Federal Architecture in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s

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This document discusses the architecture of federal buildings in the United States from the 1950s through the 1970s. It provides case studies of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Campus in Germantown, Maryland, the Margaret Chase Smith Federal Building in Bangor, Maine, and the Hubert Humphrey Federal Building in Washington D.C. It discusses the design objectives of the General Services Administration during this period, which focused on practicality, functionality, and energy efficiency. It also outlines President Kennedy's 1962 guiding principles for federal architecture.

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Back to the Future: Federal Architecture
of the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s….

…AS ILLUSTRATED
THROUGH CASE STUDIES

…As Illustrated Through Case
Studies

U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Campus
Germantown, Maryland

1950s

…As Illustrated Through Case
Studies

1960 Margaret Chase Smith Federal Building
Bangor, Maine

…As Illustrated Through Case
Studies

Hubert Humphrey Federal Building
Washington D.C.

Strom Thurmond Federal
Building & U.S. Courthouse
Columbia, South Carolina

1970

(Really Quick) Overview of the
Federal Building Program, 1852-
1949

Creation of the
U.S. General Services Administration,
1949

1950s, 1960s, and 1970s:
Second Wave of Modernism

Diminishing distinction between public and private

Practicality

Functionality

Energy efficiency

Economic efficiency

“The City of Washington, D.C.
and an Atomic Bomb Attack”

U.S. Atomic Energy Commission
Campus
Germantown, Montgomery County, Maryland

1962: President John F. Kennedy’s
“Guiding Principles for Federal Architecture”

Designs should incorporate the finest in contemporary architectural thought

Use of local and regional architectural traditions and influences of the area

Incorporation of fine art, preferably by living American artists, where appropriate

Functionality for all users, including the handicapped

Incorporation of dependable and easily maintained materials, methods, and equipment

Avoidance of an “official style”

Choice and development of site should be first step in design process

Margaret Chase Smith Federal Building
Bangor, Maine

1960s Design Objectives for GSA

Limit of Cost (Local Architects; Local Materials)

Maximum flexibility of space assignment and utilization
(Minimal permanent corridors, toilets, stairways, elevators, and lobbies)

Maximum economy and efficiency in the operation of buildings

Program for the Beautification
of Federal Buildings (1965)

Landscaping as integral part of design

Beautification (cleaning, repair, renovation, and re-landscaping)
of existing federal buildings

Improvement in federal design of new buildings

Art in Architecture Program (1972)

Energy Conservation

Strom Thurmond Federal Building and U.S.
Courthouse Columbia, South Carolina

Modern Master
Marcel Breuer

Dialogue between interior and exterior
space

Hubert Humphrey Federal Building
Washington, D.C.

Art in Architecture

Evolutionary Notes to WK

Please stop by our table in the exhibition hall

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The document summarizes several exhibitions held at the National Building Museum from 1980 to 2010. Some of the key exhibitions included: - Sheet Metal Craftsmanship (1988) which celebrated sheet metal skills through large-scale sculptures built by union workers. - Tools as Art (1989-2004) which featured collections of tools as art over six exhibitions. - Washington: Symbol and City (1991-2001) which traced the history and development of Washington D.C. over multiple installations. - World War II and the American Dream (1994-1995) which presented

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INSTRUCTIONS Answer each question separately and number them .docx

normanibarber20063

INSTRUCTIONS: Answer each question separately and number them according to the question number. Each answer must be roughly between 200 to 400 words. 1. 1959 was a year that changed everything according - historic events included the launching of Soviet spacecraft, the approval of the birth control pill, the start of racial desegregation, the sale of the first IBM computer. In architecture, by 1959 a new generation, called Team X, had come to reject modern architecture in favor of contemporary architecture - a term that was used to distinguish their work from CIAM modernism. How did Team X distinguish their work and what was their critique of CIAM in the late 1950s and 60s? Describe using specific building examples. 2. Functionalism is traditionally associated with WWII and mechanization. Debates on functionalism dated back to the 1920s and continued to the 1970s. The Functionalists were critiqued for denying the role of aesthetics and for failing to fulfill the real utility of function (ie. buildings that deteriorated after just 5 years, etc). These debates were characterized by a reconciliation and integration of functionalism with more humanistic concerns - symbolic representation, organicism, aesthetic expressiveness, contextual relationships, and social, anthropological, and psychological subject matter. Describe how neglected topics such as history, popular culture, regional traditions, and the city were reconsidered in the 1960s. 3. “Everybody, everywhere, seems to express the desire to be “modern.” There is no longer a war between the old and the new - the old, it seems, has ceased to exist. The present is a moment of crisis, not any longer because we need modern architecture, but because we have got it.” - J.M. Richards. What does Richards mean by this remark from the early 1960s? Why was modern architecture suddenly a problem? 4. Philip Johnson’s crutches articulate aspects of architecture that we lean on to “help us walk upright.” Explain, in your own words, the following two crutches: “The most important crutch in recent times is not valid now: the Crutch of History. In the old days, you could always rely on books. You could say “what do you mean you don't like my tower? There it is in Wren.” Or, “They did that on the Subtreasury building - what can’t I do it?” History doesn’t bother us very much now. The Crutch of the Pretty Drawing still is with us today (or the cult of the pretty plan). It’s a wonderful crutch because you can give yourself the illusion that you are creating architecture while you’re making pretty drawings. Architecture is too hard. Pretty pictures are easier.” 5. According to Reyner Banham, what is the “New Brutalism”? Why was he critical of all the new “- isms”? Use evidence from the Banham essay. 6. According to Reyner Banham, “the architect who proposes to run with technology knows that he will be in fast company, and that, in .

Name _________________________________SCI 101 HOMEWORK ASSIG.docx

rosemarybdodson23141

Name _________________________________ SCI 101 HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT #4 DUE: Session 5 (11 Pts) 1. In which classification of waves are radio waves? (1-pt) a. Mechanical transverse b. Mechanical longitudinal c. Emag transverse d. Emag longitudinal e. Emag diagonal 2. Based on their frequencies, which carries more energy? (1-pt) a. FM radio wave b. Infrared light c. Microwave d. Visible light e. Newtonian wave 3. Count the light bulbs in your house. (4-pts) a. How much total wattage do you have? b. How much would it cost to leave all of them on for 1 day? Assume the cost is 12 cents/kw-hr. 4. Based on what we have studied about electrical charges and separations, which of the following are attracted to each other the strongest? (2-pts) a. A +1 sodium atom separated by 4.0 distance units from a –2 oxygen atom. b. A +1 hydrogen atom separate by 2.0 distance units from a +4 silicon atom. c. A -2 oxygen atom in glass separated by 3.0 distance -1 chlorine atom. d. A +1 sodium atom separated by 2.0 distance units from a -1 oxygen atom. e. A +4 silicon atom separated by 2.0 distance units from a -2 oxygen atom. 5. If you are standing on a beach and waves come in every 10 seconds, with crests spaced 20 meters apart, what is the frequency of the waves? (3-pts) IMG_2332IMG_2336IMG_2342IMG_2349 Smith—UN Secretariat Curtain Wall—1 John Smith Sample Site Report 21 February 2015 The Anonymity of the UN Secretariat Curtain Wall Observation The United Nations Secretariat curtain wall employs an austere regularity that highlights its factory production and suggests an impersonal anonymity. Existing Literature: A few publications have considered the design of the Secretariat’s curtain wall, and multiple other publications have explored the impersonal, factory-produced tendencies of mid-century modernism and the social and political implications of that aesthetic. The most direct consideration of the Secretariat curtain wall is an article by Robert Heintges that details the history of the Secretariat curtain wall, arguing that it can be understood as one of the first realizations of aluminum manufacturers’ marketing efforts. These marketing efforts suggested enlarging traditional punched windows until they touched one another and became a continuous enclosure. 1 The article also charts the process of design of the building by a committee of internationally-renowned modernist architects, but it offers no direct consideration of the cultural or symbolic significance of the curtain wall design for the UN.2 It does, however, point out the irony of the false and apparently blind confidence of the lead architect, Wallace Harrison, that the newest glass technology would allow for the sheer, factory-made, technological-looking façade to adequately resist the heat of direct morning sunlight. Among those who have treated the cultural implications of post-war modernism, Reinhold Martin, in his .

The Atomic Bomb The Effects of Obtaining Extraordinary Power.docx

mattinsonjanel

The Atomic Bomb: The Effects of Obtaining Extraordinary Power William Kahn The Manhattan Project Started in 1942 by the United States with support from the United Kingdom and Canada Led by J.R. Oppenheimer to create the world’s first atomic bomb Employed over 130,000 people (scientists, engineers and laborers) End of WWII The atomic bombings on Hiroshima and Nagasaki occurred on August 6th, 1945 and August 9th, 1945. Japan surrendered soon after To this date, the only time in history that the atomic bomb was used in warfare The Smyth Report Just three days after the atomic bombings on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, on August 12, 1945, H.D. Smyth released his book, Atomic Energy for Military Purposes, or better known as The Smyth Report. Summarized the previously declassified discoveries of the Manhattan Project and the associated nuclear physics Modern Safeguards The Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) was formed in 1970 to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons. Part of the treaty includes the International Atomic Energy Agency Safeguards, which represent specific means of controlling non-proliferation. Sources H.D. Smyth. Atomic Energy for Military Purposes. Princeton University: Review Of Modern Physics, Volume 27, Number 4, 1945. Barnaby, Frank. How Nuclear Weapons Spread: Nuclear-Weapon proliferation in the 1990s. London, 1993. Kelly, Cynthia C. Remembering the Manhattan Project: Perspectives on Making the Atomic Bomb and Its Legacy. New Jersey, 2005. The China Syndrome: Three Mile Island and Nuclear Energy in the United States Ari Tepper History 285 Section 003 Growth Of Nuclear Power President Eisenhower Atoms for Peace delivered to UN General Assembly, 1953 Shippingport Atomic Power Station First full scale commercial plant Design borrowed heavily from US Navy More than 800 weapons test in US between 1946 and 1979 Admiral Rickover. Huge pace of development for “Nuclear Navy” First new source of energy since fire 2 Three Mile Island (TMI) Pressurized Water Reactor 30 years of collective operating experience Only operating at full power for 40 days Rushed into service Human error compounded by bad designs Releases less than background levels Complex systems are prone to accidents, not limited to nuclear power generation No Evacuation Order Pregnant women and children under 5 within 50 miles 100,000 people left their homes anyways Cleanup cost over 1 billion USD Unit 2, 906 MW, larger than Unit 1 3 Industry Trends Slowdown of growth of demand by 1975 40% nuclear plants canceled before TMI Competitive Market Public Utility Regulatory Policy Act (PURPA), 1978 Rising Costs and longer construction times TMI only exacerbated trends France, Germany, and UK Shoreham Nuclear Power Plant Shoreham cost 6 billion, never operated 4 Fears of the Future Cold War nuclear submarines carrying nuclear missiles Energy Concerns and Crises 1973 & 1979 Plant construction eventually recovered Societal acce ...

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Federal Architecture in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s

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