
calming symptoms of ASDs, while ABA therapy increases ability and lowers deficits in
development. The combination of the two seems most beneficial to a child with an ASD,
specifically those on the more severe side of the spectrum. To conduct ABA therapy, it is most
effective if the child is able to participate fully and better control their impulses and aggression.
Risperidone helps children who struggle with these symptoms so that they can more easily
participate in the therapy session without outbursts, allowing for more productive therapy time.
11. RISPERIDONE AS TREATMENT FOR ASDs 11
Since there are obvious side effects, both acute and long-term, risperidone should only be
prescribed if the symptoms are severely implicating the child’s daily life and therapy sessions.
ASDs are typically treated more so for the developmental deficits in a child rather than
neurological symptoms. Often ABA therapy alone can teach the child to control their behavior
through specific activities and social targets, which is why risperidone is for more intense cases
of ASDs. Risperidone is not necessarily effective on its own due to its lack of influence on social
interactions and communication. ABA therapy is the only clinically effective way to treat these
deficits that come with most ASDs. If the symptoms of impulsivity and aggression are under
control and do not immensely effect the safety and well being of the child and those around
them, solely ABA therapy is most likely sufficient in treating a child with an ASD.
VII. References. Include our text and at least three scholarly publications. Use proper APA
format for your citations both in your paper and in the reference section.
Works Cited
1ABC’s of Starting ABA Autism Therapy. (n.d.). Retrieved February 9, 2015, from
http://butterflyeffects.com/slide-2/
2 Advokat, C., Comaty, J., & Julien, R. (2014). Antipsychotic Drugs. In Julien's primer of drug
action: A comprehensive guide to the actions, uses, and side effects of psychoactive
drugs. (13th ed., p. 370). New York: Worth.
3Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA). (n.d.). Retrieved February 8, 2015, from
http://www.autismspeaks.org/what-autism/treatment/applied-behavior-analysis-aba
3. Schatzberg, AF, Nemeroff, C . The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of
Psychopharmacology. 4th ed.American Psychiatric Publishing, 2009.
12. RISPERIDONE AS TREATMENT FOR ASDs 12
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6 http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/autism/detail_autism.htm
7 FDA Approves the First Drug to Treat Irritability Associated with Autism, Risperdal. (2006).
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Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology Autism Network. (2009). Medication and
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