Feasibility of a music studio in pakistan

Table of Contents
Chapter No: 1 - Introduction......................................................................................................... 11
1.1 Introduction to Music.............................................................................................................. 11
1.1.1 Musician........................................................................................................................... 12
1.1.2 Composition..................................................................................................................... 13
1.1.3 Notation............................................................................................................................ 13
1.1.4 Improvisation................................................................................................................... 14
1.2 Music Theory.......................................................................................................................... 14
1.3 History of Music ..................................................................................................................... 15
1.3.1 Prehistoric Era.................................................................................................................. 15
1.3.2 Ancient Music.................................................................................................................. 16
1.3.3 Asian Music Era............................................................................................................... 17
1.3.4 Antiquity .......................................................................................................................... 17
1.3.5 The Renaissance............................................................................................................... 18
1.3.6 20th
and 21st
Century Music............................................................................................. 18
1.4 Music Genres .......................................................................................................................... 19
1.4.1 A Cappella ....................................................................................................................... 23
1.4.2 Acid House....................................................................................................................... 24
1.4.3 Acid Jazz.......................................................................................................................... 24
1.4.4 Acid Rock ........................................................................................................................ 25
1.4.5 Acoustic ........................................................................................................................... 26
1.4.6 Alternative Country ......................................................................................................... 27
1.4.7 Alternative Hip Hop......................................................................................................... 28
1.4.8 Alternative Metal ............................................................................................................. 28
1.4.9 Alternative Rock .............................................................................................................. 29

Feasibility of a Music Studio in Pakistan
(Muhammad Abubakr) Page 2
1.4.10 Ancient........................................................................................................................... 30
1.4.11 Arabic Pop ..................................................................................................................... 31
1.4.12 Art Rock......................................................................................................................... 32
1.4.13 Australian Country......................................................................................................... 32
1.4.14 Australian Hip Hop........................................................................................................ 33
1.4.15 Baggy............................................................................................................................. 34
1.4.16 Baila............................................................................................................................... 35
1.4.17 Bal-Musette.................................................................................................................... 36
1.4.18 Balkan Brass .................................................................................................................. 36
1.4.19 Ballad ............................................................................................................................. 37
1.4.20 Baltimore Club............................................................................................................... 38
1.4.21 Bassline.......................................................................................................................... 39
1.4.22 Bass................................................................................................................................ 39
1.4.23 Baul................................................................................................................................ 40
1.4.24 Beach.............................................................................................................................. 41
1.4.25 Beat ................................................................................................................................ 42
1.4.26 Benga ............................................................................................................................. 43
1.4.27 Bhajan ............................................................................................................................ 43
1.4.28 Bhangra.......................................................................................................................... 44
1.4.29 Big Beat ......................................................................................................................... 45
1.4.30 Black Metal.................................................................................................................... 46
1.4.31 Blue Grass...................................................................................................................... 47
1.4.32 Blues-rock...................................................................................................................... 48
1.4.33 Bihu................................................................................................................................ 49
1.4.34 Brass............................................................................................................................... 49

1.4.35 Candombe ...................................................................................................................... 50
1.4.36 Canon............................................................................................................................. 51
1.4.37 Cantata ........................................................................................................................... 51
1.4.38 Canto Livre .................................................................................................................... 52
1.4.39 Carnatic.......................................................................................................................... 53
1.4.40 Chamber......................................................................................................................... 53
1.4.41 Children’s music............................................................................................................ 54
1.4.42 Chinese Music................................................................................................................ 55
1.4.43 Choro.............................................................................................................................. 56
1.4.44 Classical......................................................................................................................... 56
1.4.45 Comedy Music............................................................................................................... 57
1.4.46 Country .......................................................................................................................... 58
1.4.47 Dabke............................................................................................................................. 58
1.4.48 Danger............................................................................................................................ 59
1.4.49 Disco .............................................................................................................................. 60
1.4.50 Dubstep .......................................................................................................................... 60
1.4.51 Electronic Music............................................................................................................ 61
1.4.52 Flamenco........................................................................................................................ 62
1.4.53 Folk ................................................................................................................................ 63
1.4.54 Ghazal ............................................................................................................................ 63
1.4.55 Hip Hop.......................................................................................................................... 64
1.4.56 Instrumental ................................................................................................................... 65
1.4.57 Jazz................................................................................................................................. 66
1.4.58 Pop Music ...................................................................................................................... 67
1.4.59 Qawwali ......................................................................................................................... 68

1.4.60 Trance ............................................................................................................................ 69
1.5 Introduction to Music of Pakistan........................................................................................... 70
1.6 History of Music of Pakistan .................................................................................................. 70
1.6.1 Prehistoric Music 7000-2500 BC..................................................................................... 70
1.6.2 Buddhist Period 275 BC to 600 AD ................................................................................ 71
1.6.3 Radical Changes............................................................................................................... 71
1.7 Genres of Pakistani Music ...................................................................................................... 72
1.7.1 Ghazal .............................................................................................................................. 73
1.7.2 Qawwali ........................................................................................................................... 75
1.7.3 Classical Music................................................................................................................ 77
1.7.4 Regional Music................................................................................................................ 79
1.7.5 Religious Music ............................................................................................................... 84
1.7.6 Modern Music.................................................................................................................. 85
1.8 Introduction to Pakistan Music Industry................................................................................. 87
1.9 Key Players of Pakistan Music Industry................................................................................. 89
1.9.1 Coke Studio Pakistan....................................................................................................... 89
1.9.2 Nescafe Basement............................................................................................................ 91
1.10 Music Industry’s Comparative Analysis............................................................................... 93
1.10.1 Indian Music Industry.................................................................................................... 93
1.10.2 Pakistan Music Industry................................................................................................. 95
Chapter No: 2 – Feasibility Study................................................................................................. 99
2.1 Description of Mosikar ........................................................................................................... 99
2.1.1 Vision Statement of Mosikar ........................................................................................... 99
2.1.2 Mission Statement of Mosikar......................................................................................... 99
2.1.3 Logo of Mosikar .............................................................................................................. 99

2.1.4 Slogan of Mosikar.......................................................................................................... 100
2.1.5 Tagline of Mosikar......................................................................................................... 100
2.2 Organization and Staffing Plan............................................................................................. 100
2.2.1 Board of Directors.......................................................................................................... 100
2.2.2 Organizational Chart of Mosikar ................................................................................... 101
2.2.3 Description of Organizational Chart.............................................................................. 101
2.2.4 Key Roles and Duties of Directors ................................................................................ 102
2.2.5 Key Roles and Duties of Managers ............................................................................... 103
2.2.6 Key Roles and Duties of First Line Employee .............................................................. 105
2.3 Marketplace of Mosikar........................................................................................................ 107
2.3.1 Segmentation of Mosikar............................................................................................... 107
2.3.2 Target Market of Mosikar.............................................................................................. 108
2.3.3 Positioning ..................................................................................................................... 108
2.4 Marketing Strategy of Mosikar............................................................................................. 108
2.4.1 Relationship Marketing.................................................................................................. 108
2.4.2 Market Entry Strategy.................................................................................................... 109
2.4.3 New Service Development Process ............................................................................... 109
2.4.4 Budget Allocation Method............................................................................................. 111
2.4.5 ATL Activities ............................................................................................................... 111
2.4.6 BTL Activities ............................................................................................................... 112
2.4.7 Brand Ambassadors ....................................................................................................... 113
2.4.8 Media Partners of Mosikar............................................................................................. 114
2.4.9 Terms and Conditions for Media Partners..................................................................... 114
2.4.10 Sponsors of Mosikar .................................................................................................... 115
2.4.11 Corporate Social Responsibility .................................................................................. 116

2.5 Strategic Analysis of Mosikar............................................................................................... 116
2.5.1 Porter’s 5 Model ............................................................................................................ 116
2.5.1.1 Rivalry among Competitors..................................................................................................116
2.5.1.2 Threat of New Entrants.........................................................................................................117
2.5.1.3 Threat of Substitute Services ................................................................................................117
2.5.1.4 Bargaining Power of Suppliers .............................................................................................117
2.5.1.5 Bargaining of Customers ......................................................................................................117
2.5.2 FAB Analysis................................................................................................................. 117
2.5.2.1 Features.................................................................................................................................117
2.5.2.2 Attributes...............................................................................................................................118
2.5.2.3 Benefits .................................................................................................................................118
2.5.3 SWOT Analysis of Mosikar........................................................................................... 118
2.5.3.1 Strengths ...............................................................................................................................118
2.5.3.2 Weakness ..............................................................................................................................119
2.5.3.3 Opportunities.........................................................................................................................119
2.5.3.4 Threats...................................................................................................................................120
2.6 Operational Strategy ............................................................................................................. 120
2.6.1 Information System........................................................................................................ 120
2.6.2 Standard Operating Procedures (SOP’s)........................................................................ 121
2.6.3 Terms and Conditions.................................................................................................... 122
2.6.3.1 For Virtual Studio .................................................................................................................122
2.6.3.2 For Real Studio .....................................................................................................................122
2.6.3.3 For Music Experts.................................................................................................................123
2.6.3.4 For Technical Assistants .......................................................................................................123
2.6.4 Quality Control .............................................................................................................. 124
2.6.4.1 Control Parameters................................................................................................................124
2.6.5 Benchmarking................................................................................................................ 124
2.6.6 Service Quality Benchmarking...................................................................................... 125
2.6.7 International Standards Organization ............................................................................ 125
2.7 Financial Plan of Mosikar..................................................................................................... 125

2.7.1 Projected Startup Summary ........................................................................................... 125
2.7.2 Projected Music Instrument and Software’s Cost.......................................................... 127
2.7.3 Projected Consultancy Fee Structure............................................................................. 129
2.7.4 Projected Payrolls and Salaries Cost Structure.............................................................. 129
2.7.5 Projected Classification of Revenues of Mosikar.......................................................... 130
2.7.6 Projected Cash Flows Statement.................................................................................... 134
2.7.7 Projected Net Present Value (NPV)............................................................................... 144
2.7.8 Projected Payback Period .............................................................................................. 145
2.7.9 Projected Internal Rate of Return .................................................................................. 146
2.7.10 Projected Net Terminal Value (NTV).......................................................................... 147
2.7.11 Projected Accounting Rate of Return .......................................................................... 148
2.7.12 Projected Income Statement ........................................................................................ 149
2.7.13 Projected Profit Index .................................................................................................. 155
2.7.14 Projected Balance Sheets of Mosikar .......................................................................... 155
Chapter No: 3 – Conclusion........................................................................................................ 166
3.1 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 166

List of Figures
Figure 1 - A Cappella Music Trend .............................................................................................. 23
Figure 2 - Acid House Music Trend ............................................................................................. 24
Figure 3 - Acid Jazz Music Trend................................................................................................. 25
Figure 4 - Acid Rock Music Trend............................................................................................... 26
Figure 5 - Acoustic Music Trend.................................................................................................. 27
Figure 6 - Alternative Country Music Trend ................................................................................ 27
Figure 7 - Alternative Hip Hop Music Trend ............................................................................... 28
Figure 8 - Alternative Metal Music Trend.................................................................................... 29
Figure 9 - Alternative Rock Music Trend..................................................................................... 30
Figure 10 - Ancient Music Trend.................................................................................................. 31
Figure 11 - Arabic Pop Music Trend ............................................................................................ 31
Figure 12 - Art Rock Music Trend ............................................................................................... 32
Figure 13 - Australian Country Music Trend ............................................................................... 33
Figure 14 - Australian Hip Hop Music Trend............................................................................... 34
Figure 15 - Baggy Music Trend.................................................................................................... 35
Figure 16 - Baila Music Trend...................................................................................................... 35
Figure 17 - Bal Musette Music Trend........................................................................................... 36
Figure 18 - Balkan Brass Music Trend......................................................................................... 37
Figure 19 - Ballad Music Trend.................................................................................................... 38
Figure 20 - Baltimore Club Music Trend ..................................................................................... 38
Figure 21 - Bassline Music Trend................................................................................................. 39
Figure 22 - Bass Music Trend....................................................................................................... 40
Figure 23 - Baul Music Trend....................................................................................................... 41
Figure 24 - Beach Music Trend .................................................................................................... 42
Figure 25 – Beat Music Trend ...................................................................................................... 42
Figure 26 - Benga Music Trend.................................................................................................... 43
Figure 27 - Bhajan Music Trend................................................................................................... 44
Figure 28 - Bhangra Music Trend................................................................................................. 45
Figure 29 - Big Beat Music Trend ................................................................................................ 46
Figure 30 - Black Metal Music Trend........................................................................................... 47

Figure 31 - Blue Grass Music Trend............................................................................................. 48
Figure 32 - Blues Rock Music Trend............................................................................................ 48
Figure 33 - Bihu Music Trend ...................................................................................................... 49
Figure 34 - Brass Music Trend ..................................................................................................... 50
Figure 35 - Candombe Music Trend............................................................................................. 50
Figure 36 - Canon Music Trend.................................................................................................... 51
Figure 37 - Cantata Music Trend.................................................................................................. 52
Figure 38 - Canto Livre Music Trend........................................................................................... 52
Figure 39 - Carnatic Music Trend................................................................................................. 53
Figure 40 - Chamber Music Trend................................................................................................ 54
Figure 41 - Children's Music Trend.............................................................................................. 55
Figure 42 - Chinese Music Trend ................................................................................................. 55
Figure 43 - Choro Music Trend .................................................................................................... 56
Figure 44 - Classical Music Trend................................................................................................ 57
Figure 45 - Comedy Music Trend................................................................................................. 57
Figure 46 - Country Music Trend ................................................................................................. 58
Figure 47 - Dabke Music Trend.................................................................................................... 59
Figure 48 - Danger Music Trend .................................................................................................. 59
Figure 49 - Disco Music Trend..................................................................................................... 60
Figure 50 - Dubstep Music Trend................................................................................................. 61
Figure 51 - Electronic Music Trend.............................................................................................. 62
Figure 52 - Flamenco Music Trend .............................................................................................. 62
Figure 53 - Folk Music Trend....................................................................................................... 63
Figure 54 - Ghazal Music Trend................................................................................................... 64
Figure 55 - Hip Hop Music Trend ................................................................................................ 65
Figure 56 - Instrumental Music Trend.......................................................................................... 66
Figure 57 - Jazz Music Trend ....................................................................................................... 67
Figure 58 - Pop Music Trend........................................................................................................ 68
Figure 59 - Qawwali Music Trend................................................................................................ 69
Figure 60 – Trance Music Trend .................................................................................................. 69
Figure 61 - Pakistan Music Genres (2006-15).............................................................................. 73

Figure 62 – Ghazal Trend (2006-15) ............................................................................................ 75
Figure 63 – Qawwali Trend 2006-15............................................................................................ 77
Figure 64 - Classical Music Trend (2006-15)............................................................................... 78
Figure 65 - Balochi Music Trend (2006-15)................................................................................. 80
Figure 66 – Punjabi Music Trend (2006-15) ................................................................................ 81
Figure 67 - Sindhi Music Trend (2006-15)................................................................................... 83
Figure 68 - Pashto Music Trend (2006-15)................................................................................... 84
Figure 69 - Pop Music Trend (2006-15)....................................................................................... 86
Figure 70 - Rock Music Trend (2006-15)..................................................................................... 87
Figure 71 - Coke Studio Pakistan Trend (2008-15)...................................................................... 90
Figure 72 - Nescafe Basement Trend (2012-15)........................................................................... 91
Figure 73 - Pakistan Music Platforms (2012-2015)...................................................................... 92
Figure 74 - Indian Music Platforms Trend ................................................................................... 95
Figure 75 - Pakistan Music Platforms Trends............................................................................... 97
Figure 76 - Pakistani Music Trend in India .................................................................................. 98
Figure 77 - Indian Music Trend in Pakistan ................................................................................. 98
Figure 78 - Mosikar Logo........................................................................................................... 100
Figure 79 - Organizational Chart of Mosikar ............................................................................. 101

Chapter No: 1 - Introduction
1.1 Introduction to Music
Music from the word itself means creativity or an art, it is a very broad term which cannot be
easily defined. There are different scholars who have tried defining music according to their way
but every time everyone has missed one or the other component of music. It is such a broad term
that its definition also varies accordingly, i.e. culture to culture. Commonly music is defined as
“An art which creates creativity by combining the vocals and sounds into a continuous manner of
composition, by using different melodies and musical instruments.” The given definition is still
not a complete one but it is considered as the definition which almost covers many aspects of
music.
The vocals which are combined in a composition of music are based on the emotions and ideas
of vocalist or the one who has written the wordings, wordings of music which means the vocals
are even called as poetic verses. A verse means as a single line whereas poetic verses means
those verses which express the feelings and inner emotions. Music History dates back to Greek
time and it is derived from the Greek word “μουσική” which in English means as Mousike. In
general music has two mediums, one is sound and other one silence, without these two mediums
music is not completed. Some scholars has even used a word named as song to define music, but
song is just as a smallest component of music.
Generally there are two elements of music which are commonly used, they are;
Pitch
Rhythm
Pitch is considered as the most basic and important element of music. Pitch as a part of music it
determines the scale or frequency scale. Pitch of the music can be either high or it can be low, it
completely depends on the type of melody which is being used for music composition, it also has
an association with vocals. Pitch is sometimes directly referred as frequency but in actual they
both are opposite, pitch or scale cannot be measured because it is completely based on the
perception whereas frequency is an objective term which can be measured. The second most
basic element of music is called as rhythm. In musical terms rhythm means the proper sequence

in which the pitch and melodies revolve around, if we go into depth rhythm has a strong
association with composition. It is even said that if any melody is not in accordance to the
rhythm it is not music.
Music as it is collectively made up of all cultures around the world especially the Greek culture,
it represent many categories which are called as Genres. The Genres of music are so vast that
they are further divided into Sub-Genres. Genres and Sub-Genres of music will be discussed
later on in the discussion.
Music as it is already been discussed that it is an art or creativity that pleases the listeners. Music
can either be heard live or it can be played, it can belong to any work or any film depending on
the type of recording. Music as a state of art it serves many purposes, it is just not restricted to
an extent. It can either be performed for entertainment purpose, for spiritual purpose, for ritual
purpose, etc. it can be used for any purpose. The reason behind music serving so many purposes
is that it expresses feelings or the inner emotions through vocals and melodies. For better
understanding of music we will go through different concepts of music, which are;
Musician
Composition
Notation
Improvisation
1.1.1 Musician
Musician is a general term which is heard most of the time when talking about music.
Musician refers to a single person, a person who has inborn talent or professionally plays
musical instruments is called as musician.
Musicians are categorized in two types which are;
Amateur Musicians
Professional Musicians
Amateur musicians are categorized under the head of musicians, these musicians are
called are as amateur because they do not sing and compose for money, their aim is to

entertain themselves by singing and composing. Whereas, Professional musicians are
those which consider music as their profession and they earn money through it.
Professional musicians are mostly hired by institutes so that they could work with them
for a better contribution towards music. Professional musicians are also considered as
freelancers because when they have an off from singing and composing they try to get in
contract with those people who might help them in pleasing people, actually they try to
find a platform where they could promote themselves.
1.1.2 Composition
Composition has the utmost importance in music, as mentioned earlier it is a component
which completes the definition of music. Composition means to combine the melody
created through different musical instruments in a rhythm. Other aspect of composition
focuses on the vocals, the main target aim of composition is to combine melody and
vocals in a proper rhythm so that it may attract the listeners. Musicians are allowed to
compose music according to themselves, they actually set the melodies as they want.
Composition differs in every music genre, in classical music composition related to
vocals is done very rarely whereas composition related to melodies is improvised by
every musicians. In Rock music the composition related to vocals and melodies are
highly improvised by every musician, hence it shows that composition has a linkage with
improvisation.
Musicians who compose are commonly referred as Composers. Composer is considered
as a profession of music. People who write music are mostly referred as composers,
writing music it means writing melodies and vocals.
1.1.3 Notation
Notation is an important element of rhythm or we can even say that without notation
rhythm is incomplete and if rhythm is incomplete music will also be considered as
incomplete. Notation generally means the written form of rhythm and notes of music,
whereas the process of writing it down is called as notating.
In notation along with the information regarding rhythm and notes information of how to
perform them is also written. Notation is mostly done by the composers, who while

composing notate rhythm and vocals on a piece of paper. Notation varies according to
cultures, every culture as it represent its own composition so the notation is also different.
In Modern era notation is mostly used by musicians who play musical instruments either
during a recording or live, it helps them in knowing what the rhythm of music actually is.
Notation as it differs culture to culture it also differs in genre to genre of music, every
genre has its own notation.
1.1.4 Improvisation
Improvisation has been and current playing a very important role in the field of music.
Improvisation generally means to make something new from old. In music improvisation
means to create a new composition on the spot, new composition may mostly include
improvising of rhythm and melody. Improvisation also has a relation with notation,
musicians who improvise on stage while performing live do changes in their notation.
Modern music is currently being improvised at every level, people prefer improvisation
instead of old typical music.
The 20th
and 21st
century is considered as the most revolutionary period of music due to
excess of improvisation in compositions and rhythms of music.
1.2 Music Theory
People who study music are called as music theorists, they study different elements and concepts
of music which have been discussed already in the above section. Seeing the broader view of
music theory it studies the belief towards music concepts and elements. Music Theory identifies
and studies the pattern of music along with its mechanics and nature. It also studies the rhythms
that are being used by composers in composing their music, along with that this theory also
covers the study of language of music and notation of music.
Music theory mainly studies and focuses on musical elements like rhythm, harmony, form,
melody structure and text. Some theorist have also mentioned other elements which are not
commonly heard in music but they have importance, they are;
Pitch
Texture
Allocation of Voices

Timbre
Expressive Qualities
Structure
Music theorists say that music is not restricted up to these elements, there are also other elements
which are yet to be recognized or not being given a name. Music Theorists are continuously
coming up with new theories which are considered as value addition towards music and they are
also focusing on those elements which are not yet been recognized.
1.3 History of Music
Music of the world dates back around 55,000 years and it is been said by archeologists that
music started from Africa. The continent of Africa is considered as the inventor of music and
from then on music has become a part of Human Life.
Music is found within every culture present in the world and due to this every culture has its own
music traditions. Musical traditions of every country is influenced by many factors of culture,
commonly social, economic and technological factors are influential. Music is such a vast field
that it has been studied by many theorists which are called as Music Theorists, they have
contributed a lot towards the field of music. History of Music as it is laid down back to 55,000
years it has become a proper subject which is being studied by many music theorists and the
subject is named as Musicology.
The History of Music has been divided into different eras, they are;
Prehistoric Era
Ancient Era
Asian Music Era
Antiquity
The Renaissance
20th
and 21st
Century Music
1.3.1 Prehistoric Era
Music as it is said that it was found 50,000 years ago but this is not the reality, music is
considered as the old part of human civilization. Archeologists at several occasions refer

human voice as the start of music. Coughing, shrilling and yawning are those elements of
human which are referred towards the base of music.
Prehistoric era is considered as the oldest base of music, this era refers towards preliterate
culture, which means music belonging to those cultures where people were illiterate.
Music of prehistoric era has laid such a strong base of music that up till now the
traditions that were set are being followed. Currently music belonging to Native America
and Australia are considered as the closest cultures that are following prehistoric era’s
musical traditions. Music in prehistoric era mainly was responsible for promoting the folk
music, which is considered as top genre in music industry now a days. Archaeologists
have considered the human voice as the first musical instrument in music, along with that
they have also found out monuments which are linked with prehistoric era.
Archaeologists in 2004 discovered a flute with six holes buried under sand in Ireland,
along with in 2008 they discovered a five hole flute in Germany. Flutes which were
discovered are considered as the first musical instruments and they were made hand made
with pieces of wood.
1.3.2 Ancient Music
Ancient Era’s music is considered as the period before 500 AD. Ancient Era is ranked
second after the prehistoric era, mainly ancient era was responsible for ending the
prehistoric era. Illiterate people belonging to illiterate culture started shifting towards
writing which means that they were becoming literate and this was the reason which
ended prehistoric era. Music Theorist started studying music deeply, they started coming
up with different definitions of music.
In Ancient Era the oldest known song named as Cuneifornm was composed by Anne
Kilmer, she is known as the first composer in music world. Anne Kilmer composed the
song by writing it down on a piece of paper which still can be found in University of
California.
Archeologist while studying Ancient Music found out some musical instruments which
are being used now a days in modern music industry. Archeologists findings include a
seven hole flute which was handmade and they also found different stringed instruments.

Ancient music is considered as the base for Indian classical music, Sri Lankan music and
Persian music. This Era as it laid strong musical basis for the above countries it also laid
the base for Roman music, Greek music, Egyptian music and Muslim music.
1.3.3 Asian Music Era
The music of Asia started, when the monuments of dancing girl and other were
discovered in Moen Jo Daro. The melodies at that time are yet to be identified, they are
almost unnamed even the lyrics at that time have not been yet recognized but due to some
clues it is been said that it belongs to the culture of Mehr Garh and Kot Dijan which were
the cities of Indus Valley. The Archeologists also made discoveries from the Indus Valley
which strongly supported as the base of Asian Music. Different archeologists of the world
tried to discover the actual shape of Asian’s Music, they even succeeded due to their
findings. Archeologists found out different musical instruments which were handmade,
mainly they found out flutes which were in different designs. Along with that
archeologists also discovered different kind of instruments which are recognized as string
instruments in the modern world of music.
1.3.4 Antiquity
Antiquity era is the base setter for western music all over the world, it is linked with
Ancient Era. Western cultures and their music are considered as the major contributors
towards the development of music.
Greek people belonging to Ancient culture promoted western music through their
musicians and singer on different platforms, the main platform they opted to promote
ancient music or western music was theatre. Musical Instruments which were built
around strings were focused in this era as its main focus was on western music. In
Antiquity era music was promoted as a subject in Greece, kids at the age of 6 were taught
about music.
In Antiquity era along with the promotion of western music, classical music was also
given a shape but it still required a proper shaping which it got in coming periods. The
first ever music theory also came in this era which was named as “Harmonika”.

1.3.5 The Renaissance
The Renaissance period is related to middle Ages era, this era commonly ranges 1400 to
1750 AD. During this era focus mainly remained on western music but the trend of music
started shifting towards the churches, the Holy place of Christians. Musicians started
improvising music especially focus remained on notations. This overall shift of music to
churches made Religious music popular within people and hence it became an important
part of daily life. Musicians and Composers in this era started writing different notations
and they even made a lot of new melodies. Composers which got fame during this era
were;
Morley Thomas
Dufay Guillaume
Lassus De Orlande
1.3.6 20th
and 21st
Century Music
The world of music which we know and is popular among us belongs to 20th
and 21st
century. During this period radical changes were brought in the field of music, many
contributions were made by musicians and composers throughout the world. Musicians
started focusing on improvisation by creating new melodies which changed the meaning
of music, whereas composers came up with new compositions and they even changed the
existing compositions with their improvisations Musicians and composers revived
classical music by adding up spices to it, along with that they also focused on romantic
poetry. Composers especially during the 20th
century realized that human feelings in
compositions affect the listeners so they contributed a lot towards the romantic music
genre.
In 20th
and 21st
century as technology was at a high level, it left an impact on music by
introducing new musical instruments which would catch the listeners and help musicians
to create new melodies. In 21st
century the concept of Rock and Jazz music was also
made popular by the musicians and composers. Overall this period is still considered as
the major contributor towards music, especially due to radio and other listening devices
music was easy to listen and hence it became more popular than before. The major
contributors towards composition in these periods were;

Stravinsky Igor
John Arnold
Schoenberg Cage
1.4 Music Genres
Music as it ranges from culture to culture, every culture has its own traditions and these
traditions even represent music. Some traditions consider music as a major part where as some
traditions consider music as a small part. Overall music leaves an impact on every culture.
Music Genres means the types of music. Till the current date according to an estimate there are
thousand genres of music, one or the other representing different cultures. The Genres of music
are;
A Cappella
Acid House
Acid Jazz
Acid Rock
Acoustic
Alternative Country
Alternative Hip Hop
Alternative Metal
Alternative Rock
Ancient
Arabic Pop
Art Rock
Australian Country
Australian Hip Hop
Baggy
Baila
Bal-Musette
Balkan Brass
Ballad

Baltimore Club
Bassline
Bass
Baul
Beach
Beat
Benga
Bhajan
Bhangra
Big Beat
Black Metal
Blue Grass
Blues-rock
Bihu
Brass
Candombe
Canon
Cantata
Canto Livre
Carnatic
Celtic
Chamber
Children’s music
Chinese Music
Choro
Christmas music
Christian Music
Classic Country
Classical
Classical Rock
Comedy Music

Contemporary R&B
Cool Jazz
Country
Dabke
Dance Pop
Danger
De Dragoste
Deathcore
Delta Blues
Desi
Deep House
Dirty Rap
Disco
Dream Pop
Dubstep
Electric Blues
Electronic Music
Europop
Extreme Metal
Filmi
Flamenco
Folk
Freestyle
Funk
Fusion Jazz
Gamelan
Gangster Rap
Garage Rock
Ghazal
Grime
Hardcore Hip Hop

Hip Hop
Instrumental
Instrumental Rock
J-Pop
Jam
Jazz
Jingle
Jota
Khaleeji
Khyal
Light
Lounge
Manele
Melodic Hardcore
Music Drama
Muwashshah
Neo Soul
Noise
Opera
Parody
Polka
Pop Music
Qasidah
Qawwali
Rap
Reggae
Rhythms and Blues (R&B)
Slowcore
Sufi
Teen Pop
Trance

Urban Folk
Yass
1.4.1 A Cappella
A Cappella is a type of music that started in the 19th
century, it was common within Jewish
cultures. A Capella is a type of music in which no musical instruments are used, it just
includes the vocals of singer. Famous musicians and composers who contributed towards the
genre of A Cappella are;
Hi-Los
Four Freshmen
Flying Pickets
Bobby McFerrin
Huey Lewis
Backstreet Boys
According to Google Trends, the trend of A Cappella Music Genre for the past 5 years is as
shown in figure 1 below;
Figure 1 - A Cappella Music Trend

1.4.2 Acid House
Any kind of music that is composed or improvised within home is called as acid house
music, this genre of music includes high level of bass. Acid House music started around mid-
1980’s by DJ’s. Acid House music belong mainly to the culture of United States. Famous
musicians and composers who contributed towards the genre of Acid House are;
DJ Pierre
DJ Jones
DJ Earl
DJ Herbert
DJ Brian
The Shamen
According to Google Trends, the trend of Acid House Music Genre for the past 5 years is as
Figure 2 - Acid House Music Trend
1.4.3 Acid Jazz
Acid Jazz music genre was also invented in the mid-1980 by DJ’s belonging to United
Kingdom. Acid Jazz music genre is same like Acid House, but the difference is of inclusion
of jazz music instead of heavy bass. Acid Jazz music genre mainly exists in the culture of
United Kingdom as it was invented there. Famous musicians and composers who contributed
towards the genre of Acid House are;

The Brand New Heavies
Count Basic
D*Note
Dream Warriors
DJ Krush
Mother Earth
According to Google Trends, the trend of Acid Jazz Music Genre for the past 5 years is as
Figure 3 - Acid Jazz Music Trend
1.4.4 Acid Rock
Acid Rock music is mainly termed as heavy music, this genre of music represents high level
of sound created by electrical instruments. Acid Rock music includes less of lyrics whereas
improvisation in this genre is considered very important. Acid Rock Music started in mid-
1960’ and it is mainly found in the culture of United Kingdom. Famous musicians and
composers who contributed towards the genre of Acid Rock are;
Jimi Hendrix
The Doors
Iron Butterfly
Sabbath
Jefferson Airplane

Blue Cheer
Deep Purple
According to Google Trends, the trend of Acid Rock Music Genre for the past 5 years is as
Figure 4 - Acid Rock Music Trend
1.4.5 Acoustic
Acoustic music genre refers more towards natural sound, in this genre instead of electrical
instruments acoustic instruments are used for creating melodies. In Acoustic genre musicians
keep the volume of their instruments low as compared to their voice volume which remains
high. Acoustic music roots back to the start of Folk music, whereas it was introduced in
1960. Famous musicians and composers who contributed towards the genre of Acoustic
Music are;
Martin
Taylor
Gibson
Fender
According to Google Trends, the trend of Acoustic Music Genre for the past 5 years is as

Figure 5 - Acoustic Music Trend
1.4.6 Alternative Country
Alternative country music started in the mid of 20th
century. Alternative country music
mainly promotes the country traditions outside the country. The lyrics which are composed
for these kind of music genre are used for creating social awareness. Famous musicians and
composers who contributed towards the genre of Alternative Country are;
Jason and Scorchers
Blue Mountain
Bottle Rockets
According to Google Trends, the trend of Alternative Country Music Genre for the past 5
years is as shown in figure 6 below;
Figure 6 - Alternative Country Music Trend

1.4.7 Alternative Hip Hop
Alternative Hip Hop music started in late 1980’s in United States of America. Alternative
Hip Hop music mainly promotes the country traditions outside the country by using rap. The
lyrics which are composed for these kind of music genre are used for creating social
awareness. Famous musicians and composers who contributed towards the genre of
Alternative Hip Hop are;
Jason and Scorchers
Blue Mountain
Bottle Rockets
According to Google Trends, the trend of Alternative Hip Hop Music Genre for the past 5
Figure 7 - Alternative Hip Hop Music Trend
1.4.8 Alternative Metal
Alternative Metal music started in late 1980’s in United States of America. Alternative Metal
music mainly promotes the country traditions outside the country by using heavy metal
instruments and high bass. The lyrics which are composed for these kind of music genre are
used for creating social awareness. Famous musicians and composers who contributed
towards the genre of Alternative Metal are;
Fishbone
Faith No More

According to Google Trends, the trend of Alternative Metal Music Genre for the past 5 years
is as shown in figure 8 below;
Figure 8 - Alternative Metal Music Trend
1.4.9 Alternative Rock
Alternative Metal music started in late 1970’s in United States of America. Alternative Rock
music mainly promotes the country traditions outside the country by using heavy rock
instruments and compositions. Famous musicians and composers who contributed towards
the genre of Alternative Rock are;
R.E.M
The Feelies
Nirvana
Pearl Jam
According to Google Trends, the trend of Alternative Rock Music Genre for the past 5 years
is as shown in figure 9 below;

Figure 9 - Alternative Rock Music Trend
1.4.10 Ancient
Ancient music is the oldest genre of music, it replaced the prehistoric era of music. Ancient
music was found before 500 AD, it represented people who were literate. Ancient music was
very simple it consisted of simple notes and melodies. Ancient music is considered as the
start for music in many countries around the world. Famous musicians and composers who
contributed towards the genre of Ancient Music are;
Fresco
Kilmer
Euripides
According to Google Trends, the trend of Ancient Music Genre for the past 5 years is as

Figure 10 - Ancient Music Trend
1.4.11 Arabic Pop
Arabic Pop songs were introduced in 1970’s in the Arabic countries, Arabic pop is genre
which is a combination of pop and Arabic music. Arabic Pop mainly comprises of melodies
which are at minor key and the composition of these songs reflect towards feelings of love.
Famous musicians and composers who contributed towards the genre of Arabic Pop are;
Haifa Wehbe
Nancy Ajram
Fairuz
Amr Diab
Umm Kulthum
Diana Haddad
Elissa
Kathem Al Saher
Nawal Al Zoghbi
According to Google Trends, the trend of Arabic Pop Music Genre for the past 5 years is as
Figure 11 - Arabic Pop Music Trend

1.4.12 Art Rock
Art Rock music is combined of two music genres, one is rock and other one is classical. Art
Rock is also called as a sub category of Rock music. It was invented in Late 1960’s in United
States of America. Art Rock as it involves classical musical it also requires improvisation in
its melodies. Famous musicians and composers who contributed towards the genre of Art
Rock are;
Peter Gabriel
David Byrne
Phil Spector
According to Google Trends, the trend of Art Rock Music Genre for the past 5 years is as
Figure 12 - Art Rock Music Trend
1.4.13 Australian Country
Australian country music genre was invented in 1780’s, it is influenced by American music
culture. Australian Country music genre includes all types of genre of music, simple saying
any kind of music composed or performed by Australian musicians or composers is called as
Australian Country. Famous musicians and composers who contributed towards the genre of
Australian Country are;
Slim Dusty
Chad Morgan
Paul Kelly
Keith Urban

According to Google Trends, the trend of Australian Country Music Genre for the past 5
Figure 13 - Australian Country Music Trend
1.4.14 Australian Hip Hop
Australian Hip Hop music genre was invented in early 1980’s, influenced by the American
music culture. Australian Hip Hop music genre is a combination of traditional Australian
music and Hip Hop music. Famous musicians and composers who contributed towards the
genre of Australian Hip Hop are;
Hilltop Hoods
Bliss n Eso
Paul Kelly
DJ Peril
According to Google Trends, the trend of Australian Hip Hop Music Genre for the past 5

Figure 14 - Australian Hip Hop Music Trend
1.4.15 Baggy
Baggy music genre was invented in late 1980’s in Manchester the city of United Kingdom.
Baggy music is basically a combination of rock music and acid house music, where
musicians and composers create groovy type of music by using musical instruments like
drums and guitars. This genre was named as Baggy due to the performers who use to wear
open clothes in festivals. Famous musicians and composers who contributed towards the
genre of Baggy are;
Indie Rock
Britpop
The Charlatans
Kasabian
According to Google Trends, the trend of Baggy Music Genre for the past 5 years is as

Figure 15 - Baggy Music Trend
1.4.16 Baila
Baila music genre’s belongs actually to that Sri Lankan community which was made up of
different cultures and different people. Baila music is a kind of folk music where instruments
used are of older days. It was invented in 1960’s and from then on it has become famous
within Sri Lankan community and Indian community. Famous musicians and composers who
contributed towards the genre of Baila are;
Wally Bastian
MS Fernando
Maxwell Mendis
According to Google Trends, the trend of Baila Music Genre for the past 5 years is as shown
in figure 16 below;
Figure 16 - Baila Music Trend

1.4.17 Bal-Musette
Bal-Musette a music genre belonging to French Music, invented in the 19th
century. It is a
music genre where the composed lyrics are of romantic in nature and this type of music is
famous for dance. Famous musicians and composers who contributed towards the genre of
Bal-Musette are;
Martin Cayla
Antoine Bouscatel
Gus Viseur
According to Google Trends, the trend of Bal-Musette Music Genre for the past 5 years is as
Figure 17 - Bal Musette Music Trend
1.4.18 Balkan Brass
Balkan Brass music genre belongs to the Serbian culture, invented in 19th
century. Balkan
brass music is combination of folk music and French music. It is called as Balkan because of
military soldiers who used to sing these songs during wars. Famous musicians and composers
who contributed towards the genre of Balkan Brass are;
Goran Bregovic
Emir Kusturica
Fanfare

Boban Orkestar
According to Google Trends, the trend of Balkan Brass Music Genre for the past 5 years is as
Figure 18 - Balkan Brass Music Trend
1.4.19 Ballad
Ballad music genre belongs to the French culture, invented in the 19th
century. Ballad music
was first known for dance, but later on due to improvisations it became a music genre. The
verses used in Ballad express feelings of love and romance and these songs are generally
slow in nature. Famous musicians and composers who contributed towards the genre of
Ballad are;
Goran Bregovic
Emir Kusturica
Fanfare
Boban Orkestar
According to Google Trends, the trend of Ballad Music Genre for the past 5 years is as

Figure 19 - Ballad Music Trend
1.4.20 Baltimore Club
Baltimore Club music genre was invented in late 1980’s in the nightclubs of United States.
Baltimore club music is a combination of hip hop and beat music, musicians include different
kinds of beats to spice up this club category. Famous musicians and composers who
contributed towards the genre of Baltimore Club are;
DJ Seven
DJ Rod
DJ Lee
According to Google Trends, the trend of Baltimore Club Music Genre for the past 5 years is
as shown in figure 20 below;
Figure 20 - Baltimore Club Music Trend

1.4.21 Bassline
Bassline music was invented in Early 2000’s in United Kingdom. Bassline music is a
combination of bass music and dubstep music. Musicians belonging to this genre used those
musical instruments which create heavy base sound. Famous musicians and composers who
contributed towards the genre of Bassline are;
DJ Q
Wideboys
T2
Platnum
According to Google Trends, the trend of Bassline Music Genre for the past 5 years is as
Figure 21 - Bassline Music Trend
1.4.22 Bass
Bass music started in late 1960’s in United Kingdom and it got success by mid-2000. Bass
music mainly includes heavy metal instruments and high bass, musicians mainly focus on
melodies instead of lyrics in this genre. Famous musicians and composers who contributed
towards the genre of Bass are;
Chase and Status
Skream

Benga
Wretch 32
According to Google Trends, the trend of Bass Music Genre for the past 5 years is as shown
in figure 22 below;
Figure 22 - Bass Music Trend
1.4.23 Baul
Baul music genre belongs actually to that Bangladeshi community which was made up of
different cultures and different people. Baul music is a sub category of folk music where
instruments used are of older days. It was invented in 15th
century and from then on it has
become famous within Bengali community and Indian community. Famous musicians and
composers who contributed towards the genre of Baul are;
Tarun Das
Satyananda Das
According to Google Trends, the trend of Baul Genre for the past 5 years is as shown in
figure 23 below;

Figure 23 - Baul Music Trend
1.4.24 Beach
Beach music genre is considered as a regional music genre which was introduced in United
States of America in 1950’s. Beach music is a combination of different music genres
especially rock, pop and rhythms & blues. This genre of music is mostly famous on the
beaches of United States. Famous musicians and composers who contributed towards the
genre of Beach are;
Drifters
Clovers
Tams
Four Tops
According to Google Trends, the trend of Beach Genre for the past 5 years is as shown in
figure 24 below;

Figure 24 - Beach Music Trend
1.4.25 Beat
Beat Music genre was introduced in late-1950, it is a combination of rock music and pop
music. Beat music genre was considered as a revolutionary invention for rock and pop
industry in United Kingdom. Famous musicians and composers who contributed towards the
genre of Beat are;
Buddy Holly
Doo Wop
Skiffle
According to Google Trends, the trend of Beat Genre for the past 5 years is as shown in
figure 25 below;
Figure 25 – Beat Music Trend

1.4.26 Benga
Benga music genre belongs to the community of Kenya or we can say Kenyan culture. Benga
music is a sub category of folk music where instruments used are of older days. It was
invented in 1940 and from then on it has become famous within the people of Kenya.
Famous musicians and composers who contributed towards the genre of Benga are;
Kapere Jazz Band
Migori Super Stars
Onyango Jamba
Dola Kabarry
According to Google Trends, the trend of Benga Genre for the past 5 years is as shown in
figure 26 below;
Figure 26 - Benga Music Trend
1.4.27 Bhajan
Bhajan Music genre belongs to Hinduism culture, bhajan music is used for religious
purposes. Hindu people also refer Bhajan towards Sufi music, but in reality there is a
different between both of them. Famous musicians and composers who contributed towards
the genre of Bhajan are;

Kabir
Mirabai
Surdas
Tulsidas
According to Google Trends, the trend of Bhajan Genre for the past 5 years is as shown in
figure 27 below;
Figure 27 - Bhajan Music Trend
1.4.28 Bhangra
Bhangra music genre was introduced in 1980’s within United Kingdom, Bhangra music was
introduced by the people who belonged to the culture of Punjab. People living in Punjab
when they shifted to United Kingdom they introduced bhangra. Bhangra music is mixture of
western music and Punjabi music. Famous musicians and composers who contributed
towards the genre of Bhangra are;
Malkit Singh
Jazzy B
Surinder Shinda
Daler Mehndi
According to Google Trends, the trend of Bhangra Genre for the past 5 years is as shown in
figure 28 below;

Figure 28 - Bhangra Music Trend
1.4.29 Big Beat
Big Beat music genre was introduced in 1989 in United Kingdom. Big beat music is a
combination of bassline music and acid house music. Famous musicians and composers who
contributed towards the genre of Big Beat are;
Prodigy
Chemical Brothers
Armanda Groove
Roc La Cut
According to Google Trends, the trend of Big Beat Genre for the past 5 years is as shown in
figure 29 below;

Figure 29 - Big Beat Music Trend
1.4.30 Black Metal
Black Metal music genre was introduced in mid-1980. Black Metal is a sub category of rock
music and metal music. Musicians belonging to this genre use electrical equipment’s and
they create such melodies which revolve around Guitar beats. Famous musicians and
composers who contributed towards the genre of Black Metal are;
Venom
Frost Celtic
Burzum
Emperor
According to Google Trends, the trend of Black Metal Genre for the past 5 years is as shown
in figure 30 below;

Figure 30 - Black Metal Music Trend
1.4.31 Blue Grass
Blue Grass music genre was introduced in 1948 in United States of America, Blue grass
music combines of many cultures and it is mainly prominent within the countries of Europe.
Blue grass music is a sub category of country music. Black Metal music genre was
introduced in mid-1980. Black Metal is a sub category of rock music and metal music.
Musicians belonging to this genre use electrical equipment’s and they create such melodies
which revolve around Guitar beats. Famous musicians and composers who contributed
towards the genre of Blue Grass are;
Douglas Jerry
Watson Doc
Rice Tony
Ricky Skaggs
According to Google Trends, the trend of Blue Grass Genre for the past 5 years is as shown
in figure 31 below;

Figure 31 - Blue Grass Music Trend
1.4.32 Blues-rock
Blues Rock music genre was introduced in 1960 within the boundaries of United Kingdom.
Blues Rock is mixtures of Blue music and rock music, instruments used within Blue rock
music are electrically equipped with base systems. Famous musicians and composers who
contributed towards the genre of Blues-Rock are;
Rolling Stones
Butterfield Band
According to Google Trends, the trend of Blues-Rock Genre for the past 5 years is as shown
in figure 32 below;
Figure 32 - Blues Rock Music Trend
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Blue Grass

1.4.33 Bihu
Bihu music genre was introduced in the Ancient era as per different archeologists, this music
belong to Assam an Indian State. Bihu music is a sub category of folk music. Famous
musicians and composers who contributed towards the genre of Bihu are;
Tarun Varma
Das Panchi
According to Google Trends, the trend of Bihu Genre for the past 5 years is as shown in
figure 33 below;
Figure 33 - Bihu Music Trend
1.4.34 Brass
Brass music was started in the 19th
century. Brass music revolves around different melodies
which are made by using brass instruments. Brass instruments are those instruments which
require pressure of air to create sound. Famous musicians and composers who contributed
towards the genre of Brass are;
Stooges Band
Rascals Band
Dozen Dirty Band

According to Google Trends, the trend of Brass Genre for the past 5 years is as shown in
figure 34 below;
Figure 34 - Brass Music Trend
1.4.35 Candombe
Candombe music genre was introduced in 1860, this music represents the culture of Africa.
In 1860 when slaves of different countries belonging to Africa were kept together, they
introduced a fusion of music which is called as Candombe. Famous musicians and composers
who contributed towards the genre of Candombe are;
Jaime Ross
Drexler Jorge
According to Google Trends, the trend of Candombe Genre for the past 5 years is as shown
in figure 35 below;
Figure 35 - Candombe Music Trend

1.4.36 Canon
Canon music history ranges back to the 16th
century when it was recognized as a proper
music Genre. In Canon music genre the melodies made are repeated again and again
throughout the composition. Famous musicians and composers who contributed towards the
genre of Canon are;
Steve Reich
S J Bach
Polansky Larren
According to Google Trends, the trend of Canon Genre for the past 5 years is as shown in
figure 36 below;
Figure 36 - Canon Music Trend
1.4.37 Cantata
Cantata music was introduced in the 16th
century with the introduction of instrumental music.
Cantata music revolves around instruments, vocals play no role in this music. Famous
musicians and composers who contributed towards the genre of Cantata are;
Christoph
George

Joseph
According to Google Trends, the trend of Cantata Genre for the past 5 years is as shown in
figure 37 below;
Figure 37 - Cantata Music Trend
1.4.38 Canto Livre
Canto Livre music genre was introduced in the Ancient era as per different archeologists, this
music belongs to the Portuguese Culture. Canto Livre music is a sub category of folk music.
According to Google Trends, the trend of Canon Genre for the past 5 years is as shown in
figure 38 below;
Figure 38 - Canto Livre Music Trend

1.4.39 Carnatic
Carnatic music genre is also called as Karnataka music, this music genre represents the
culture of Karnataka. Carnatic music genre stems from classical music genre. Famous
musicians and composers who contributed towards the genre of Carnatic are;
Purandara Dasa
Ramnad Krishnan
Sadagopalan
According to Google Trends, the trend of Carnatic Genre for the past 5 years is as shown in
figure 39 below;
Figure 39 - Carnatic Music Trend
1.4.40 Chamber
Chamber music roots back to the ancient era, whereas it was introduced properly in 1700.
Chamber music is made of classical and folk music combination, in this genre melodies are
created using small handmade musical instruments. Famous musicians and composers who
contributed towards the genre of Chamber are;
Ralph Vaughan
William Walton
Benjamin

Arnold
According to Google Trends, the trend of Chamber Genre for the past 5 years is as shown in
figure 40 below;
Figure 40 - Chamber Music Trend
1.4.41 Children’s music
Children’s music genre got proper recognition in 19th
and 20th
century. Children’s music by
name itself reveals that it is a kind of music created or composed for children’s. Famous
musicians and composers who contributed towards the genre of Children’s Music are;
Leon Scott
Jimmy Kennedy
Bobby Susser
Time Rice
Elton Johnny
According to Google Trends, the trend of Children’s Music Genre for the past 5 years is as

Figure 41 - Children's Music Trend
1.4.42 Chinese Music
Chinese Music is a genre that belongs to the culture of China. Chinese music includes almost
all genres of music that are found in South Asian continent. Famous musicians and
composers who contributed towards the genre of Chinese Music are;
Cui Jian
Hei Bao
Tang Dynasty
Gao Chi
According to Google Trends, the trend of Chinese Music Genre for the past 5 years is as
Figure 42 - Chinese Music Trend

1.4.43 Choro
Choro music was introduced in the 19th
century in Brazil. Choro music is a sub category of
pop music, the melodies played under this head are fast. Famous musicians and composers
who contributed towards the genre of Choro are;
Joaquim Callado
Jacob Do
Darius Millhaud
According to Google Trends, the trend of Choro for the past 5 years is as shown in figure 43
below;
Figure 43 - Choro Music Trend
1.4.44 Classical
Classical music according to rough estimates it started in the 11th
century and from then on it
has become an important genre of music. Classical musical is even referred as western music
in Western countries, whereas in South Asian countries classical music is related with Folk
Music. Famous musicians and composers who contributed towards the genre of Classical are;
George Handel
Richard Wagner

Grieg Edward
Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan
According to Google Trends, the trend of Classical for the past 5 years is as shown in figure
44 below;
Figure 44 - Classical Music Trend
1.4.45 Comedy Music
Comedy music is considered that it was started in the Ancient era, comedy music is also
known as parody music. Comedy music genre includes almost all genres of music, mostly
compositions made are funny in this genre.
According to Google Trends, the trend of Comedy for the past 5 years is as shown in figure
45 below;
Figure 45 - Comedy Music Trend

1.4.46 Country
Country music started in the mid of 20th
century. Country music mainly promotes the country
traditions outside the country. The lyrics which are composed for these kind of music genre
are used for creating social awareness. Country music is a combination of American Folk
music and Western music. Famous musicians and composers who contributed towards the
genre of Country are;
Johnny Barfield
Brooks Garth
Jackson Lan
According to Google Trends, the trend of Country Music Genre for the past 5 years is as
Figure 46 - Country Music Trend
1.4.47 Dabke
Dabke music genre is linked with dance style, it was introduced in 1850’s in Arab countries.
Dabke music is a combination of Arab folk music and Arab pop music. Dabke music within
Arab countries is occasionally played on weddings.
According to Google Trends, the trend of Dabke Music Genre for the past 5 years is as

Figure 47 - Dabke Music Trend
1.4.48 Danger
Danger music is a music genre which is even termed as improvisational music. In Danger
music the instruments used are high equipped with sound and bass. The noise created by
these instruments in this genre is very high. Famous musicians and composers who
contributed towards the genre of Danger are;
Chris Burden
Dick Higgings
Mark Pauline
Nam June
According to Google Trends, the trend of Danger Music Genre for the past 5 years is as
Figure 48 - Danger Music Trend

1.4.49 Disco
Disco a style of dance, also belongs to music. It was introduced in Late 1960’s in United
States of America. Disco music is a combination of pop music and funky music. Famous
musicians and composers who contributed towards the genre of Disco are;
Donna Summer
Bee Gees
Sunshine Band
Gloria Gaynor
According to Google Trends, the trend of Disco Music Genre for the past 5 years is as shown
in figure 49 below;
Figure 49 - Disco Music Trend
1.4.50 Dubstep
Dubstep is a style of dance, even included in the genre of Music. Dubstep music was
introduced in Late 1980’s in United Kingdom. Dubstep music is a combination of bass music
and reggae music. Famous musicians and composers who contributed towards the genre of
Dubstep are;
DJ John Peel
Spaceape

Oris Jay
Gurley Steve
According to Google Trends, the trend of Dubstep Music Genre for the past 5 years is as
Figure 50 - Dubstep Music Trend
1.4.51 Electronic Music
Electronic music genre was introduced in late 19th
and 20th
century. Electronic music is a
kind of music in which the composers and musicians use electronic instruments. Musicians
create music using their latest electronic equipped technological instruments. Electronic
music is also considered as improvisational music and it includes all genre of music. Famous
musicians and composers who contributed towards the genre of Electronic music are;
John Cage
David Tudor
Minao Shibata
Otto Lueining
According to Google Trends, the trend of Electronic Music Genre for the past 5 years is as

Figure 51 - Electronic Music Trend
1.4.52 Flamenco
Flamenco music genre was introduced when it was first time mentioned in Literature Book in
1744. Flamenco music genre belongs to Spanish culture. Flamenco music is a combination of
Spanish music and Spanish folk music. Famous musicians and composers who contributed
towards the genre of Flamenco are;
John Sargent
Claudio
Jose Cordero
According to Google Trends, the trend of Flamenco Music Genre for the past 5 years is as
Figure 52 - Flamenco Music Trend

1.4.53 Folk
Folk music concept was introduced in the ancient era and it represents every culture. Every
culture has its own folk music, this music reflects traditions of the country. Old Folk music
had no proper recognition because of the composers which were unknown. Famous
musicians and composers who contributed towards the genre of Folk are;
James Francis
Grainger Percy
Alam Lohar
Mo Li Hua
According to Google Trends, the trend of Folk Music Genre for the past 5 years is as shown
in figure 53 below;
Figure 53 - Folk Music Trend
1.4.54 Ghazal
Ghazal is related to poetry, it is a poetic form which refers towards love, expressions,
loneliness, etc. Each poetic line used in Ghazal has almost same meaning. In Ghazal, the poet
or the singer actually portrays the image of his inside feelings that could be either joyful or

sad. Ghazals can be both sung by a male or a female, it is not restricted up to a gender.
Famous musicians and composers who contributed towards the genre of Ghazal are;
James Francis
Grainger Percy
Alam Lohar
Mo Li Hua
According to Google Trends, the trend of Ghazal Music Genre for the past 5 years is as
Figure 54 - Ghazal Music Trend
1.4.55 Hip Hop
Hip Hop Music was introduced in 1970 in United States of America. Hip Hop music is a
combination of rap music and pop music. Hip Hop music was recognized properly when
DJ’s belonging to United States stated doing improvisation with their beat by mixing up.
Famous musicians and composers who contributed towards the genre of Hip Hop are;
Kanye West
Outkast

DJ Kool
Grandmaster
Beastie Boys
Eminem
Ice - T
According to Google Trends, the trend of Hip Hop Music Genre for the past 5 years is as
Figure 55 - Hip Hop Music Trend
1.4.56 Instrumental
Instrumental music genre according to different archeologist started in the prehistoric era. In
Instrumental music melodies are only created by using different musical instruments. Human
voice is not used in instrumental music. Famous musicians and composers who contributed
towards the genre of Instrumental are;
Artie Shaw
Glenn Miller
Prado Perez
Baxter Les
Jeff Back

According to Google Trends, the trend of Instrumental Music Genre for the past 5 years is as
Figure 56 - Instrumental Music Trend
1.4.57 Jazz
Jazz music genre was introduced in the early 20th
century in United States of America, Jazz
music reolves around improvisations. In Jazz music the compositions are completely
improvised with the help of heavy bass guitars and instruments. Famous musicians and
composers who contributed towards the genre of Jazz are;
Louis Armstrong
Billy Taylor
Wayne Shorter
Jimmy Smith
According to Google Trends, the trend of Jazz Music Genre for the past 5 years is as shown
in figure 57 below;

Figure 57 - Jazz Music Trend
1.4.58 Pop Music
Pop music genre is the most famous genre of music and that is why it is sometimes called as
popular music. Pop music was introduced in 1950’s in United States of America. Pop music
is a combination of rock music and beat music. Pop music mostly represents hard rock
because of heavy music equipment’s used. Famous musicians and composers who
contributed towards the genre of Pop are;
Michael Jackson
Madonna
The Rolling Stones
Eminem
Shayne Ward
Shelton Benjamin
Massari
According to Google Trends, the trend of Pop Music Genre for the past 5 years is as shown
in figure 58 below;

Figure 58 - Pop Music Trend
1.4.59 Qawwali
Qawwali is an Urdu word that is derived from “Mehfil e Sama”, in Central Asia and Turkey
Qawali is termed as “Sama”. Qawwali is the devotional kind of music that mainly belongs to
the Sufi’s, the Chishti Sufi’s. Qawwali music roots back to 700 years, it is considered that it
mainly belongs to India where at first the Sufi’s used to perform them at their shrines and
then later this concept was modernized by them. Famous musicians and composers who
contributed towards the genre of Qawwali are;
Amir Khusro
Aziz Mian
Sabri Brother
Habib Painter
According to Google Trends, the trend of Qawwali Music Genre for the past 5 years is as

Figure 59 - Qawwali Music Trend
1.4.60 Trance
Trance music was introduced in 1990’s in Germany, this music genre is different in nature as
compared to all other genres. In Trance music 140 to 160 beats are played within a minute
and in trance music improvisation is necessary for mixing up tracks. Famous musicians and
composers who contributed towards the genre of Trance are;
Jean Jarre
Andy Blueman
Armin Van Buuren
According to Google Trends, the trend of Trance Music Genre for the past 5 years is as
Figure 60 – Trance Music Trend

1.5 Introduction to Music of Pakistan
Pakistan’s Music is as diverse as the population of Pakistan, in Pakistan you find different
cultures which portray different styles of music. Pakistan music was not made up of one culture,
it consists of many cultures. The Music of Pakistan has went through so many historic phases
and every historic phase is considered as a revolution for Pakistan’s Music. These Historic
phases were mostly led by the invaders who came to Pakistan at the time of independence and
who came afterwards, these invaders were responsible for adding a bit of spices to the music of
Pakistan.
1.6 History of Music of Pakistan
Pakistan’s Music as per different sources dates back to 5000 years, Pakistan is the country which
was once named as Sindu Supta and India (Land of Indus) these were the different names of
Pakistan before Independence.
The basis of Pakistan’s music actually started from the Land of Indus, which is famous for its
civilization. Land of Indus civilization was especially famous for art, dance and music. People
argues on these basis that whether it was a story or does it exists in reality but on findings by
different researchers it was proved that Pakistan’s music started from the Land of Indus. The
researchers found out different monuments like a dancing girl statue and other musical
instruments or we can say musical pots. Overall these were discovered from Moen Jo Daro the
city of Indus Valley leading the researchers to believe that this was the base of Pakistan’s Music.
For having a better view on the Music of Pakistan lets go through some of the historic phases and
their details;
1.6.1 Prehistoric Music 7000-2500 BC
It is already discussed in the start that round about 5000 years BC the music of Pakistan
started, when the monuments of dancing girl and other were discovered in Moen Jo Daro.
The melodies at that time are yet to be identified, they are almost unnamed even the
lyrics at that time have not been yet recognized but due to some clues it is been said that
it belongs to the culture of Mehr Garh and Kot Dijan which were the cities of Indus
Valley.

The Archeologists also made discoveries from the Indus Valley which strongly supported
as the base of Pakistan’s Music. Different archeologists of the world tried to discover the
actual shape of Pakistan’s Music, they even succeeded due to their findings.
Archeologists found out different musical instruments which were handmade, mainly
they found out flutes which were in different designs. Along with that archeologists also
discovered different kind of instruments which are recognized as string instruments in the
modern world of music.
1.6.2 Buddhist Period 275 BC to 600 AD
The Buddhist period is also another addition to Pakistan’ Music. Buddhist period
revolves around the Ghandara culture, a culture where images were found out in which
people were shown holding different handmade music instruments and even some of the
images portrayed people singing. Although the music or melodies of Ghandara culture
are yet not recognized, their songs are also not much known. Even after no proper
recognition the Archeologists were able to find out that the songs were mostly sung for
the religious purposes like for the Buddha and Hindu Diets.
1.6.3 Radical Changes
The Music of Pakistan is it is portrayed that it has a link with the Indian Music, it went
through many radical changes before the independence.
The Temple music which belonged purely to Indian Culture was transformed into Folk
Music by the Muslims and Low-Caste hindus belonging to India. Folk Music mainly
included the pure music practices which was considered as an attraction for the Sufi’s
(Muslim Sufi’s). The Muslim Sufi’s found folk music so attractive that they used it to
communicate with the people their teachings in an effective and melodious manner.
The Music of Pakistan was mainly revolutionized during the periods of Sultan
Muhammad Bin Toughlak, Ibrahim Shah Sharqi, Sultan Zain Ul Abedin and Akbar.
Along with their periods the arrival of Islam also influenced the music especially the
Sufism was revolutionized. The Sufi’s conveyed their teaching mostly in the language of
Arabic and Persian which lead towards a new blend of Music. The Muslim musicians
belonging to this period were recognized by the famous Muslim rulers and Hindu Rajas

due to their major contributions towards the music field especially towards Folk Music.
The main contributors were Hazrat Amir Khusrao and Sultan Hussain Sharqi.
Going through the Historical phases one thing is common that Pakistan’s music is collectively a
combination of Indo-Pak traditions, due to the reason that these countries lived together for a
very long time.
1.7 Genres of Pakistani Music
Pakistan Music is as diverse as the population of Pakistan. Pakistan’s music almost covers all the
genres of music. It ranges from Sufi-ism to Qawwali, Old songs to new songs, Western to Local,
Persian to Arabic. Due to these diverse genres Pakistan Music is recognized at the International
Level. The Genres of Pakistan’s Music are;
Ghazal
Qawwali
Religious
Classical
Regional
Modern
According to Google Trends, the trend of Music Genres in Pakistan for the past 10 years is as

Figure 61 - Pakistan Music Genres (2006-15)
1.7.1 Ghazal
Ghazal is related to poetry, it is a poetic form which refers towards love, expressions,
loneliness, etc. Each poetic line used in Ghazal has almost same meaning. The word
Ghazal was derived from the Urdu word Kastori Haran, Haran in English is called as
Deer. In Ghazal, the poet or the singer actually portrays the image of his inside feelings
that could be either joyful or sad. Ghazals can be both sung by a male or a female, it is
not restricted up to a gender.
Considering Ghazal as it’s a part of Pakistan’s music it spread into South Asia in the 12th
century in the period of Islamic Sultanate. In Pakistan Ghazal was famously known as a
part of Music and at first it just covered the Urdu poetry but later on as time passed the
poetry of other languages also started influencing the Ghazals of Pakistan.The Singers of
Ghazals are mostly trained and it is been said that these singers sing in the form of Khyal.
Khyal is an urdu word which in English means as Imagination. The Singers imagine
themselves in the poetic situation that they have been singing, overall they stay in an
imaginary world.
Pakistan as a country which renowned for the Ghazal has produced a lot of talent in the
form of musicians, singers and composers. The musicians, composers and singers have

added a lot of value towards the Ghazal, the famous contributors towards Ghazal in
Pakistan are;
Ahmed Rushdi
A Nayyar
Abida Parveen
Amanat Ali Khan
Asad Amanat Ali Khan
Attaullah Khan Esa Khailwi
Amjad Parvez
Beghum Akhtar
Farida Khanum
Ghulam Ali
Iqbal Bano
Habib Wali Mohammad
Hamid Ali Khan
Mussarat Nazir
Munni Beghum
Nayyara Noor
Noor Jehan
Shafqat Amanat Ali Khan
Tina Sani
The above mentioned are the major contributors that produced such melodious
combinations in Ghazal that they were recognized by the other countries. Many of these
contributors have passed away but even now their Ghazals are found and being played by
people around the world.

Talking about the current trend of Ghazal in Pakistan Music Industry it is been going
towards revolution, mainly due to the new singers, composers, musicians that are
contributing. Old Ghazals which been sung by the famous singers are being changed into
new ways which is attracting the current generation. As such there are no new ghazals
lyrics wise, only the old one are being modernized. According to Google Trends, the
t
r
e
n
d
o
f
G
h
a
zal in Pakistan for the past 10 years is as shown in figure 62 below;
1.7.2 Qawwali
Qawwali is an Urdu word that is derived from “Mehfil e Sama”, in Central Asia and
Turkey Qawali is termed as “Sama”.
Qawwali is the devotional kind of music that mainly belongs to the Sufi’s, the Chishti
Sufi’s. Qawwali music roots back to 700 years, it is considered that it mainly belongs to
India where at first the Sufi’s used to perform them at their shrines and then later this
concept was modernized by them. Qawwali leads the singer mainly to an observant world
and the listeners of Qawwali go into a state of “Wajad”. Wajad is a situation in which the
person feels that he has a direct talk with his God, mainly it is related to spirituality.
Figure 62 – Ghazal Trend (2006-15)

Going back to the roots of Qawwali it is been stated that Persia was the inventor in 8th
century, however later on it was recognized properly by India. The Qawwali which we
are familiar with is created by the renowned artists Amir Khusrau in 13th
century. Amir
Khusrau contributed towards Qawwali in different languages mainly in Turkish, Persian
and Arabic.
Pakistan is another country in the list of producing quality qawwals. At International
level Qawwali got recognition due to the Aziz Mian, Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan and Sabri
Brothers and they all belonged to Pakistan. Pakistan has also produced some other quality
qawwals, composer and musicians that have largely contributed towards Qawwali, major
contributors are;
Aziz Mian
Abida Parveen
Abdullah Manzoor Mian
Badar Ali Khan
Farrukh Fateh Ali Khan
Fateh Ali Khan
Fareed Ayaz
Javed Bashir
Rahat Fateh Ali Khan
Rizwan-Muazzam Qawwali Group
Sabri Brothers
Sher Miandad
The above mentioned are the major contributors that produced such melodious
combinations in Qawwali that they were recognized by the other countries. Many of these
contributors have passed away but even now their Qawwali’s are found and being played
by people around the world.
Talking about the current trend of Qawwali in Pakistan Music Industry it is been going
towards revolution, mainly due to the new qawwals, composers, musicians that are
contributing. Old Qawwali’s which have been sung by the famous qawwals are being

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