Feminization Of Poverty Essay

Feminization Of Poverty Essay
The "feminization of poverty", refers to the trend whereby women and children comprise an increasing percentage of the overall poverty population
(Pearce, 1978). Virtually unanimous among activists, women are more likely to fall into poverty than their male counterparts. In addition to this
assumption regarding the gender–gap, race and ethnicity interact to further shape the gap. The current situation, as it pertains to females, is not only a
consequence relatable to lack of income, but also is a direct result of pervasive bias in society and government. In line with previous assumptions,
poverty rates are noticeably higher for women than men. According to the Center for American Progress, recent data suggests that approximately 13.8
percent...show more content...
Black and Latina women face particularly high poverty rates in comparison to Caucasian women. Demographic perspectives emphasize socioeconomic
backgrounds and family structure as factors contributing to the race and ethnicity gap. Family structure, in its basic form, boils down to the number
individuals dependent on a family's income. Intuitively, the more dependents in a family require more income. Family composition varies based on
cultural norms. "Among some groups, particularly Latina immigrants, larger families are liable to contribute to increased poverty rates" (Dujon,
122). Historically, large families are common in Latin American countries and Mexico due to a dependence on agriculture as a source of nutrients
and income. In these regions, families will often have five or more children who are expected to contribute to the families farming needs.
Socioeconomic backgrounds are equally responsible for the persisting gap because "minority women are more likely to have grown up poor" (Dujon,
122). A child that grows up in poverty does not have access to the same educational opportunities or even the most basic benefits. In contrary to the
'American Dream', children who grew up poor are often times subject to the same fate as the generations preceding
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Unequal Pay Among Women
In the status quo, it is estimated that eighteen million women are left to live in poverty. (NWLC, 2014). This leads to women struggling to make
ends meet. It's important to raise awareness for those whose voices have been silenced due to their lower status in society as they cannot be heard on
their own. Many people tend to believe that both genders are equally exposed at the risk of poverty. However, it is statistically proven that women have
higher poverty rates due to unequal pay rates, low paying occupations, a rise in divorce rates, and a growing number of single mothers from unplanned
pregnancies. Worldwide, women are likely to have unjust pay rates which is a significant reason for poverty among women. According to the
Institute for Women's Policy Research, women receive 80 cents for every dollar a man receives. (IWPR, 2015). Not only does the difference in
pay rates result in women receiving lower salaries than men, but it results in women having to rationalize the low amount of money that they do
receive. It is difficult to live in a world where resources are costly with a low salary. According to the United Nations Statistics Division,
"...consistent with other studies, men's average salary was higher than women's average salary." (Barry A. Gerhart, 2015). This informs us of one of
the reasons as to why women have a higher poverty rate. The unequal pay has been a strong issue debated in current society by many people.
However, there has yet to be a solution to a

Feminization Of Poverty And Gender Roles Essay
Assignment #4 Feminization of Poverty It is the term given to the trend where women represent a disproportionate percentage of the world poor. Here
are many factors that contribute to this trend. The factors that got my attention was being a single mother or just being a female. Often now days
society claims to give woman the same right as man. But in real life woman do not get the same right as a man. A woman can get to the same position
a man is but the struggle and the effort would be bigger. According to the theory of social roles,gender stereotypes arise as a consequence of the
existence of gender roles – social expectations, prescribing a person a certain behavior depending on his gender. In other words, watching how
representatives of different genders deal with different things, people conclude that they are fundamentally different from each other. At the same time,
gender stereotypes are the mechanism for maintaining gender roles: beliefs about the unique qualities and distinctive features of a particular gender are
used to justify the need to behave in accordance with the appropriate gender role. The United Nations considers this problem global and encourages
States to modify existing gender model, preserving a system of unequal values and double standards. In terms of gender mainstreaming, gender–based
discrimination and gender inequality are the major problems in the labor market, which leave their mark on the development of individual regions and
the country

To address and answer the question being asked in this paper, I could use the same methodology Low talks about in his paper. To be able to answer
how much the feminization of poverty trend and black and white inequality trend can explain the U.S wealth distribution, I would use the same
regression model lows uses. Instead of just looking at blacks versus whites, I will look at female headed households versus male headed household
too. Similar to Low's paper, I will use the Binder–Oaxaca decomposition to document the difference in wealth earnings if male headed households
receives the female variables and vice versa. I hope to find that some of the wealth distribution can be explained by the variable differences
between the male and female headed household. I expect the difference will only be noticeable towards the bottom of the distribution, probably
below top 50%. The difference in median household incomes between whites and blacks has grown from about $19,000 in 1967 to roughly
$27,000 in 2011. Median black household income was 59% of median white household income in 2011, up modestly from 55% in 1967; as recently
as 2007, black income was 63% of white income. As of 2015, relative to the average hourly wages of white men with the same education, experience,
metro status, and region of residence, black men make 22.0 percent less, and black women make 34.2 percent less. Black women earn 11.7 percent less
than their white female counterparts. The widening gap has not

вЂў How Does Poverty Affect Genders Differently?
How does poverty affect genders differently?
More than 1 billion people in the world today live in unacceptable conditions of poverty, mostly in the developing countries. More than eighty percent
of the world's population live in countries where income differentials are widening. Poverty is affecting not only that person but the ones who ignore
the problems. The level of poverty is generally defined as an inability to obtain a minimum standard of living. Poverty is a complex, multi–dimensional
problem, which includes political and economic elements. Numerous governments and companies offer a wide variety of assistance programs for
those who live in poverty or have a low income. Policies, develop strategies and revised laws are slowly improving...show more content...
The paper states, "Whether it is woman's or man's job that is lost in a crisis, women make more efforts to find ways to compensate for the loss of
family income, often working in informal sector, and at times under difficult conditions." This shows that women make more effort to provide for
their family when their job is lost. Between 2008 and 2011, at least twenty million jobs were lost. There was another five million at risk at that time.
About ten of the twenty million job losses happened in emerging or developed countries (Nandal, 2011). In 2009, the global unemployment rate for
women could reach up to 7.4 percent while it is up to 7 percent for men. Globally, South Asia and Sub– Saharan Africa have two of the largest
concentration of the poor. In South Asia, as of 2015, about fifteen percent of its population lives on less than a dollar a day. Around thirteen and a half
percent of Sub–Saharan Africa's population also lives on less than a dollar a day (Kehler, 2001). Africa, especially South Africa, is struggling to
overcome the burden of class, race and gender inequality. The reality of women is still determined by these factors to assess resources and different
opportunities. In just South Africa alone the unemployment rate increased about 3.2 percent in three years. Of that 3.2 percent, fifty six percent were
women while forty four percent were men. Women who are extremely

The Feminization Of Poverty And Poverty
Poverty has increasingly become a noticeable issue worldwide over the past couple of decades. With the middle class steadily decreasing,
considerable amounts of people are becoming part of the lower class, and even more of our world's population are beginning to live in poverty. It is
important to understand there are different definitions of poverty, and that is largely determined by what each country's government determines as the
cut off of poverty, otherwise known as the 'poverty line'. Although some people could live above the poverty line, and still be struggling financially, it
goes unrecognized by most research collection. However, what was initially noticed around the 1970's is that there was a significant rise in women's
poverty statistics. More female–headed households were living in poverty, and a majority of those women belonged to a minority. This recognizable
trend has been deemed the 'feminization of poverty', which according research is not only a growing problem in North America, but several other
countries around the world. Information gathered about this issue in the United States shows that female–headed households is by far the fastest
growing type of family structure, and due to the fact there is a growing poverty level amongst this group, it now means that approximately half of the
all the poor in the United States live in a women–headed family and household. (Gimenez, 1999, p. 336) The biggest question when is comes to this
particular topic is why?

Stereotypes: The Feminization Of Poverty
In the society, we face so many struggles that maybe a group of people feel that another group of people are not worth the same as they are. These
can be due to, a certain features, lifestyles or gender type. Gender role has grouped male and female to be seen separately, and it is not just in our role
but it has also gotten to our job lifestyle. How much a certain gender should earn, what job they should be involved with and the position that they
can hold a firm or place of work. Feminization poverty occur, because women are been treated differently in their place of work. Even while doing
the same job as men, women still get paid less than men. Feminization of poverty is a trend of women making up an increasing proportion of the poor.
The

Poverty: Gender Inequality In The United States
In the reading, there were a ton of definitions and clarifications being made. There was a breakdown of each economical class, poor, middle, and
wealthy class. Americans tend to focus on "racial and ethnic groups, but not for economic groups," but there is so much more (Payne pp. 37–43).
There are two types up poverty generational and situational. Generational is where there are more than two generations that are poor, and situational
has to do with a life–altering event (Payne pp. 47).
To be able to move out poverty there are a multitude of way to get out, but it has to do a lot with knowing what to do it. One of the way to get out of
the cycle is connecting with emotions and stopping "his/her 'emotional memory bank' because the situations and hidden rules are so unlike what he/she
has experienced previously" (pp. 7–9). Another resource is help with a person's "mental abilities and acquired skills" (pp. 7–9). Then believing they
have worth and are capable of living. The person should be able to complete tasks on their own, and if they can't they can figure it out. Lastly,
relationships and support systems are important in helping because...show more content...
Her parenting style have to do with "decisions made for the moment based on feelings or survival" (pp. 37–43). For example, when her son starts to
cry, her first reaction is to give him the phone or tablet, so he can be quiet and watch a show. The family structure is obviously matriarchal because it
is just her and her son now. She lives for "survival, relationships, and entertainment" (pp. 37–43). In past couple months, my family and church have
been a support system for her. We've taught her about demanding the best, what to feed her son, how to get him to eat fruits and vegetables, and
working on his communication skills. Living with it first hand and now reading about it makes me more

Sowmiya (X–B) Topic: Poverty and Inequality
Key Question: To what extent do poverty and gender inequality affect each other?
INTRODUCTION:
Gender equality, women's empowerment and good standard of living (financial stability) are important in their own rights. Todaygender inequality is
not only a cause of women's poverty but also a barrier to tackling general poverty.Gender inequality impacts on whether women can benefit from
development. Unequal distribution and control of resources between women and men, women's social role as care–takers and the unequal distribution
of household tasks and gender–based violence are a few cause of women's poverty. Women's poverty, when at a large scale, greatly influences the rates
of general poverty. Also, there is another simple connection between gender inequality and poverty–gender inequality hinders progress across
development outcomes (causing poverty); a high proportion of women come to live in poverty; poverty exacerbates gender gaps; thus gender
inequality and women's disempowerment increases and cycle continues. It is very much evident that poverty and women disempowerment is
interdependent. I chose this topic to analyse how the extent of influence of poverty over gender inequality and vice versa varies at the global, national
and local levels.
GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE:
Throughout the developing world, women are made responsible for all household chores. All

The Affect Of Feminization Of Poverty On Women
The feminization of poverty is the increase in the number of women who had family suffering. It is very important that a women get equal rigth as a
man in the work force. There many woman, who support there family on there own. Those most severely affect by poverty are women who are
responsible for both the care and financial support of children (page 269). Like the glass ceiling, woman are inability to move up in the work force, I
believe a woman can do anything a man can do. It take a strong women to raise a family on her own. A person should be judget on there work ability
for the job not there gender. There are many single mother in America. They need to have eqaul rights in the work force, to be able to provide for there
family. At the

Feminization Of Poverty In America
Introduction
The term "feminization of poverty" was first created in 1978 in an article that analyzed the economic statuses of women. "In 1976, nearly two out of
three of poor persons over 16 years of age were women" (Pearce; 1976). The feminization of poverty describes a phenomenon in which women
represent a disproportionate percentage of the United States poor. This trend is not only a result of lack of income, but also a lack of opportunities due to
gender biases and fixed gender roles in some societies (DeNavas–Walt; 2012). Gender biases often deprive women of opportunities to independently
pursue education or careers and are often linked to the expectation that women are responsible for childbearing and caring for them as well. To better
...show more content...
For African American women who were living in poverty, most of them ranged from ages 17 to 29. Poverty Is rapidly becoming a female
problem. Though many women have achieved economic Independence from their spouses by their participation In the labor force (and in some
cases, by divorce), for many the price of that independence has been their pauperization and dependence on welfare, in 1976, nearly two out of
three of the 15 million poor persons over 18 were women. (Bureau of the Census, 1976) in certain groups, the imbalance was even greater: over 70%
of the aged poor are women. Black women, who were only 6.1% of the population in 1975, accounted for 17.0% of the poor that year (Pearce, Diane;

The Big Gender Gap Between Poverty And Women
About 1.4 billion human beings around the world–one in five people– are at risk of absolute poverty. Although the economy has sustained a slow
recuperation in 2012, poverty rates for most groups were identical from 2011, leaving poverty among women and children at or near historically high
levels. Poverty rates for women and children are higher than poverty rates for men and especially higher for women of color, women who are the head
of the family, foreign–born, and women 65 and older living alone. The big gender gap has been unchanged for the decade, undermining women's ability
to support themselves and their families. Difference in rates of employment and single parenthood, education and age groups play key roles in such
gender gaps in poverty.

Feminization Of Poverty And Poverty
Feminization of Poverty
Poverty is an issue that is faced by multitudes of people around the world. Poverty itself is defined as, "the state of being poor" (Merriam Webster).
According to Sara S. McLanahan, of Princeton University, "In the United States, poverty is defined as not having enough income to pay for basic
needs, such as food, clothing and shelter. Poverty is a family attribute. In other words, if a family is classified as poor, all the members of that
family are also poor" (McLanahan, n.d.). The U.S. Census Bureau, in 2013 shows, "there were 45.3 million people in poverty" just in the United
States (U.S Census Bureau, 2013). From those living in poverty, in the same year, "the ratio of the female poverty rate to the male poverty rate was
1.2–––women were 20 percent more likely to be poor than men" (Mykyta, 2013, p. 2). Also, "of all people categorized as in poverty in 2011,
approximately 56 percent were women" (Mykyta, 2013, p. 2). Sakiko Fukuda–Parr, director of the Human Development Report, portrays a simple
truth, "women are poorer than men" (Fukuda–Parr, 1999, p. 99). Feminization of poverty is defined as, "A societal–level process over time in which
the poor are increasingly made up of women and children" (Eshleman, 2010, p. 588). According to Lauren Abbate of Mount Holyoke College,
"Feminization of poverty is the phenomenon in which women experience poverty at rates that are disproportionately high in comparison to men"
(Abbate, 2010). It appears that,

Research Paper On Feminization Of Poverty
The feminization of poverty is the phenomenon in which women experience poverty at rates that are disproportionately high in comparison to men
Hispanic and Black women is more likely to be living in poverty than white women. I am guessing because of slavery. Women with low paying jobs or
no job at all are the ones who is living in poverty. Women who are responsible for both the care and the financial support of the children are the ones
who are also most severely affected by poverty. A single mother also is putting her childern in poverty as well. I really do hate that a mother and
children have to go through poverty just because the father don't want nothing to do with them. I think feminization of poverty has played a key role in
our society.

Causes Of Feminization Of Poverty
rica
The Origins of the Feminization of Poverty The United Nations Development Fund for Women reports that women are still the poorest of the worlds
poor, representing 70 of the 1.3 billion people who live in absolute poverty. They also estimate that nearly 900 million women in the world have
incomes of less than 1 a day. In the United States alone, women are about 50 percent more likely to be poor than men. The feminization ofpoverty in
America has steadily increased since the 1950s. Researchers have investigated the reasons for this increase, citing everything from teenage pregnancy
to the rise in deadbeat dads. Over the last thirty–five years there have been several trends in our society that have contributed to the feminization of
poverty. In 1978, Diana Pearce published a paper citing that poverty in America was becoming more and more feminized. She cited that almost
two–thirds of the poor over the age of 16 were women. Pearce also claimed that even though there were more women entering the labor force between
1950 and the mid–1970s, womens economic status had declined. She argued that the blame for this feminization of poverty belonged to the
government because of their lack of support for divorced and single women. She argued, for many the price of that independence has been their
pauperization and dependence on welfare (McLanahan 1). Further examination of the issue has shown that various changes in the family have
contributed to the feminization of poverty. The

Feminization Of Poverty In The United States
The culture of poverty is the belief that a country's dominate culture is what determines the level of industrialization. For instance, in third (and some
second) world countries, families that are barely able to farm out an existence are less likely to experiment with new techniques. Since they are unable
to buy better equipment they are left with sticking to the way that has worked for generations. Some cultures also teach that if a person is satisfied with
this life, then they will receive a higher status in the next life. Feminization of poverty is a condition in the U.S where low income households are often
headed by females. This is often contributed to unwed pregnancy, divorce, and the fact that women usually get paid less than men.

The Feminization Of Poverty In The United States
The feminization of poverty is a phenomenon that stems from the gender biases and fixated gender roles embedded in society. This occurrence is
defined as the disproportionality in gender when relating to the world's impoverished. Given that under capitalism class, race and sex issues are
augmented the global expansion of such an economic system should, in theory, result in an exacerbation of related issues. Thus, it is critical to analyze
the impact of an expanding capitalist structure on the lived experiences of women, and in particular, women in the
Global South who occupy uniquely disadvantaged strata.
Objective
To uncover the ways in which under a global capitalist economy the feminization of poverty has increased with particular attention...show more
content...
"What Glass Ceiling?"Public Interest 124 (1996): 27–40.
National Affairs, Inc. Web.
This section of the book addresses multiple aspects with regard to sex based preferences including wage gap, market discrimination and sex
discrimination. The failure of women to progress to the top ranks of management is the main issue that is studied when dealing with the term "Glass
Ceiling".
Mills, Maura J.Gender and the Work–family Experience: An Intersection of Two Domains
2015. Web.
In the text Mills explains in great detail the misconception of the "ideal worker" that capitalists seem to adhere to. I find this book to help breakdown
the barriers and stereotypes that have been socially constructed over the years in favour of male workers compared to those of the opposite sex.
Pettit, Becky, and Jennifer Lynn. Hook.Gendered Tradeoffs: Family, Social Policy, andEconomic Inequality in Twenty–one Countries. New York, NY:
Russell Sage Foundation, 2009. Web.
POLISCI 2J03
Page !4
In Gendered Tradeoffs, most notably in the later chapters of the book, rests key points that attack the issue of gender wage gaps and occupational sex
segregation. This aids in the unveiling of how the

Feminization Of Poverty Essay

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Feminization Of Poverty Essay